The Luiseño language is a Uto-Aztecan language of California spoken by the Luiseño , a Native American people who at the time of first contact with the Spanish in the 16th century inhabited the coastal area of southern California, ranging 50 miles (80 km) from the southern part of Los Angeles County , California , to the northern part of San Diego County , California , and inland 30 miles (48 km). The people are called "Luiseño", owing to their proximity to the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia .
56-491: Temecula ( / t ə ˈ m ɛ k j ʊ l ə / ; Spanish: Temécula , [te'mekula] ; Luiseño : Temeekunga ) is a city in southwestern Riverside County, California , United States. The city had a population of 110,003 as of the 2020 census and was incorporated on December 1, 1989. The city is a tourist and resort destination , with the Temecula Valley Wine Country , Old Town Temecula,
112-458: A 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $ 75,335, and the median income for a family was $ 80,836. Males had a median income of $ 47,113 (2000) versus $ 31,608 (2000) for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 24,312 (2003). About 5.6% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 3.2% of those age 65 or over. Supported by high median and mean income levels,
168-574: A Catholic priest. His orthography leaned heavily on Spanish, which he learned in his youth. Although Luiseño has no standardized spelling, a commonly accepted orthography is implemented in reservation classrooms and college campuses in San Diego where the language is taught. The alphabet taught in schools is: Current orthography marks stress with an acute accent on the stressed syllable's vowel, e.g. chil ú y "speak Spanish", koy óo wut "whale". Formerly, stress might be marked on both letters of
224-553: A city, with Ron Parks as the first mayor. In 1990, the first United States Census Bureau count of Temecula as a city enumerated 27,099 people. The 1990s brought rapid growth to the Temecula Valley. Many families began moving to the area from San Diego, Los Angeles, and Orange County , drawn by the affordable housing prices and the popular wine country. In 1995, the Pechanga Pow Wow began. On October 27, 1999,
280-457: A glottal stop instead: ch [ʔt͜ʃ] , kw [ʔkʷ] , qw [ʔqʷ] , ng [ŋʔ] , th [ðʔ] , v [vʔ] , x [xʔ] (Elliot 1999: 14–16.) As a rule, the possessive prefixes are unstressed. The accent remains on the first syllable of the root word, e.g. no kaa may "my son" and never * no kaamay . One rare exception is the word pó -ha "alone" (< po- "his/her/its" + ha "self"), whose invariable prefix and fixed accent suggests that it
336-471: A growing nightlife. Luise%C3%B1o language The language went extinct in the early 2010's, but an active language revitalization project is underway, assisted by linguists from the University of California, Riverside . The Pechanga Band of Luiseño Indians offers classes for children, and in 2013, "the tribe ... began funding a graduate-level Cal State San Bernardino Luiseño class, one of
392-474: A long vowel, e.g. koy óó wut , or by underlining, e.g. koy oo wut "whale"; stress was not marked when it fell on the first syllable, e.g. h ii cha "what" (currently h íi cha ). The marking of word-initial stress, like the marking of predictable glottal stop, is a response to language revitalization efforts. The various orthographies that have been used for writing the language show influences from Spanish, English and Americanist phonetic notation . Luiseño
448-585: A median household income of $ 87,115, with 6.8% of the population living below the federal poverty line. In 2017, Temecula had an estimated average household income of $ 97,573. According to the Temecula Office of Economic Development, the city has an actual average household income of $ 103,945 in 2019. According to the United States Census Bureau, the percentage of city residents holding a bachelor's degree or higher during 2013-2017
504-495: A series of floods washed out the tracks and the section of the railroad through the canyon was finally abandoned. The old Temecula station was used as a barn and later demolished. In the 1890s, with the operation of granite stone quarries, Temecula granite was shaped into fence and hitching posts, curbstones, courthouse steps, and building blocks. At the turn of the 20th century, Temecula became an important shipping point for grain and cattle. In 1904, Walter Vail , who had come to
560-456: Is June. Annual precipitation is 14.14 inches (359 mm). Morning marine layer is common during May and June. From July to September, Temecula experiences hot, dry weather with the occasional North American monsoonal flow that increases the humidity and brings isolated thunderstorms. Most of the storms tend to be short-lived with little rainfall. During late fall into winter, Temecula experiences dry, windy northeastern Santa Ana winds . Snowfall
