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55-609: The Temnikov Principality or Tümen Principality ( Tatar : Төмән ханлыгы , romanized:  Tömän xanlığı , Moksha : Мурунза , romanized:  Murunza Italian : Tartari di Mordua ), also known as Murunza ( Russian : Темниковская Мещёра , romanized :  Temnikov Meschera ) or the Bekhanid Principality of Tümen was a Mishar and Moksha principality in Eastern Mishar Yurt ( Temnikovsky and Kadomsky Uyezds ). The state

110-609: A modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet. Linguists today distinguish four different dialects, which are not all mutually intelligible: Hill Mari (мары йӹлмӹ), concentrated mainly along the right Volga bank; Meadow Mari (марий йылме), spoken in the lowland regions of the Kokshaga and Volga rivers, which includes the city of Yoshkar-Ola ; Eastern Mari, spoken east of the Vyatka River ; and Northwestern Mari (маре йӹлмӹ) in

165-564: A number of Russian loanwords which have palatalized consonants in Russian and are thus written the same in Tatar (often with the "soft sign" ь ). The Tatar standard pronunciation also requires palatalization in such loanwords; however, some Tatar may pronounce them non-palatalized. In native words there are six types of syllables ( C onsonant, V owel, S onorant ): Loanwords allow other types: CSV ( gra -mota), CSVC (käs- trül ), etc. Stress

220-452: A scientist Gabdulkhay Akhatov , who is considered to be the founder of the modern Tatar dialectological school. Spoken idioms of Siberian Tatars, which differ significantly from the above two, are often considered as the third dialect group of Tatar by some, but as an independent language on its own by others. The Central or Middle dialectal group is spoken in Kazan and most of Tatarstan and

275-407: A significant minority of around 25%. Mari paganism is divided into three groups - Chimari who are non-baptized Mari pagans and try to distance themselves from Christian traditions in favour of mainly pagan traditions, Marla Vera (also known as "dual faith") consisting of baptized Mari who follow pagan traditions while also attending Christian services and celebrating Christian feasts. Lastly, there

330-436: A similar yet slightly different scheme with a third, higher mid, height, and with nine vowels. According to Makhmutova (1969) Tatar has three vowel heights: high , mid and low , and four tongue positions: front, front-central, back-central and back (as they are named when cited). The mid back unrounded vowel '' ë is usually transcribed as ı , though it differs from the corresponding Turkish vowel. The tenth vowel ï

385-462: A source of absolute good who always helps humans as long as they refrain from harming or opposing it. The indigenous religion of the Mari people is the most important element of their national identity and tradition; speaking of their faith, many Mari intellectuals concluded that "to kill our faith means to kill us". The Mari native religion also possesses a pantheon of gods who reside in the heavens,

440-572: Is a neopagan revivalist movement called Kugu Sorta which rejects Christianity altogether in favour of "pure" pagan faith. About 60% of Mari pagans belong to the syncretic Marla Vera group, while the remaining 40% is composed of Chimari and Kugu Sorta pagans. The most common Y-chromosomal haplogroup among Mari people is N , which is frequently found within Uralic-speaking peoples and has its roots in East Eurasia. According to

495-508: Is also a small group of Mari people Baltic Mari living in Estonia. In the 2002 Russian census, 604,298 people identified themselves as "Mari", with 18,515 of those specifying that they were Mountain Mari and 56,119 as Eastern Mari. Almost 60% of Mari lived in rural areas. The Mari have their own language, also called Mari , which is a member of the Uralic language family . It is written with

550-515: Is also the mother tongue for several thousand Mari , a Finnic people; Mordva 's Qaratay group also speak a variant of Kazan Tatar. In the 2010 census , 69% of Russian Tatars claimed at least some knowledge of the Tatar language. In Tatarstan, 93% of Tatars and 3.6% of Russians claimed to have at least some knowledge of the Tatar language. In neighbouring Bashkortostan , 67% of Tatars, 27% of Bashkirs , and 1.3% of Russians claimed to understand basic Tatar language. Tatar, along with Russian,

605-621: Is also used in Kazakhstan . The Republic of Tatarstan passed a law in 1999 that came into force in 2001 establishing an official Tatar Latin alphabet. A Russian federal law overrode it in 2002, making Cyrillic the sole official script in Tatarstan since. In 2004, an attempt to introduce a Latin-based alphabet for Tatar was further abandoned when the Constitutional Court ruled that the federal law of 15 November 2002 mandating

