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66-487: Tempe may refer to: Places [ edit ] Vale of Tempe , Greece Tempe, Arizona , United States Tempe, New South Wales , a suburb in Sydney, Australia Lake Tempe , Indonesia Tempe, Bloemfontein , South Africa, an area outside Bloemfontein, home to various military bases and units See also [ edit ] Tempa, West Virginia , which may be named for

132-443: A Persian, is the equivalent of slavery." At the age of 16 or 17, they began their mandatory 10 years of national service, which included practicing archery and javelin, competing for prizes, and hunting. Afterwards, they served in the military for around 25 years, after which they were elevated to the status of elders and advisers to the king. Families in this time, including Xerxes', would intermarry. This account of education among

198-680: A favorite haunt of Apollo and the Muses . On the right bank of the Pineios sat a temple to Apollo, near which the laurels used to crown the victorious in the Pythian Games were gathered. Two places of pilgrimage developed later in the area. At the southern entrance of the valley lie the remains of the Ottoman-era Hasan Baba Tekke , a 14-15th century mosque built about the tomb of a dervish saint. Traditionally it

264-670: A large, multi-ethnic empire upon his father's death. He consolidated his power by crushing revolts in Egypt and Babylon , and renewed his father's campaign to subjugate Greece and punish Athens and its allies for their interference in the Ionian Revolt . In 480 BC, Xerxes personally led a large army and crossed the Hellespont into Europe. He achieved victories at Thermopylae and Artemisium before capturing and razing Athens . His forces gained control of mainland Greece north of

330-578: A military campaign). Xerxes suppressed the revolt in January 484 BC and appointed his full-brother Achaemenes as satrap of Egypt, replacing the previous satrap Pherendates , who was reportedly killed during the revolt. The suppression of the Egyptian revolt expended the army, which had been mobilized by Darius over the previous three years. Xerxes, therefore, had to raise another army for his expedition into Greece, which took another four years. There

396-687: A plan to dethrone the Achaemenids . Greek historians give differing accounts of events. According to Ctesias (in Persica 20), Artabanus then accused the Crown Prince Darius, Xerxes's eldest son, of the murder and persuaded another of Xerxes's sons, Artaxerxes , to avenge the patricide by killing Darius. But according to Aristotle (in Politics 5.1311b), Artabanus killed Darius first and then killed Xerxes. After Artaxerxes discovered

462-654: A statue from the city, but that this was the golden statue of a man rather than the statue of the god Marduk . Though mentions of it are lacking considerably compared to earlier periods, contemporary documents suggest that the Babylonian New Year's Festival continued in some form during the Achaemenid period. Because the change in rulership from the Babylonians themselves to the Persians and due to

528-638: Is based on Ovid's account in the Metamorphoses . In his painting, the broad valley is rimmed by mountains and dissolves in light, while the characters meeting on the road are dwarfed by the scene that opens behind them. Francis Danby 's The Contest of the Lyre and the Pipe in the Valley of Tempe (1842) pictures a similar scene, as it is described in a contemporary publication. Behind the competing musicians in

594-538: Is derivative of many prior poetical descriptions: Fair Tempe! haunt belov'd of sylvan powers, Of nymphs and fauns; where in the golden age They play'd in secret on the shady brink With ancient Pan: while round their choral steps, Young hours and genial gales with constant hand Shower'd blossoms, odours; shower'd ambrosial dews, And spring’s elysian bloom. Painters of the 19th century also contributed to this mythologising tradition. They include J. M. W. Turner , whose The story of Apollo and Daphne (1837)

660-573: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Vale of Tempe In the Greek municipality of Tempi , the valley is ten kilometers long and as narrow as 25 metres in places, with cliffs nearly 500 metres high. Through it flows the Pineios River on its way to the Aegean Sea . Historically the gorge has provided a strategic route through

726-518: Is identified with the king Ahasuerus in the biblical Book of Esther , which some scholars, including Eduard Schwartz , William Rainey Harper , and Michael V. Fox , consider to be historical romance. There is nothing close to a consensus, however, as to what historical event provided the basis for the story. Xerxes is the protagonist of the opera Serse by the German-English Baroque composer George Frideric Handel . It