616-639: Is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together. The Lord's Prayer (or the Our Father) in Luiseño, as recorded in The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño . Rancho Santa Rosa (Moreno) Rancho Santa Rosa was a 47,815-acre (193.50 km ) Mexican land grant in present day Riverside County, California given in 1846 by Governor Pio Pico to Juan Moreno. At
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#1732773370675672-519: Is known about the early 1800s because Temecula records were destroyed in the fire that followed the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . In 1798, Spanish missionaries established the Mission of San Luis Rey de Francia and designated the Indians living in the region as "Sanluiseños", shortened to "Luiseños". In the 1820s, the nearby Mission San Antonio de Pala was built. The Mexican land grants made in
728-523: Is located east of the Temecula city limits. The annual Temecula Valley Balloon & Wine Festival , held at nearby Lake Skinner , offers live entertainment, hot air balloon rides, and wine tasting. There are several local golf courses, including Pechanga's Journey, Redhawk, Temecula Creek Inn, The Legends Golf Club at Temeku Hills, CrossCreek, Pala Mesa Resort (near Fallbrook) and The Golf Club at Rancho California (in nearby Murrieta). Old Town Temecula,
784-557: Is now considered a single lexical item (compare no ha "myself", po ha "him/herself", etc.). Luiseño has a fairly rich consonant inventory. Along with an extensive oral tradition , Luiseño has a written tradition that stretches back to the Spanish settlement of San Diego. Pablo Tac (1822–1841), a native Luiseño speaker and Mission Indian, was the first to develop an orthography for his native language while studying in Rome to be
840-706: Is part of the Greater Los Angeles area. Temecula is bordered by the city of Murrieta to the north and the Pechanga Indian Reservation and San Diego County to the south. Temecula is also the principal city of the Temecula–Murrieta– Menifee , CA urban area, which had a population of 528,991 as of the 2020 census . The area was inhabited by the Temecula Indians for hundreds of years before their contact with
896-573: Is rare, but Temecula has experienced traces of snowfall on occasion, some as recently as December 2014. A rare F1 tornado touched down in a Temecula neighborhood on February 19, 2005. As of the 2020 United States census , Temecula had a population of 110,003. The city's racial makeup was 55.6% (61,192) white (49.3% non-Hispanic white ), 11.3% (12,458) Asian American , 4.7% (5,171) black or African American , 0.4% (472) Pacific Islander , 1.5% (1,643) Native American, 10.2% (11,179) of other races, and 16.3% (17,888) from two or more races. 27.6% (30,366) of
952-533: The Promenade Mall opened in Temecula. In 2005, Temecula annexed the master-planned community of Redhawk, bringing the population to 90,000. After a period of rapid population growth and home construction, the 2007 subprime mortgage financial crisis and the resultant United States housing market correction caused a sharp rise in home foreclosures in the Temecula-Murrieta region. In 2012,
1008-496: The Santa Margarita River . Temecula has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa). August is typically the hottest month of the year with December being the coldest month. Most precipitation occurs from November to March with February being the wettest month. Winter storms generally bring moderate precipitation, but strong winter storms are not uncommon especially during " El Niño " years. The driest month
1064-663: The Temecula Valley Balloon & Wine Festival , the Temecula Valley International Film Festival , championship golf courses, and resort accommodations contributing to the city's economic profile. The city of Temecula, forming the southwestern anchor of the Inland Empire region, is approximately 58 miles (93 km) north of downtown San Diego and 85 miles (137 km) southeast of downtown Los Angeles. Temecula
1120-739: The United States National Archives . They have since been digitized and made available over the internet by the Smithsonian Institution . Luiseño has ten vowel phonemes , five long and five short. Diphthongs include ey [ej] , ow [ow] and oow [oːw] . Luiseño vowels have three lengths. Overlong vowels are rare in Luiseño, typically reserved for absolutes, such as interjections , e.g. aaa shisha , roughly "haha!" (more accurately an exclamation of praise, joy or laughter). For some native speakers recorded in The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño ,
1176-495: The allophones [ə] and [ɨ] are free variants of [e] and [i] respectively. However, other speakers do not use these variants. Sparkman records fewer than 25 Luiseño words with either [ə] or [ɨ] . For one of these words ( ixíla "a cough") the pronunciations [ ə xɨla] and [ ɨ xɨla] are both recorded. Unstressed [u] freely varies with [o] . Likewise, unstressed [i] and [e] are free variants. Vowels are often syncopated when attaching certain affixes , notably
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#17327733706751232-823: The cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War , the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Santa Rosa was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to Juan Moreno in 1872. Moreno sold the rancho to Augustin Machado in 1855. Machado subsequently purchased neighboring Rancho La Laguna in 1858. In 1876, Rancho Santa Rosa
