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53-724: The Fiat Tempra (Type 159) is a small family car produced by the Italian automaker Fiat from 1990 to 1996 in Italy. The Tempra was intended as a replacement for the Fiat Regata . The original project was called Tipo 3 , being a mid-size car between the Fiat Tipo (project Tipo 2 ) and the bigger Fiat Croma (project Tipo 4 ). The Tempra shares its Type Three platform with the Lancia Dedra and Alfa Romeo 155 . The Tempra

106-520: A division focusing on the sale of spare parts for a variety of vehicle brands. The company’s sports activities were further formalized in 1974 with the founding of the Tofaş Sport Club. Tofaş expanded its export market in 1975 by shipping vehicles to Egypt, its first international market. In 1976, Tofaş began production of the Murat 131 model. The company’s product lineup grew in the early 1980s, with

159-419: A favourable aerodynamic ( C x 0.297) and only 17.2 PS subtracted at 100 km/h (62 mph), which was the best result among all the rivals. Another advantage was the galvanized structure, which allowed the car to be resistant against rust over time, showing good resilience to weather and bad climate conditions after many years. Other qualities were the strength and reliability of the mechanics, thanks to

212-665: A high-capacity tanks of 65 litres (17 US gal; 14 imp gal) for the sedan and 70 L (18 US gal; 15 imp gal) for the Station Wagon. Average range for a 55 kW 1.6 litre sedan was around 920 km (572 mi) (14 km/L or 7.1 L/100 km or 39.5 mpg ‑imp ), and consumption at constant speed was of 16.5 km/L (6.1 L/100 km; 46.6 mpg ‑imp ) at 90 km/h (56 mph) and 11.6 km/L (8.6 L/100 km; 32.8 mpg ‑imp ) at 130 km/h (81 mph). All these were aided by

265-686: A large margin. According to 2011 sales, compact cars are currently the second segment in Europe after the subcompact one (which in Europe corresponds to A-segment + B-segment ), with approximately 3 million units sold. Because of the Volkswagen Golf 's definition and long standing dominance of this class it is often referred to as the "Golf segment" in much of Europe. Mainstream compact sedans began falling in popularity since 1990s, when Peugeot stopped production of 306 in 4-door saloon form, and also sharply declining since 2010s, as well as

318-651: A leading role in Turkish automotive sector; it conducts sales and after sales operations for the Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Lancia, Jeep, Ferrari, and Maserati brands in Turkey. Tofaş exported 160,000 units to 80 countries in 2013. It also recorded 7 billion TL net sales income and 434 million TL net profit. Fulfilling 22% of the total production in Turkey with its 240,000 units in the previous year, Tofaş achieved 1.6 billion euro export income by increasing its export volume by 4%. Tofaş

371-626: A partnership with Magneti Marelli for the sale of automotive parts in Turkey and achieved the WCM “Gold Level” at its Bursa production plant. Tofaş continued its investment in education and innovation by opening the Tofaş Academy in 2014 and establishing the Tofaş Science High School the same year. In 2023, the company announced that it would consolidate the commercial activities of all Stellantis brands under Tofaş. Tofaş currently produces

424-666: A traditional saloon of this size though, with Volkswagen using the Golf as the base for its Jetta saloon, and Ford launching the Escort-based Orion in 1983. Also in the 1980s saloons became popular again in certain Western European markets, often with a different model name than the hatchback, for example the Renault 9 (Renault 11-based), Fiat Regata (Ritmo-based) and SEAT Málaga . Some carmakers later created

477-495: Is a Turkish automobile manufacturer which was established in 1968 by Vehbi Koç , who founded Koç Holding , based in Bursa , where the manufacturing plant of the company is located. It is jointly owned by Stellantis and Koç Holding (37.8% of the company's shares belong to Stellantis (through Fiat Group Automobiles); 37.8% to Koç Holding; and 24.3% freefloat). Tofaş manufactures both passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. It

530-600: Is because premium cars are included. From 2013–2018 premium cars had separate count, and are not included in mainstream total sales. Premium brands and models are marked italic . Electric cars are included in C-segment from 2020. year. 2019 – The compact car segment in Europe sees 5% fewer deliveries in 2019, as Europe’s #2 segment is down to 2.65 million sales, or 16.9% of the total European car market, down from 18% in 2018. 2020 – Sales of compact cars in Europe are down 24% to 2.03 million in 2020, perfectly in line with