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792-532: Is largely negative and this set the tone for most subsequent depictions of him within the western tradition. Xerxes is a central character of Aeschylus ' play The Persians , first performed in Athens in 472 BC, only seven years after his invasion of Greece. The play presents him as an effeminate figure and his hubristic effort to bring both Asia and Europe under his control leads to the ruin of both himself and his kingdom. Herodotus 's Histories , written later in

858-407: Is often assumed that Xerxes enacted a brutal vengeance on Babylon following the two revolts. According to ancient writers, Xerxes destroyed Babylon's fortifications and damaged the temples in the city. The Esagila was allegedly subject to great damage, and Xerxes allegedly carried the statue of Marduk away from the city, possibly bringing it to Iran and melting it down (classical authors hold that

924-669: Is represented as a giant man with androgynous qualities, who claims to be a god-king. This portrayal attracted controversy, especially in Iran . Ken Davitian plays Xerxes in Meet the Spartans , a parody of the first 300 movie replete with sophomoric humour and deliberate anachronisms . Similarly, a highly satirized depiction of Xerxes based on his portrayal in 300 appears in the South Park episode " D-Yikes! " Other works dealing with

990-458: Is skeptical. Many smaller Greek states, moreover, took the side of the Persians, especially Thessaly , Thebes and Argos . Xerxes was victorious during the initial battles. Xerxes set out in the spring of 480 BC from Sardis with a fleet and army which Herodotus estimated was roughly one million strong along with 10,000 elite warriors named the Immortals . More recent estimates place

1056-703: Is the Greek and Latin ( Xerxes , Xerses ) transliteration of the Old Iranian Xšaya-ṛšā ("ruling over heroes"), which can be seen by the first part xšaya , meaning "ruling", and the second ṛšā , meaning "hero, man". The name of Xerxes was known in Akkadian as Ḫi-ši-ʾ-ar-šá and in Aramaic as ḥšyʾrš . Xerxes would become a popular name among the rulers of the Achaemenid Empire. Xerxes' father

1122-525: The Assyrians , Phoenicians , Babylonians , Egyptians , Jews , Macedonians , European Thracians , Paeonians , Achaean Greeks , Ionians , Aegean islanders , Aeolians , Greeks from Pontus , Colchians , Sindhis and many more. According to the Greek historian Herodotus , Xerxes's first attempt to bridge the Hellespont ended in failure when a storm destroyed the flax and papyrus cables of

1188-760: The Isthmus of Corinth until their defeat at the Battle of Salamis . Fearing that the Greeks might trap him in Europe, Xerxes retreated with the greater part of his army back to Asia, leaving behind Mardonius to continue his campaign. Mardonius was defeated at Plataea the following year, effectively ending the Persian invasion. After returning to Persia, Xerxes dedicated himself to large-scale construction projects, many of which had been left unfinished by his father. He oversaw

1254-547: The Peloponnesus and awaiting the dissolution of the Greek armies. The Battle of Salamis (September, 480 BC) was won by the Greek fleet, after which Xerxes set up a winter camp in Thessaly . According to Herodotus, fearing that the Greeks might attack the bridges across the Hellespont and trap his army in Europe, Xerxes decided to retreat back to Asia, taking the greater part of the army with him. Another cause of

1320-619: The Great and Darius I . In the Age of Empires , Xerxes featured as a short swordsman. Gore Vidal , in his historical fiction novel Creation (1981), describes at length the rise of the Achaemenids, especially Darius I, and presents the life and death circumstances of Xerxes. Vidal's version of the Persian Wars, which diverges from the orthodoxy of the Greek histories, is told through

1386-511: The Great , was a Persian ruler who served as the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire , reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC. He was the son of Darius the Great and Atossa , a daughter of Cyrus the Great . In Western history, Xerxes is best known for his invasion of Greece in 480 BC, which ended in Persian defeat. Xerxes was designated successor by Darius over his elder brother Artobazan and inherited

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1452-593: The Greek side and so the battle stopped prematurely as the Greeks received news of the defeat at Thermopylae and retreated. After Thermopylae, Athens was captured. Most of the Athenians had abandoned the city and fled to the island of Salamis before Xerxes arrived. A small group attempted to defend the Athenian Acropolis , but they were defeated. Xerxes ordered the Destruction of Athens and burnt