1288-662: The Redhawk Towne Center shopping center, repurposing several historic buildings such as the Wolf Store for retail, dining, and entertainment uses. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 37.19 square miles (96.3 km), of which 37.18 square miles (96.3 km) of it is land and 0.012 square miles (0.031 km) of it (0.03%) is water. South of the city, Murrieta Creek and Temecula Creek join to form
1344-681: The Spanish missionaries (the people are now generally known as the Luiseños , after the nearby Mission San Luis Rey de Francia ). Seven bands of Luiseño Indians inhabited the Temecula valley pre-contact: the Pechanga , La Jolla , Soboba , Pala , Rincon , Pauma , and San Luis Rey bands (presently, all of the bands except the San Luis Rey are federally recognized tribes ). The Pechanga Band of Luiseño believe their ancestors have lived in
1400-515: The Temecula Valley centered around the Vail Ranch; the cattle business and agriculture were the stimuli for most business ventures. In 1964, the Vail Ranch was sold to the Kaiser — Aetna partnership. A later purchase by the group brought the total area to 97,500 acres (395 km), and the area became known as Rancho California. In the 1970 census, the United States Census Bureau enumerated
1456-404: The Temecula area for more than 10,000 years, though ethnologists think they arrived at a more recent date. In Pechanga history, life on Earth began in the Temecula Valley. They call it "'Éxva Temeéku", the place of the union of Sky-father, and Earth-mother ("Tuukumit'pi Tamaayowit"). The Temecula Indians ("Temeekuyam") lived at "Temeekunga", or "the place of the sun". Other popular interpretations of
1512-417: The Temecula area were Rancho Temecula , granted to Felix Valdez, and to the east Rancho Pauba , granted to Vicente Moraga in 1844. Rancho Little Temecula was made in 1845 to Luiseño Pablo Apis, one of the few former mission converts to be given a land grant. It was fertile well watered land at the southern end of the valley, which included the village of Temecula. A fourth grant, known as Rancho Santa Rosa ,
1568-629: The United States government established the Pechanga Indian Reservation of approximately 4,000 acres (16 km) some 6 miles (9.7 km) from downtown Temecula. Also in 1882, the California Southern Railroad , a subsidiary of the Santa Fe Railroad , completed construction of the section from National City to Temecula. In 1883, the line was extended to San Bernardino . In the late 1880s,
1624-543: The United States with his parents from Nova Scotia , migrated to California. Along with various partners, he began buying land in Southern California. Vail bought ranchland in the Temecula Valley, buying 38,000 acres (154 km) of Rancho Temecula and Rancho Pauba, along with the northern half of Rancho Little Temecula. Vail was killed by a streetcar in Los Angeles in 1906; his son, Mahlon Vail, took over
1680-523: The average family size was 3.5. In the city, the population was spread out, with 34.7% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 33.3% from 25 to 44, 17.2% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. The above-average number of young people in Temecula was attributed to an influx of middle-class families came to buy homes in the 1990s real estate boom. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.2 males. According to
1736-650: The canyon just west of the current Vail Lake Dam. As American settlers moved into the area after the war, conflict with the native tribes increased. A treaty was signed in the Magee Store in Temecula in 1852, but was never ratified by the United States Senate . In addition, the Luiseños challenged the Mexican land grant claims, as, under Mexican law, the land was held in trust to be distributed to
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1792-802: The cities of Temecula and Murrieta . A large portion of Rancho Santa Rosa lands were purchased to create the Santa Rosa Plateau Ecological Reserve . It was assembled in several stages by The Nature Conservancy in 1984. Subsequently parcels were purchased in the 1990s by the State of California , the Riverside County Regional Park and Open Space District , and the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California . The 8,300-acre (34 km ) reserve now has four owners:
1848-529: The city and the Pechanga tribe successfully blocked a proposal by Granite Construction to construct a rock quarry south of the city. The Pechanga tribe purchased the 365-acre site for $ 3 million, now known as Pu'eska Mountain. In 2013, the 140-bed Temecula Valley Hospital opened, providing the city with a full range of hospital services. In 2016, the Vail Headquarters historic district opened in