583-616: Is one of the biggest automakers in the sector, with its 7,000 employees and 450,000 vehicles annual production capacity. Tofaş manufactures for the Fiat , Citroën , Peugeot , Opel , Vauxhall and RAM brands in Bursa, which has achieved for it the “Gold Level” within the scope of the WCM-World Class Manufacturing Program that is implemented in the 175 plants within the framework of Stellantis. Tofaş plays

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636-670: The Marea and Brava models, followed by the Doblò in 2000. The company also launched the Tofaş Basketball Volunteer Project in 2000. In 2001, Tofaş merged its production plant with Tofaş Oto Ticaret, the company’s automotive trade division. That year, the company entered into a partnership with Alfa Romeo, which began producing cars at the Tofaş factory. The Albea model entered production in 2002, and in 2003, Tofaş opened

689-505: The Fiat 124 and Fiat 125 ) and Lada Samara (since 1984) were very popular in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1970s and 1980s. The modern-day Lada 's compact cars are Lada Priora and Lada Vesta . There was also the lineup of the AZLK -factory, Moskvitch (from 1947 to 2003): 400 , 402 , 408 , 412 , Izh 2125 (the first Soviet hatchback ), 2140 and Aleko . At the start of

742-572: The Ford Escort , Vauxhall Viva , Austin Allegro and Hillman Avenger were still only available as saloons or estates, although some cars of this size, like the BMC/BL 1100 and 1300 saloons and Italy's Fiat 128 featured front-wheel drive from their launch during the 1960s. The C-segment was revolutionized in 1974 with the launch of the Volkswagen Golf , a front-wheel drive hatchback, which

795-664: The Marengo , a name also used before with the Regata Weekend and later again with the Marea Wagon. This is a commercial version of the Tempra which was based on the Station Wagon bodystyle, but with basic equipment, heavily tinted rear windows, and no rear seats. The engines were most commonly the naturally aspirated diesel units. Quattroruote , a popular Italian motoring magazine, reported some failures and defects with

848-896: The Safety Car during the season of 1993 , most notably at the Brazilian Grand Prix. The Tempra was discontinued in Europe in August 1996, and in Brazil in 1998. It was replaced by the Marea , which is based on the Bravo and Brava platform, the replacements for the Tempra's sister car the Tipo. In Brazil, 204,795 Tempras were produced in eight years, and in Turkey, where the car was manufactured by Tofaş from November 1990 until 1999, 129,590 were made. Small family car In 2011,

901-642: The liftback bodystyle like the Peugeot 309 , which replaced the Talbot Horizon in this sector at the end of 1985. Since the mid-1990s, premium brands usually associated with larger and more expensive cars have entered the C-segment with more affordable hatchbacks and saloons. The first such example was the Audi A3 in 1996. Subsequent cars of this type include the BMW 1 Series and Mercedes-Benz A-Class . In

954-633: The "Tempra SW") arriving two months later in Turin. The initial engine range comprised 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8 petrol units and normally aspirated and turbocharged 1.9 litre diesel units. The car began to be produced in Brazil for Latin American markets, after being introduced in Aruba , September 1991. First seen in September 1992, a two door coupé version of it, was produced exclusively for the market in Brazil. It

1007-491: The 1960s, the post war economic boom had produced customers who wanted something of intermediate size. These were usually saloons during the 1950s and 1960s. The world's first hatchback , the 1958 FR layout Austin A40 Farina Countryman model that was a co-development of BMC and the Italian design house Pininfarina at a time when this was unusual. It had a lift up rear window and drop down boot lid. It

1060-617: The 1970 GS, Peugeot 304 and Renault 14 . During 1980s, Citroën replaced the GSA with the 1983 BX that was between the sizes of the small family car and large family car, in an attempt to cover both markets with single model. The Citroën ZX was the model which celebrated the entry of PSA Group (now Stellantis) in China during early 1990s. Cars of the Soviet/Russian brand Lada : VAZ-2101 , VAZ-2103 , VAZ-2106 , Lada Riva (based on

1113-582: The 1970s, the two most popular sectors of the UK market were small family cars and large family cars . From its launch in 1962, the BMC 1100/1300 was often Britain's best selling car; other locally produced compact cars included the Ford Escort , Vauxhall Viva and Hillman Avenger . Imported small family cars that were popular in the UK included the Citroën GS and Datsun Sunny 120Y . British Leyland replaced