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660-586: Is realized as the diphthong ëy ( IPA: [ɯɪ] ), which only occurs word-finally, but it has been argued to be an independent phoneme. Phonetically, the native vowels are approximately thus (with the Cyrillic letters and the usual Latin romanization in angle brackets): In polysyllabic words, the front-back distinction is lost in reduced vowels: all become mid-central. The mid reduced vowels in an unstressed position are frequently elided, as in кеше keşe [kĕˈʃĕ] > [kʃĕ] 'person', or кышы qışı [qɤ̆ˈʃɤ̆] > [qʃɤ̆] '(his) winter'. Low back / ɑ /

715-503: Is restricted to the humanities . In other regions Tatar is primarily a spoken language and the number of speakers as well as their proficiency tends to decrease. Tatar is popular as a written language only in Tatar-speaking areas where schools with Tatar language lessons are situated. On the other hand, Tatar is the only language in use in rural districts of Tatarstan . Since 2017, Tatar language classes are no longer mandatory in

770-500: Is rounded [ ɒ ] in the first syllable and after [ ɒ ] , but not in the last, as in бала bala [bɒˈlɑ] 'child', балаларга balalarğa [bɒlɒlɒrˈʁɑ] 'to children'. In Russian loans there are also [ ɨ ] , [ ɛ ] , [ ɔ ] , and [ ä ] , written the same as the native vowels: ы, е/э, о, а respectively. Historically, the Old Turkic mid vowels have raised from mid to high, whereas

825-632: Is significantly more irregular than any other verbs: its 2nd person singular imperative is диген, while its expected regular form is repurposed as the present tense forms (дим, диң, ди...). These predicative suffixes have now fallen into disuse, or rarely used. During its history, Tatar has been written in Arabic , Latin and Cyrillic scripts . Before 1928, Tatar was mostly written in Arabic script (Иске имля/ İske imlâ , "Old orthography", to 1920; Яңа имла/ Yaña imlâ , "New orthography", 1920–1928). During

880-802: Is the basis of the standard literary Tatar language. Middle Tatar includes the Nagaibak dialect . The Western (Mişär) dialect is distinguished from the Central dialect especially by the absence of the uvular q and ğ and the rounded å of the first syllable. Letters ç and c are pronounced as affricates . Regional differences exist also. Mishar is the dialect spoken by the Tatar minority of Finland . Two main isoglosses that characterize Siberian Tatar are ç as [ ts ] and c as [ j ] , corresponding to standard [ ɕ ] and [ ʑ ] . There are also grammatical differences within

935-712: Is the official language of the Republic of Tatarstan . The official script of Tatar language is based on the Cyrillic script with some additional letters. The Republic of Tatarstan passed a law in 1999, which came into force in 2001, establishing an official Tatar Latin alphabet. A Russian federal law overrode it in 2002, making Cyrillic the sole official script in Tatarstan since. Unofficially, other scripts are used as well, mostly Latin and Arabic. All official sources in Tatarstan must use Cyrillic on their websites and in publishing. In other cases, where Tatar has no official status,

990-407: Is used after 3rd person possessive suffix. Nouns ending in -и, -у, or -ү, although phonologically vowels, take consonantic endings. The declension of personal and demonstrative pronouns tends to be irregular. Irregular forms are in bold . The distribution of present tense suffixes is complicated, with the former (also with vowel harmony) is used with verb stems ending in consonants, and the latter

1045-454: Is used with verb stem ending in vowels (with the last vowel being deleted, эшләү – эшл и , compare Turkish işlemek – continuous işl iyor ). The distribution of indefinite future tense is more complicated in consonant-ending stems, it is resolved by -арга/-ырга infinitives (язарга – яз ар ). However, because some have verb citation forms in verbal noun (-у), this rule becomes somewhat unpredictable. Tenses are negated with -ма, however in

1100-399: Is usually on the final syllable. However, some suffixes cannot be stressed, so the stress shifts to the syllable before that suffix, even if the stressed syllable is the third or fourth from the end. A number of Tatar words and grammatical forms have the natural stress on the first syllable. Loanwords, mainly from Russian, usually preserve their original stress (unless the original stress is on

1155-636: The Chulym language ) after detailed linguistic study. However, the Chulym language was never classified as a dialect of Tatar language. Confusion arose because of the endoethnonym "Tatars" used by the Chulyms. The question of classifying the Chulym language as a dialect of the Khakass language was debatable. A brief linguistic analysis shows that many of these dialects exhibit features which are quite different from