1904-720: The city is a prominent tourist destination, with the Temecula Valley Wine Country , Old Town Temecula, the Temecula Valley Polo Club, the Temecula Valley Balloon & Wine Festival , the Temecula Valley International Film Festival , championship golf courses, and resorts. Other key economic sectors are education, professional, finance, and retail. As of June 2023, the top ten employers in Temecula were: The Temecula Valley Wine Country , whose first commercial winegrapes were planted in 1967, features nearly 50 wineries, many tasting rooms, and more than 3,500 acres (14 km) of producing vineyards. The wine country
1960-552: The city's downtown district, is a collection of historic buildings, hotels, museums, event centers, specialty food stores, restaurants, boutiques, gift and collectible stores, and antique dealers. On Saturdays, Old Town has an outdoor farmers' market featuring approximately 70 to 80 local vendors. Old Town is also home to special events including the Rod Run car show, Art and Street Painting Festival, Santa's Electric Parade Show, western days, and summer entertainment. Old Town also hosts
2016-595: The family ranch. In 1914, financed by Mahlon Vail and local ranchers, the First National Bank of Temecula opened on Front Street. In 1915, the first paved, two-lane county road was built through Temecula. By 1947, the Vail Ranch contained over 87,500 acres (354 km). In 1948, the Vail family built a dam to catch the Temecula Creek water and created Vail Lake . Through the mid-1960s, the economy of
2072-556: The few for-credit university indigenous-language courses in the country." In 2012, a Luiseño video game for the Nintendo DS was being used to teach the language to young people. Juaneño, the Luiseño dialect spoken by the Acjachemen , went extinct at an earlier date. Linguist John Peabody Harrington made a series of recordings of speakers of Luiseño in the 1930s. Those recordings, made on aluminum disks , were deposited in
2128-570: The first inland Southern California post office was established in Temecula in the Magee Store. This was the second post office in the state, the first being located in San Francisco. The Temecula post office was moved in the ensuing years; its present locations are the seventh and eighth sites occupied. The American Civil War put an end to the Butterfield Overland Stage Service, but stage service continued on
2184-539: The local Indian tribes after becoming subjects. They challenged the Apis claim to the Little Temecula Rancho by taking the case to the 1851 California Land Commission . On November 15, 1853, the commission rejected the Luiseño claim; an appeal in 1856 to the district court was found to be in favor of the heirs of Pablo Apis (he had died in late 1853 or early 1854). The Luiseño of Temecula village remained on
2240-595: The name include "The sun that shines through the mist" or "Where the sun breaks through the mist". The first recorded Spanish visit occurred in October 1797, with a Franciscan padre, Father Juan Norberto de Santiago, and Captain Pedro Lisalde. Father Santiago kept a journal in which he noted seeing "Temecula ... an Indian village". The trip included the Lake Elsinore area and the Temecula Valley. Little
2296-481: The population of the entire Murrieta-Rancho California-Temecula area at 2,769. In 1970, the Temecula Town Association, a non-profit, charitable organization, incorporated. In 1977, the present-day Rancho California Water District was formed. On November 5, 1979, KRTM 88.9 FM went on the air in Temecula. In the 1980 census, 10,215 people were enumerated in the area, a 269 percent increase from
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2352-585: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. As of 2010 Temecula had a population of 100,097. The population density was 3,318 inhabitants per square mile (1,281/km). The racial makeup of Temecula was 70,880 (70.8%) White (57.2% Non-Hispanic White), 4,132 (4.1%) African American , 1,079 (1.1%) Native American , 9,765 (9.8%) Asian , 368 (0.4%) Pacific Islander , 7,928 (7.9%) from other races , and 5,945 (5.9%) from two or more races. There were 24,727 people of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race (24.7%). The Census reported that 99,968 people (99.9% of
2408-654: The population) lived in households, 121 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and eight (0%) were institutionalized. There were 31,781 households, out of which 15,958 (50.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 20,483 (64.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,763 (11.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,580 (5.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,463 (4.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 186 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 4,400 households (13.8%) were made up of individuals, and 1,387 (4.4%) had someone living alone who
2464-426: The population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 30,039 people (30.0%) lived in rental housing units. The U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey reported an estimated 1.5% of the population of Temecula's working force, or 1,085 individuals, were involved with the U.S. Armed Forces as of 2011. This figure is slightly higher than the 2011 estimated national average of 0.5%. During 2013–2017, Temecula had