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1166-419: The 1st decade of 21st century, coupé convertibles (cabriolets) with components from these vehicles were being also built. Examples of this are the Peugeot 307 CC and later 308 CC in the first generation, third-generation Opel Astra TwinTop , second generation Ford Focus Coupe-Convertible , and Volkswagen Eos . Early successful compact family cars by French manufacturers are Citroën GS A hatch version of

1219-651: The BMC 1100/1300 with a variety of models: the 1969 Austin Maxi , the 1971 Morris Marina , and the 1973 Austin Allegro . A second-generation Ford Escort (jointly designed in Britain and Germany) was released in 1974. The same year, the German Volkswagen Golf front-wheel-drive hatchback was released, becoming one of the first significantly-imported small family cars in the UK market. The sporty "GTI" version of

1272-581: The C-segment had a European market share of 23%. The European segments are not based on size or weight criteria. In practice, C-segment cars have been described as having a length of approximately 4.5 metres (15 ft). As of 2021 C-segment category size span from approx. 4.2m to 4.6m Examples include Volkswagen Golf, Ford Focus, Citroën C4, Mercedes-Benz A-Class, BMW 1 Series, Audi A3, Škoda Scala, Honda Civic and Toyota Corolla. The most common body styles for C-segment cars in Europe are hatchbacks , and much less sedans and wagons/estates . In 2020

1325-820: The European version of the Escort was replaced by the global Ford Focus MkI model. General Motors released the Vauxhall Astra Mk3 update in 1991 and the all-new Astra Mk4 in 1998. Rover Group introduced the Rover 200 Mk2 in 1989. The Rover 200 Mk3 was introduced in 1995, replacing the Honda Concerto-based Mk2 with a UK-designed car. Tofa%C5%9F Tofaş (acronym for Türk Otomobil Fabrikası Anonim Şirketi ; Turkish Automobile Factory Joint-Stock Company pronounced [tofaʃ] )

1378-680: The Golf sparked a huge demand for "hot hatches" in the UK and many other countries. The third-generation Vauxhall Viva was produced until late 1979, when it was replaced by the Vauxhall Astra (a rebadged Opel Kadett D which was initially produced in West Germany and Belgium). The Astra was part of a late-1970s transition in small family cars from being predominantly rear-wheel-drive saloons , to becoming front-wheel-drive hatchbacks (by then increasingly popular in mainland Europe). The Austin Allegro – introduced five years earlier –

1431-579: The March 1992 Geneva Motor Show, a version with permanent four-wheel drive was introduced. It was only available in the Station Wagon bodystyle, fitted with the two-litre engine. The four-wheel drive system has a slight front bias (56/44%). During its six year production run, few changes were made apart from a minor facelift in April 1993, which resulted in a new front grille and other minor styling changes, as well as new equipment levels. Main parts (most notably,

1484-512: The Tempra was that its rear window was too small and inclined and the tail too tall, so that rear visibility was poor. This issue was common with the 155 and Dedra, and was one of the reasons the estate had more success than the saloon, especially in the United Kingdom. Since introduction, the Tempra was presented as a cheap and reliable car. The 1.4 and 1.6-litre engines were able to run long distances with good fuel economy, also aided by

1537-407: The Tempra. The first issue to be reported was some water ingress through the windscreen seals, an issue that previously plagued some other Fiat vehicles, especially Alfa 33 , which in rainy conditions would carry a significant quantity of water on board. This problem was reported from 1990–1992 and was resolved with using a higher quantity of sealant when fitting the glass. Another reported problem

1590-740: The Tofaş Museum of Cars in Anatolia. In 2005, Tofaş became the official distributor of Ferrari and Maserati in Turkey, establishing the Fer Mas company to manage these brands. Exports to Russia of the Palio and Albea models began in 2006. Tofaş acquired official distribution rights for Lancia in 2007 and completed the Minicargo project, resulting in the launch of the Fiat Fiorino . The vehicle

1643-567: The UK was the 1981 Triumph Acclaim , a licensed version of the four-door Honda Ballade with a Honda-designed engine. The Acclaim was replaced in 1984 by the Rover 200 . In late 1985 the Peugeot 309 became the first Peugeot to be built in the UK at the Ryton plant . Ford began the 1990s by replacing its 10-year-old Escort (and the Orion saloon version) with the Ford Escort MkV . In 1998,