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1210-604: The Imniscaris (or Sremniscans ) with "Cheremis", and Merens with "Mari" is controversial. The first safely attested mention of the Mari people comes from Khazar sources from the 10th century, where they appear by the exonym tsarmis (= "Cheremis"). At that time, the Mari settlement area was along the Volga. In the 13th century, the Mari fell under the influence sphere of the Golden Horde , and in 1443 became subjects of

1265-792: The Kazan khanate . During this time, the Maris experienced some cultural convergence with the ruling Tatars and the Volga Bulgars , which is also seen in Turkic lexical and grammatical influence on the Mari language . In 1552, the Mari territory was incorporated into Russia with the Russian conquest of Kazan under Ivan the Terrible . While some Maris (mostly Hill Maris) assisted the Russian conquest,

1320-539: The Proto-Indo-Iranian root * márya -, meaning 'human', literally 'mortal', which indicates early contacts between Finno-Ugric and Indo-Iranian languages . Some scholars have proposed that two tribes mentioned by the Gothic writer Jordanes in his Getica among the peoples in the realm of Gothic king Ermanaric in the fourth century AD can be equated with the Mari people. However, the identification of

1375-676: The Volga Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan ( European Russia ), as well as Siberia and Crimea . The Tatar language is spoken in Russia by about 5.3 million people, and also by communities in Azerbaijan , China , Finland , Georgia , Israel , Kazakhstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Romania , Turkey , Ukraine , the US , Uzbekistan , and several other countries. Globally, there are more than 7 million speakers of Tatar. Tatar

1430-475: The haplogroup U (14% have the subclade U5 and about 10% have U4 ). Autosomally, Mari people stand out as an ethnic group in Europe by having a high level of Siberian -related admixture. Tambets and others estimated that it is 35% of their ancestry. This Nganasan -like Siberian component is typical for Uralic-speaking groups. Osteopetrosis affects 1 newborn out of every 20,000 to 250,000 worldwide, but

1485-515: The " class consciousness " of Mari workers. In practice this involved facilitating grain requisitions by the Soviet state, the recruitment of soldiers for the Red Army and the implementation of Bolshevik control of the society. Until the 1930s, the Mari people had no cultural ties to Russia and were able to maintain its own culture and identity, as cultural interaction with Russia was "limited to

1540-584: The 19th century, Russian Christian missionary Nikolay Ilminsky devised the first Cyrillic alphabet for Tatar. This alphabet is still used by Christian Tatars ( Kryashens ). In the Soviet Union after 1928, Tatar was written with a Latin alphabet called Jaꞑalif . In 1939, in Tatarstan and all other parts of the Soviet Union, a Cyrillic script was adopted and is still used to write Tatar. It

1595-494: The 20th century. By the 1980s, the study and teaching of Tatar in the public education system was limited to rural schools. However, Tatar-speaking pupils had little chance of entering university because higher education was available in Russian almost exclusively. As of 2001, Tatar was considered a potentially endangered language while Siberian Tatar received "endangered" and "seriously endangered" statuses, respectively. Higher education in Tatar can only be found in Tatarstan , and

1650-499: The Mari language is no longer taught in villages or schools and that the republic of Mari El "has already ceased to be an ethnic republic in anything but name. We are just another oblast ." In 2005, the European Commission expressed its concern over reports of repression against ethnic Mari opposition figures, journalists, and government officials that promoted Mari culture and opposed Markelov's reappointment as head of

1705-543: The Maris to Christianity began in the 16th century after their territory was incorporated into the Russian Empire during the reign of Ivan IV "the Terrible" . Pressure to convert to Christianity and adopt Russian culture by the tsarist authorities in the 17th and 18th century led to backlash by the Maris as they faced persecution to conform. While in theory Mari people converted to Russian Orthodoxy, in practice they kept to their old practices relatively unhindered, and

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1760-613: The Maris were able to retain their ethnic and cultural identity, reinforced by repeated waves of returning to their traditional pre-Christian religion . During the Soviet Era, the Mari Section was set up under the auspices of Narkomnats , the Peoples Commissariat for nationalities . Its task was to facilitate the close union of the Mari people with other people, to abolish anti- Russian mistrust and to raise

1815-457: The Old Turkic high vowels have become the Tatar reduced mid series. (The same shifts have also happened in Bashkir .) Tatar consonants usually undergo slight palatalization before front vowels. However, this allophony is not significant and does not constitute a phonemic status. This differs from Russian where palatalized consonants are not allophones but phonemes on their own. There are