1518-611: The Persian Empire or the Biblical story of Esther have also featured or alluded to Xerxes, such as the video game Assassin's Creed Odyssey and the film One Night with the King (2006), in which Ahasuerus (Xerxes) was portrayed by British actor Luke Goss . He is the leader of the Persian Empire in the video game Civilization II and III (along with Scheherazade ), although Civilization IV replaces him with Cyrus

1584-481: The Persian elite is supported by Xenophon 's description of the 5th-century BC Achaemenid prince Cyrus the Younger , with whom he was well-acquainted. Stoneman suggests that this was the type of upbringing and education that Xerxes experienced. It is unknown if Xerxes ever learned to read or write, with the Persians favoring oral history over written literature. Stoneman suggests that Xerxes' upbringing and education

1650-514: The Persian force at around 60,000 combatants. At the Battle of Thermopylae , a small force of Greek warriors led by King Leonidas of Sparta resisted the much larger Persian forces, but were ultimately defeated. According to Herodotus, the Persians broke the Spartan phalanx after a Greek man called Ephialtes betrayed his country by telling the Persians of another pass around the mountains. At Artemisium , large storms had destroyed ships from

1716-560: The Persian offensive on Greece for good. After his military blunders in Greece, Xerxes returned to Persia and oversaw the completion of the many construction projects left unfinished by his father at Susa and Persepolis . He oversaw the building of the Gate of All Nations and the Hall of a Hundred Columns at Persepolis, which are the largest and most imposing structures of the palace. He oversaw

1782-421: The Persian wars from the perspective of Xerxes. Though the account is fictionalised, Couperus nevertheless based himself on an extensive study of Herodotus. The English translation Arrogance: The Conquests of Xerxes by Frederick H. Martens appeared in 1930. Later generations' fascination with ancient Sparta, particularly the Battle of Thermopylae , has led to Xerxes' portrayal in works of popular culture . He

1848-478: The Persians at Marathon . From 483 BC, Xerxes prepared his expedition: The Xerxes Canal was dug through the isthmus of the peninsula of Mount Athos , provisions were stored in the stations on the road through Thrace , and two pontoon bridges later known as Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges were built across the Hellespont . Soldiers of many nationalities served in the armies of Xerxes from all over his multi-ethnic massive Eurasian-sized empire and beyond, including

1914-649: The Susa Gate and built a palace in Susa . In August 465 BC, Artabanus , the commander of the royal bodyguard and the most powerful official in the Persian court, assassinated Xerxes with the help of a eunuch , Aspamitres. Although the Hyrcanian Artabanus bore the same name as the famed uncle of Xerxes , his rise to prominence was due to his popularity in religious quarters of the court and harem intrigues. He put his seven sons in key positions and had

1980-610: The Vale of Tempe (see above) Tempeh , a traditional soy product, commonly known as tempe [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tempe&oldid=1126905999 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2046-579: The Vale of Tempe continued to inform the European imagination over two millennia. In his illustrated atlas, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (1590), Abraham Ortelius pictured the gorge as "The Paradise of Tempe at the foot of Mount Olympus", inhabited by a pious and happy people. Much the same impression of the location is given in The Pleasures of the Imagination (1744) by Mark Akenside , which

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2112-400: The Vale of Tempe to the sea, regardless of the beauty and splendour that surrounded him". He was, however, doing no more than poets before. John Edmund Reade , for example, whose long narrative in "The Vale of Tempe" records the fugitive's desperate appearance as glimpsed by a bystander; and William Dale of Newlyn , whose "Pompey in the Vale of Tempe" calls on the "delightful valley" to mourn

2178-502: The accompanying engravings based on the drawings he made on his journey. In the course of his passage through the gorge, Dodwell notes, "the traveller beholds on either side a stupendous wall of mighty precipices rising in prodigious grandeur, shattered into deformities and sprinkled with a wild profusion of trees and aromatic shrubs." Xerxes I of Persia Xerxes I ( / ˈ z ɜː r k ˌ s iː z / ZURK -seez c.  518 – August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes

2244-525: The age of 64. Artobazan claimed that he should take the crown as the eldest of all Darius' children, while Xerxes argued for his own claim on the grounds that he was the son of Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus, and that Cyrus had won the Persians their freedom. Xerxes' claim was supported by a Spartan king in exile who was present in Persia at the time, the Eurypontid king Demaratus , who also argued that

2310-471: The age of seven, they learned how to ride and hunt; after reaching the age of fourteen, they were each taught by four teachers from aristocratic backgrounds, who taught them how to be "wise, just, prudent, and brave." Persian princes also learned the basics of the Zoroastrian religion, and were taught to be truthful, to be courageous, and to have self-restraint. The dialogue further added that "fear, for

2376-537: The army of Xerxes was overwhelmingly large; accordingly, the Greeks retreated. During the Third Macedonian War in 169 BC, the Romans broke through Perseus of Macedon 's defences here and later defeated him in the Battle of Pydna . During the revolution of Andriskos in 148 BC the valley was the site of another conflict. Then, following some centuries of Roman peace, the pass was penetrated again during

2442-408: The bridges. In retaliation, Xerxes ordered the Hellespont (the strait itself) whipped three hundred times, and had fetters thrown into the water. Xerxes's second attempt to bridge the Hellespont was successful. The Carthaginian invasion of Sicily deprived Greece of the support of the powerful monarchs of Syracuse and Agrigentum ; ancient sources assume Xerxes was responsible, modern scholarship

2508-470: The city, leaving an archaeologically attested destruction layer , known as the Perserschutt . The Persians thus gained control of all of mainland Greece to the north of the Isthmus of Corinth . Xerxes was induced, by the message of Themistocles (against the advice of Artemisia of Halicarnassus ), to attack the Greek fleet under unfavourable conditions, rather than sending a part of his ships to

2574-652: The completion of the Apadana , the Tachara (Palace of Darius) and the Treasury, all started by Darius, as well as having his own palace built which was twice the size of his father's. His taste in architecture was similar to that of Darius, though on an even more gigantic scale. He had colorful enameled brick laid on the exterior face of the Apadana . He also maintained the Royal Road built by his father and completed

2640-481: The completion of the Gate of All Nations , the Apadana and the Tachara at Persepolis , and continued the construction of the Palace of Darius at Susa . He also maintained the Royal Road built by his father. In 465 BC, Xerxes and his heir Darius were assassinated by Artabanus , the commander of the royal bodyguard. He was succeeded by his third son, who took the throne as Artaxerxes I . Xérxēs ( Ξέρξης )

2706-398: The eldest son did not universally have the best claim to the crown, citing Spartan law, which stated that the first son born while the father is king was the heir to the kingship. Some modern scholars also view the unusual decision of Darius to give the throne to Xerxes as a result of his consideration of the particular prestige that Cyrus the Great and his daughter Atossa enjoyed. Artobazan

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2772-502: The fifth century BC, centre on the Persian Wars, with Xerxes as a major figure. Some of Herodotus' information is spurious. Pierre Briant has accused him of presenting a stereotyped and biased portrayal of the Persians. Richard Stoneman regards his portrayal of Xerxes as nuanced and tragic, compared to the vilification that he suffered at the hands of the Macedonian king Alexander the Great ( r.  336–323 BC ). Xerxes

2838-517: The first Gothic War (376–382) when, in the words of the poet Claudian , "Thessaly grieved because the Vale of Tempe was no help, while the Goths laughed at Mount Oeta's conquered crags". Other battles were fought there too during Byzantine and Ottoman times. Until recently the road through the gorge followed the track of the ancient military road made by the Romans, running along the right bank of

2904-426: The foreground, "the sun is setting over Ossa, and the river Peneus, steeped in its departing light, is flowing below". The convention of the valley's pleasant nature has also been used to underline the discomfiture of Pompey 's flight after his defeat at the Battle of Pharsalus , as recounted by Plutarch . A later historian embroidered on his bare statement of fact with the reflection that "Pompey passed on through