2520-406: The population. There were 18,293 households, out of which 52.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.8% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.1% were non-families. 12.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.2 and
2576-418: The possessive prefixes no- "my", cham- "our", etc. Hence p o lóv "good", but o-plovi "your goodness"; kich u m "houses" ( nominative case ), but kichmi "houses" ( accusative case ). A stress accent most commonly falls on the first syllable of a word. A single consonant between a stressed and unstressed vowel is doubled. Most are geminate, such as w [wː] and xw [xːʷ] . However, some take
2632-639: The prior census. In 1984, the Temecula American Viticultural Area (AVA), the official designation for the local wine country (renamed the Temecula Valley AVA in 2004), was established. In 1985, the completion of Interstate 15 between the Greater Los Angeles area and San Diego began a subdivision land boom , making it possible to own a new home in Temecula and have a manageable work commute to San Diego County . On December 1, 1989, Temecula incorporated as
2688-412: The route under other stage companies until the railroad reached Fort Yuma in 1877. In 1862, Louis Wolf, a Temecula merchant and postmaster, married Ramona Place, who was mixed-race and half Indian. Author Helen Hunt Jackson spent time with Louis and Ramona Wolf in 1882 and again in 1883. Wolf's store became an inspiration for Jackson's fictional "Hartsel's store" in her 1884 novel, Ramona . In 1882,
2744-497: The south side of Temecula Creek when the Apis grant was acquired by Louis Wolf in 1872; they were evicted in 1875. A stagecoach line started a local route from Warner Ranch to Colton in 1857 that passed through the Temecula Valley. Within a year, the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach line, with a route between St. Louis, Missouri , and San Francisco, stopped at Temecula's Magee Store. On April 22, 1859,
2800-539: The time of the US patent , Rancho Santa Rosa was a part of San Diego County . Riverside County was created by the California Legislature in 1893 by taking land from both San Bernardino and San Diego Counties. The site is now registered as a California Historical Landmark . The Santa Rosa Plateau became Rancho Santa Rosa under an 1846 Mexican land grant to cattle and sheep rancher Juan Moreno. With
2856-518: Was 32.1%. In 2000 the population was 57,716, with 18,293 households and 15,164 families. The population density was 2,198.3 inhabitants per square mile (848.8/km). There were 19,099 housing units at an average density of 727.4 units per square mile (280.9 units/km). The racial makeup of the city was 78.9% White , 3.4% African American , 0.9% Native American , 4.7% Asian , 0.3% Pacific Islander , 7.4% from other races , and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 19.0% of
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#17327733706752912-419: Was 33.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males. There were 34,004 housing units at an average density of 1,127.2 units per square mile (435.2 units/km), of which 21,984 (69.2%) were owner-occupied, and 9,797 (30.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.1%. 69,929 people (69.9% of
2968-420: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.15. There were 25,826 families (81.3% of all households); the average family size was 3.46. The population was spread out, with 30,690 people (30.7%) under the age of 18, 9,317 people (9.3%) aged 18 to 24, 27,869 people (27.8%) aged 25 to 44, 24,416 people (24.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 7,805 people (7.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
3024-580: Was forced to put the ranch into receivership in 1894. Walter Vail , already a successful ranch owner in Arizona and owner of Santa Rosa Island , bought Rancho Santa Rosa in 1904. The Vails continued to operate their cattle ranch for the next sixty years. In 1964, the Vails sold the ranch to the Kaiser Steel Company , which master-planned Rancho California - the communities that today comprise
3080-661: Was made to Juan Moreno in 1846, and was in the hills to the west of Temecula. On December 6, 1846, at the Battle of San Pasqual , Andrés Pico led Californios to kill over twenty of U.S. General Stephen W. Kearny 's men. Subsequently, in January 1847, José Lugo with Cahuilla Indians came to the Temecula Valley in pursuit of the Luiseño Indians and killed an unknown number, about 40-100 of them, reportedly, in
3136-413: Was sold to Englishman John Dear, who had sent his son, Parker, from England to inspect the rancho lands. He stayed to run it for the next 18 years, trying to make it a profitable venture. Flood events that twice destroyed the railroad connection of the California Southern Railroad with San Diego, cutting economical transportation to and from his ranch and development projects at Linda Rosa . Parker Dear
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