1870-510: The South-West of Kirov Oblast and North-East of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast . In the 2002 census, 451,033 people stated that they spoke the Mari language. Maris have traditionally practiced a shamanistic faith that closely connected the individual with nature. According to those beliefs, nature exerts an influence over people. Nature is seen as a sacred, powerful, and living being with which people are fully intertwined. Nature also serves as

1925-719: The Volga–Ural Tatar varieties, and should be classified as Turkic varieties belonging to several sub-groups of the Turkic languages, distinct from Kipchak languages to which Volga–Ural Tatar belongs. There exist several interpretations of the Tatar vowel phonemic inventory. In total Tatar has nine or ten native vowels, and three or four loaned vowels (mainly in Russian loanwords). According to Baskakov (1988) Tatar has only two vowel heights, high and low . There are two low vowels, front and back , while there are eight high vowels: front and back, round (R+) and unround (R−), normal and short (or reduced). Poppe (1963) proposed

1980-554: The collapse of the Soviet Union, the newly created republic of Mari El saw a revival of Mari culture and language. However, following the appointment of Leonid Markelov as Head of the republic in 2001, the government of Mari El has pursued a policy of intense Russification in the region. According to Vasily Pekteyev of the Mari National Theater in Yoshkar-Ola, "[Markelov] hated the Mari people". He noted that

2035-466: The data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others in their 2018 study, 46.4% of Mari men have N-M178 , and 8.2% belong to the subclade N-P43 . R1a is a clearly less yet the second most common Y-DNA haplogroup for Maris, as it is carried by 22.7% of them. A 2002 study about mtDNA haplogroups in the Volga-Ural region found that 40% of the Maris belong to the haplogroup H . About one in four carry

2090-578: The dialect, scattered across Siberia. Many linguists claim the origins of Siberian Tatar dialects are actually independent of Volga–Ural Tatar; these dialects are quite remote both from Standard Tatar and from each other, often preventing mutual comprehension. The claim that this language is part of the modern Tatar language is typically supported by linguists in Kazan, Moscow and by Siberian Tatar linguists and denounced by some Russian and Tatar ethnographs. Over time, some of these dialects were given distinct names and recognized as separate languages (e.g.

2145-619: The first person imperative forms deletes the last vowel, similar to the present tense does ( эшләү – эшл им ). Like plurals of nouns, the suffix -лар change depending the preceding consonants (-алар, but -ганнар). Some verbs, however, fall into this category. Dozens of them have irregular stems with a final mid vowel, but obscured on the infinitive ( уку – ук ы , ук ый , төзү – төз е , төз и ). The verbs кору "to build", тану "to disclaim", ташу "to spill" have contrastive meanings with verbs with their final vowelled counterparts, meaning "to dry", "to know", "to carry". The verb дию "to say"

2200-400: The indefinite future tense and the verbal participle they become -мас and -мыйча instead, respectively. Alongside vowel-ending stems, the suffix also becomes -мый when negates the present tense. To form interrogatives, the suffix -мы is used. Definite past and conditional tenses use type II personal inflections instead. When in the case of present tense, short ending (-м) is used. After vowels,

2255-505: The indigenous population. The Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was subjected to one of the harshest Russification measures in the USSR. Furthermore, Bolshevik policies officially aimed at combating undue influence of nationalism in a multi-nation union, resulted in the murder of leading Mari figures, such as Sergei Čavajn and Olyk Ipai and other teachers, scientists, artists, as well as religious and community leaders. Following

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2310-479: The interaction with Christianity spurred growth of syncretic form of religions where Christian system of belief is combined with pagan traditions and rituals. Many Mari today still practice paganism in syncretic forms, or purer forms adhering to organized neopagan Mari traditional religion organizations. While most Mari today are members of the Russian Orthodox Church , pagans still comprise

2365-411: The last syllable, in such a case the stress in Tatar shifts to suffixes as usual, e.g. sovét > sovetlár > sovetlarğá ). Tatar phonotactics dictate many pronunciation changes which are not reflected in the orthography. Like other Turkic languages, Tatar is an agglutinative language . Tatar nouns are inflected for cases and numbers. Case suffixes change depending on the last consonants of