2970-477: The gorge is the Athens–Thessaloniki mainline . Originally built as single-tracked in the 1910s, it was closed on 27 November 2003 and the following day trains were routed through the new double-tracked line, featuring two long tunnels that allow speeds of up to 160 km/h. Nevertheless, it was the scene of what was reported as Greece's deadliest rail disaster on 28 February 2023. The Classical idealisation of

3036-479: The great authority of Atossa and his accession to royal power was not challenged by any person at court or in the Achaemenian family, or by any subject nation. At the time of Xerxes' accession, trouble was brewing in some of his domains. A revolt occurred in Egypt , which seems dangerous enough for Xerxes to personally lead the army to restore order (which also gave him the opportunity to begin his reign with

3102-405: The invented character of Cyrus Spitama, a half-Greek, half-Persian, and grandson of the prophet Zoroaster . Thanks to his family connection, Cyrus is brought up in the Persian court after the murder of Zoroaster, becoming the boyhood friend of Xerxes, and later a diplomat who is sent to India, and later to Greece, and who is thereby able to gain privileged access to many leading historical figures of

3168-494: The main route from Larissa through the mountains to the coast. Though it can be bypassed via the Sarantoporo Pass, the alternative route takes longer. Because of this, it has been the scene of numerous battles throughout history. In 480 BC, 10,000 Athenians and Spartans gathered at Tempe to stop Xerxes 's invasion. However, once there, they were warned by Alexander I of Macedon that the vale could be bypassed and that

3234-503: The misfortune of the vanquished leader. In reality, William Smith sets such accounts straight in his Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), commenting that the vale's "scenery is distinguished rather by savage grandeur than by the sylvan beauty which [some authors] attribute to it…None of these writers appear to have drawn their pictures from actual observation". In corroboration he cites Edward Dodwell 's account of A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece (1819) and

3300-403: The mountains and its impressive rugged beauty has been poetically renowned. In legend, the Vale of Tempe was cut through the rocks by the trident of Poseidon . It was home for a time to Aristaeus , son of Apollo and Cyrene , and it was here that he chased Eurydice , wife of Orpheus , who, in her flight, was bitten by a serpent and died. In ancient times, it was celebrated by Greek poets as

3366-504: The murder, he killed Artabanus and his sons. Participating in these intrigues was the general Megabyzus , whose decision to switch sides probably saved the Achaemenids from losing their control of the Persian throne. While there is no general consensus in scholarship as to whether Xerxes and his predecessors had been influenced by Zoroastrianism , it is well established that Xerxes was a firm believer in Ahura Mazda , whom he saw as

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3432-497: The replacement of the city's elite families by Xerxes following its revolt, it is possible that the festival's traditional rituals and events had changed considerably. Darius died while in the process of preparing a second army to invade the Greek mainland, leaving to his son the task of punishing the Athenians , Naxians , and Eretrians for their interference in the Ionian Revolt , the burning of Sardis , and their victory over

3498-459: The retreat might have been that the continued unrest in Babylon , a key province of the empire , required the king's personal attention. He left behind a contingent in Greece to finish the campaign under Mardonius , who according to Herodotus had suggested the retreat in the first place. This force was defeated the following year at Plataea by the combined forces of the Greek city states, ending

3564-574: The river. By the time of the Battle of Tempe Gorge in 1941, it had hardly improved and later, as the Greek National Road 1 , had still the reputation of being narrow and dangerous, with one particular accident causing the deaths of 21 schoolchildren in April 2003. Only with the opening of the A1 motorway and its bypassing tunnels in 2017 was there a change for the better. Also running through

3630-402: The statue was made entirely of gold, which would have made melting it down possible). Modern historian Amélie Kuhrt considers it unlikely that Xerxes destroyed the temples, but believes that the story of him doing so may derive from an anti-Persian sentiment among the Babylonians. It is doubtful if the statue was removed from Babylon at all and some have even suggested that Xerxes did remove

3696-519: The summer of 482 BC, Shamash-eriba seized Babylon itself and other nearby cities, such as Borsippa and Dilbat , and was only defeated in March 481 BC after a lengthy siege of Babylon. The precise cause of the unrest in Babylon is uncertain. It may have been due to tax increases. Prior to these revolts, Babylon had occupied a special position within the Achaemenid Empire ; the Achaemenid kings had held