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1696-403: The car, there were also "SX A" and "SX AK" (climate control added) trims available. The 1,000,000th Tempra which Tofaş built was a 2.0 i.e. 16V model. The Turkish 16 valve Tempra was not sold in the rest of Europe; it was also available with station wagon bodystyle and has a 148 PS (109 kW) engine. There was also a panel van bodystyle sold in the domestic market of Italy called

1749-603: The doors) were shared with the Fiat Tipo. Other vehicles, derived from the same platform were the Lancia Dedra (Tempra's most similar cousin, sharing all mechanical components) and the Alfa Romeo 155 . The Tempra had two exclusive options in Brazil: a two-door coupé bodystyle for any engine option (from 1992 to 1994), and a 2.0-litre turbo, which was sold in the two-door bodystyle called "Tempra Turbo" (1994 to 1995) and with

1802-547: The engine that could be used in urban, extra urban and highway driving conditions. The luggage capacity, especially in the Marengo panel van, was also one of the favourites among corporations, especially with the 1,929 cc diesel engine, and the interior space was comfortable for five persons during long travels. A Brazilian produced version of the 16 valve Tempra had the honourable role of being used in Formula One as

1855-456: The four-door as "Tempra Turbo Stile" (1996 to 1997). The engine delivered 165 PS (121 kW; 163 hp) and 26.5 kgf⋅m (192 lb⋅ft; 260 N⋅m) of torque. Period magazine tests registered 0–100 km/h (62 mph) in 8.2 seconds, and a top speed of 213 km/h (132 mph) for the two-door Tempra Turbo in 1994. The Tempra Turbo 1994 was only the second turbocharged car to enter series production in Brazil. The first one

1908-488: The highest selling C-segment cars in Europe were the Volkswagen Golf, Škoda Octavia, Ford Focus, Mercedes A-Class, Toyota Corolla, SEAT León, BMW 1-Series, Audi A3, Citroen C4, Peugeot 308, Renault Mégane, Kia Ceed, Opel Astra, Mercedes-Benz CLA and Volkswagen ID.3. 200,000 – 300,000 sales (Best-Selling) 100,000 – 200,000 sales 50,000 – 100,000 sales Notes: Jump in segment total sales after 2019. year

1961-399: The name on estate cars / Station Wagons so it is largely forgotten. This hatchback layout was further pioneered along with the European switch to front wheel drive FF layout with the smaller 1964 (Fiat) Autobianchi Primula . The modern C-segment market in Europe can be traced back to the 1968 launch of the Renault 6 , the first successful hatchback of this size. The hatchback bodystyle

2014-466: The overall market. And while Europeans bought more small crossovers than compact cars in the first three quarters of the year, in the full-year score the pecking order is returned to “normal”, with an advantage of 17,000 sales for the compact class. This result is mostly due to a wave of VW ID.3 (self)registrations, especially in December. We expect small crossovers to become Europe’s #2 segment in 2021 by

2067-785: The rear-wheel-drive saloon format of the Mk2 with a hatchback and front-wheel drive. (A saloon version called the Ford Orion was added in 1983.) Only in 1983 was the Austin Allegro replaced by the Austin Maestro hatchback. In 1984, the Vauxhall Astra Mk2 hatchback/estate/cabriolet was released, alongside a saloon version called the Vauxhall Belmont . The first significant Japanese-designed compact car in

2120-697: The reduced sales of 4-door Ford Focus . During the late 1990s, compact MPVs increased in popularity as a competitor to the compact car, with models such as the Renault Scenic and the Citroën C4 Picasso becoming popular in Europe. By the early 2010s, demand for compact MPVs was declining, due to the rise of the compact SUV . After the Second World War, European manufacturers usually featured two vehicle types: small economy cars that were usually saloons and large saloons . By

2173-408: The standard models ("L" in the United Kingdom, where it was only available with 1.4-litre engine) via the S and SX to the top SLX, which was only available with 1.8, and 2.0 litre engines in the United Kingdom. An optional driver's airbag was another innovation that year. The four-wheel drive Station Wagons continued to be available in some markets, such as Switzerland. In Turkey, where Tofaş built

Fiat Tempra - Misplaced Pages Continue

2226-636: The start of production for the Kartal and Rogan models in 1981. In 1990, Tofaş began producing the Tempra , and in 1994, the Uno model was introduced. That same year, Tofaş established its Research and Development (R&D) division. Exports of the Tempra began in 1995, marking a broader international presence for the company. In 1997, Tofaş and OPAR merged into a single entity. In 1999, Tofaş began production of