2420-422: The majority of the Maris fought back in the so-called " Cheremis Wars ". By the end of the 16th century, resistance was finally quelled, leaving a heavy toll on the Mari population. As a result of the ensuing influx of Russian settlers, and to escape forced Christianization (starting from c. 1700), Maris started to settle further east in present-day Bashkortostan . In the following centuries under tsarist Russia,

2475-496: The most important of whom is known as the Great White God (Ош Кугу Юмо, Osh Kugu Yumo ). Other lesser gods include the god of fire (Тул Юмо, Tul Yumo ) and the god of wind (Мардеж Юмо, Mardezh Yumo ). The Mari also believe in a number of half-men, half-gods (керемет, keremet ) who live on earth. The most revered of these is Chumbulat (Чумбулат), or Chumbylat (Чумбылат), a renowned leader and warrior. Attempts to convert

2530-409: The noun, while nouns ending in п/к are voiced to б/г (кита б ым) when a possessive suffix was added. Suffixes below are in back vowel, with front variant can be seen at #Phonology section. The declension of possessive suffixes is even more irregular, with the dative suffix -а used in 1st singular and 2nd singular suffixes, and the accusative, dative, locative, and ablative endings -н, -на, -нда, -ннан

2585-453: The payment of tributes and taxes". However, intensive Russification policies were introduced during the Soviet era - the Mari language was eliminated from schools and only Russian was taught instead, many Mari people were resettled and sent to work in remote parts of the Soviet Union, and Mari communities were forcibly enlarged under the Soviet policy of eliminating "unpromising villages", leading to Russian settlement and greatly disempowering

2640-482: The placename itself points at Golden Horde tümen commander's headquarters. The principality was established by Prince Bekhan in 1388. Principality later expanded and comprised territories between Oka - Tsena - Sura interfluve in ( Northern, Western and Eastern Mokshaland ). Temnikov , Kadom , Sacony and Andreev townlet had been destroyed during the period of Muscovy and Ryazan Principality raids in first decades of 15th century and later rebuilt in new cites. It

2695-737: The republic that year. The Mari people consists of four different groups: the Meadow Mari, who live along the left bank of the Volga, the Hill (Mountain) Mari, who live along the right bank of the Volga, the Northwestern Mari , who live in Southern part of Kirov Oblast and Eastern part of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, and Eastern Mari, who live in the Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia republics and Perm Krai and Sverdlovsk Oblast. There

2750-497: The schools of Tatarstan. According to the opponents of this change, it will further endanger the Tatar language and is a violation of the Tatarstan Constitution which stipulates the equality of Russian and Tatar languages in the republic. There are two main dialects of Tatar: All of these dialects also have subdivisions. Significant contributions to the study of the Tatar language and its dialects, were made by

2805-728: The use of Cyrillic for the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation does not contradict the Russian constitution . In accordance with this Constitutional Court ruling, on 28 December 2004, the Tatar Supreme Court overturned the Tatarstani law that made the Latin alphabet official. In 2012 the Tatarstan government adopted a new Latin alphabet but with limited usage (mostly for Romanization). Mari people The ethnic name mari derives from

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2860-619: The use of a specific alphabet depends on the preference of the author. The Tatar language was made a de facto official language in Russia in 1917, but only within the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . Tatar is also considered to have been the official language in the short-lived Idel-Ural State , briefly formed during the Russian Civil War . The usage of Tatar declined during

2915-459: Was closely allied with the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Tatar : Төмән ханлыгы , romanized:  Tömän xanlığı and Church Slavonic : темник means tümen commander and refers to the city founder Prince Tenish Kugushev or his immediate ancestors. Other scholars M. Safargaliev, P. Chermensky consider Temnikov second one in importance ulus centre after Mukhsha since the etymology of

2970-628: Was confirmed by archeological findings in 1960s. Members at Family TreeDNA tracing royal descent to Prince Bekhan of the Temnikov Principality, are grouped as (07 Tatar Princes – Bekhanids ) in the Russian Nobility DNA project. All members belong to Y-haplogroup J2b-L283 > Y12000. Mentioned in Russian sources as Mordvin Princes The Principality was divided into belyaks . The land

3025-425: Was inhabited mainly by Mokshas , Mishars and Erzyas . Some Burtases resettled to Northern Mokshaland, and would be mentioned in later Russian documents as Posop Tatars since they served as prince's army bread suppliers and paid bread tax . Tatar language Tatar ( / ˈ t ɑː t ər / TAH -tər ; татар теле , tatar tele or татарча , tatarça ) is a Turkic language spoken by

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