3762-465: The supreme deity. However, Ahura Mazda was also worshipped by adherents of the (Indo-)Iranian religious tradition. On his treatment of other religions, Xerxes followed the same policy as his predecessors: he appealed to local religious scholars, made sacrifices to local deities, and destroyed temples in cities and countries that caused disorder. By queen Amestris : By unknown wives or mistresses : Xerxes' presentation in Greek and Roman sources

3828-602: The titles of " King of Babylon " and " King of the Lands ," implying that they perceived Babylonia as a somewhat separate entity within their empire, united with their own kingdom in a personal union . After the revolts, however, Xerxes dropped "King of Babylon" from his titulature and divided the previously large Babylonian satrapy (accounting for most of the Neo-Babylonian Empire 's territory) into smaller sub-units. Based on texts written by classical authors, it

3894-487: Was Darius the Great ( r.  522–486 BC ), the incumbent monarch of the Achaemenid Empire, albeit himself not a member of the family of Cyrus the Great , the founder of the empire. Xerxes' mother was Atossa , a daughter of Cyrus. Darius and Atossa married in 522 BC, and Xerxes was born around 518 BC. According to the Greek dialogue First Alcibiades , which describes typical upbringing and education of Persian princes, they were raised by eunuchs . Starting at

3960-459: Was also unrest in Babylon, which revolted at least twice against Xerxes during his reign. The first revolt broke out in June or July of 484 BC and was led by a rebel of the name Bel-shimanni . Bel-shimmani's revolt was short-lived; Babylonian documents written during his reign only account for a period of two weeks. Two years later, Babylon produced another rebel leader, Shamash-eriba . Beginning in

4026-488: Was born to "Darius the subject", while Xerxes was the eldest son " born in the purple " after Darius' rise to the throne. Furthermore, while Artobazan's mother was a commoner, Xerxes' mother was the daughter of the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. Xerxes was crowned and succeeded his father in October–December 486 BC when he was about 32 years old. The transition of power to Xerxes was smooth, due again in part to

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4092-737: Was first performed in the King's Theatre London on 15 April 1738. The famous aria " Ombra mai fù " opens the opera. The murder of Xerxes by Artabanus ( Artabano ), execution of crown prince Darius ( Dario ), revolt by Megabyzus ( Megabise ), and subsequent succession of Artaxerxes I is romanticised by the Italian poet Metastasio in his opera libretto Artaserse (1730), which was first set to music by Leonardo Vinci , and subsequently by other composers such as Johann Adolf Hasse and Johann Christian Bach . The historical novel Xerxes of de Hoogmoed (1919) by Dutch writer Louis Couperus describes

4158-460: Was played by David Farrar in the film The 300 Spartans (1962), where he is portrayed as a cruel, power-crazed despot and an inept commander. He also features prominently in the graphic novels 300 and Xerxes: The Fall of the House of Darius and the Rise of Alexander by Frank Miller , as well as the film adaptation 300 (2007) and its sequel 300: Rise of an Empire (2014), as portrayed by Brazilian actor Rodrigo Santoro , in which he

4224-434: Was possibly not much different from that of the later Iranian kings, such as Abbas the Great , king of the Safavid Empire in the 17th-century AD. Starting from 498 BC, Xerxes resided in the royal palace of Babylon . While Darius was preparing for another war against Greece, a revolt began in Egypt in 486 BC due to heavy taxes and the deportation of craftsmen to build the royal palaces at Susa and Persepolis. The king

4290-420: Was required by Persian law to choose a successor before setting out on dangerous expeditions; when Darius decided to leave for Egypt (487–486 BC), he prepared his tomb at Naqsh-e Rustam (five kilometers from his royal palace at Persepolis) and appointed Xerxes, his eldest son by Atossa , as his successor. However, Darius could not lead the campaign due to his failing health; he died in October 486 BC at

4356-400: Was visited particularly by women who wanted to conceive and children that could not walk. Within the gorge itself is the ancient cave shrine and holy spring of the Christian saint, Aghia Paraskevi , protector of the eyes and of gypsies. It is approached by a narrow footbridge over the river and sheltered by a chapel built about 1910. The Tempe Pass is a strategic point in Greece since it is

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