2279-442: Was a five-speed manual, and a continuously variable transmission was also offered as an option, a first on a midsize saloon. The CVT transmission was previously available on the Uno , Panda , Ritmo and Tipo. The CVT transmission, called the "Selecta", was available only with the 1.6-litre engine with either bodystyle. As of July 1991, the 2.0 litre SX model became available with an optional four speed automatic transmission. At

2332-450: Was also sold as a two-door saloon. It was built in Italy by Innocenti as well as in the UK. For 1965 Innocenti designed a new single-piece rear door for their Combinata version of the Countryman. This top-hinged door used struts to hold it up over a wide cargo opening and was a true hatchback – a model never developed in the home (United Kingdom) market. The Countryman name has 'estate' type associations, and BMC successor company Rover used

2385-421: Was also sold to PSA as the Peugeot Bipper and Citroën Nemo , marking the first time Tofaş sold the rights to one of its models. In 2009, the Albea Sole model was introduced, and Tofaş S.K . won promotion to the Turkish Basketball Super League . In 2012, following the merger between Fiat and Chrysler, Jeep joined Tofaş in Turkey. By this time, the company had produced 4 million vehicles. In 2013, Tofaş formed

2438-425: Was built until 1995, and a turbocharged petrol version was also available there. The Tempra's engine range was similar to that of the Tipo . Initially 1.4 and 1.6 litre models had carburetted engines. Both of these models were discontinued after 1992, due to the new European emission standards , and thus all models from 1993 onwards had catalytic converters and electronic fuel injection. The standard transmission

2491-408: Was first introduced by Renault with the 1964 Renault 16 , which was elected the 1965 Car of the year in Europe . A review in the English Motoring Illustrated in May 1965 stated: "The Renault Sixteen can thus be described as a large family car but one that is neither a four door saloon and nor is it quite an estate. But, importantly, it is a little different." Even the later similar-sized cars like

2544-414: Was founded in 1968. The company’s production plant was established in Bursa in 1969, marking the beginning of its manufacturing operations in Turkey. In 1971, Tofaş introduced its first model, the Fiat 124 , produced under license from Fiat and locally named Murat 124 (with a later version called Serçe ). This year also saw the establishment of Tofaş's first motorsports team. In 1973, Tofaş created OPAR,

2597-400: Was front-wheel-drive, but was built in only saloon and estate body styles. Only the related Austin Maxi was a hatchback. The Hillman Avenger (marketed as a Chrysler Avenger 1976–1979 and as a Talbot Avenger 1979–1981) continued to sell well, in spite of the 1978 launch of the Talbot Horizon front-wheel-drive hatchback. The Ford Escort Mk3 went on sale in the autumn of 1980, replacing

2650-434: Was high oil consumption, especially the 1,581 cc engine, which was a common defect with the Tipo (with the same engine) and Panda (1000 FIRE engine). The same was reported for other Fiat vehicles but disappeared with the new 1.6 L engine. On the same model, from 1994, the car started to show some electronic malfunctions, with items such as the electronic control unit , code key and electric system . A design flaw of

2703-446: Was hugely successful all over Europe. Within a decade, most cars of this size in Europe were front-wheel drive hatchbacks. These included the Fiat Ritmo (Strada in the UK), Ford Escort (from the MK3 model launched in 1980), Opel Kadett ( Vauxhall Astra in the UK), Renault 11 , and the Talbot Horizon (originally a Chrysler / Simca until Peugeot took over Chrysler's European division in 1979). Most manufacturers still offered

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2756-414: Was named the 1991 Semperit Irish Car of the Year in Ireland. In Brazil, the Tempra was built from 1991 to 1998. The car was also assembled in Turkey by Tofaş and in Vietnam by Mekong Auto in complete knock down until 2000. The saloon of the Tempra was shown for the first time in newspapers in November 1989, and introduced in March 1990 at the Geneva Motor Show , with the station wagon (marketed as

2809-607: Was the Uno Turbo, also in 1994. Only two trim levels were available in the early years of production: standard (S) and SX, both reasonably equipped considering the Tempra's low price. SX models for example, featured power windows, power locks, adjustable seat belts and steering wheel, front fog lights, body coloured bumpers, velvet upholstery, a futuristic digital dashboard and many other standard extras. They were also available with optional extras like anti-lock brakes, alloy wheels, sunroof and electronic climate control. A facelift in April 1993 featured more trim levels, now ranging from

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