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89-553: Located in the middle of a pine forest characteristic of central Honduras, 57 km from Tegucigalpa to the south of the municipality of the town of San Antonio, whose plateau is made up of sloping slopes that are difficult to access and 866 meters above the sea. From this space you can see part of the Comayagua valley, La Paz and the mountainous surroundings that adjoin the Francisco Morazán department , for this reason

178-467: A Central District, and the current 1982 Honduran Constitution continues to define the sister cities as a Central District that serves as the permanent national capital . Tegucigalpa is located in the southern-central highland region known as the department of Francisco Morazán of which it is also the departmental capital. It is situated in a valley, surrounded by mountains. Tegucigalpa and Comayagua, being sister cities, are physically separated by

267-419: A ceremonial center to perform religious rituals, it may be that it was used more and more as a refuge and military fort during the constant wars they had during with different manors as evidenced by the remains of walls found on the site. The best explanation given by Honduran archaeologists for its abandonment would be that several villages that were located near the archaeological site were gradually abandoned by

356-418: A characteristic ball court of Mesoamerican cultures, areas with rock engravings and rock art in nearby caves located in the same area. 250 structures have been registered on the site, most of them covered by vegetation. The site was the victim of constant looting for several decades, which meant that a good part of the infrastructure is currently deteriorated or incomplete due to the looting of some residents of

445-498: A coating for the outside of a building and " plaster " to a coating for interiors. As described below, however, the materials themselves often have little or no difference. Other European languages, notably Italian, do not have the same distinction: stucco means plaster in Italian and serves for both. The basic composition of stucco is lime , water, and sand. The difference in nomenclature between stucco, plaster , and mortar

534-399: A finish layer, which is thinner and faster to apply, compared to the traditional application of three-coat stucco. Imitation stone stucco can also be produced using the traditional application, but with marble dust being added to the mixture. As with any cement-based material, stucco must be reinforced to resist movement cracking. Plastic or wire mesh lath , attached with nails or screws to

623-514: A hotel district, business establishments and corporate buildings, including Los Próceres Comercial Park ( Parque Comercial ). Boulevard Suyapa and Boulevard Juan Pablo II are located south of the aforementioned boulevards, and they also form a busy commercial and financial district stretching through several neighborhoods such as Colonia Los Profesionales where the Presidential House is located; Colonia Florencia Norte where Multiplaza Mall

712-792: A mega-church in Tegucigalpa with more than 10,000 members. The Church of God of Cleveland, Tennessee , was established in Tegucigalpa in 1951, the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel followed in 1952, and by the late 1950s, the Evangelical Alliance of Honduras was established. The Prince of Peace Pentecostal Church , founded in Guatemala City, began its ministry in Honduras during

801-452: A meter deep, which suggests that the Lencas managed a system of aqueducts that took advantage of rainwater and the streams near the site to launder, store it, and distribute it within the enclosure. In 1957 the site was studied by archaeologist Doris Stone , who reported the use of “lime cement” (the studies implies that it is stucco ), as a floor in the main mound of Tenampúa. This mound

890-576: A mountainous and wooded area considerably away from inhabited areas although there are guides who are in charge of taking interested parties to Several researchers have found various types of ceramics with exquisite engravings and decorations, obsidian arrowheads, and jade carvings, have been found in the area, also statuettes representing somedeities of the Lenca Mythology such as Itanipuca , Ilanguipuca, and Icelaca . Currently exhibited in museums in Comayagua and Tegucigalpa. Mrs. Popenoe

979-503: A rapid growth in the last 30 years, and only recently has the government passed some of the laws establishing city planning and zoning rules. Surface roads can be narrow with the most important avenues carrying no more than two or three lanes running in each direction, adding to the problem of heavy traffic congestion. Several of the main boulevards have been equipped with interchanges , overpasses and underpasses, allowing for sections of controlled-access highways, but considering that even

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1068-412: A river, Tegucigalpa is prone to flooding during the rainy season, as experienced to the fullest during Hurricane Mitch and to a lesser degree every year during the rainy season. Despite being several thousand feet above sea level, the city lacks an efficient flood control system, including canals and sewerage powerful enough to channel rainwater back into the river to flow down to the ocean. The river itself

1157-406: A rugged mountain of moderate height, rises above the downtown area; several neighborhoods, both upscale residential and lower income, are located on its slopes. The city consists of gentle hills, and the ring of mountains surrounding the city tends to trap pollution . During the dry season, a dense cloud of smog lingers in the basin until the first rains fall. Tucked into a valley and bisected by

1246-433: A sand finish or sprayed. Originally, the lath material was strips of wood installed horizontally on the wall, with spaces between, that would support the wet plaster until it cured. This lath and plaster technique became widely used. In exterior wall applications, the lath is installed over a weather-resistant asphalt - impregnated felt or paper sheet that protects the framing from the moisture that can pass through

1335-595: A small green parrot, in Nahuatl) and Toncontín , a small town near Tegucigalpa (toncotín was a Mexican dance of Nahuatl origin). In Mexico , it is believed the word Tegucigalpa is from the Nahuatl word Tecuztlicallipan , meaning "place of residence of the noble" or Tecuhtzincalpan , meaning "place on the home of the beloved master". Honduran philologist Alberto de Jesús Membreño wrote in his book Indigenous Toponymies of Central America that he thinks Tegucigalpa

1424-525: A small white minority. They are joined by Chinese and Arab immigrants, the latter mostly from Palestine . There are indigenous Amerindians and Afro-Honduran people as well. In 2004, there were 67 public health care establishments in the Central District—five national hospitals , 22 health centers in the metropolitan area, 37 health centers throughout the rural areas, and three peripheral clinics . There are several private hospitals in

1513-402: A solid masonry , brick , or stone surface. The finish coat usually contained an integral color and was typically textured for appearance. Then with the introduction and development of heavy timber and light wood-framed construction methods, stucco was adapted for this new use by adding a reinforcement lattice, or lath , attached to and spanning between the structural supports and by increasing

1602-422: A warmer climate (like California , Nevada , Arizona , New Mexico and Florida ), stucco is the predominant exterior for both residential and commercial construction. Stucco exterior (with wood frame interior) became a popular alternative in the southwestern United States during the 1970s, as the masonry labor costs for adobe rose. Stucco has also been used as a sculptural and artistic material. Stucco relief

1691-473: Is a Nahuatl word meaning "in the homes of the sharp stones" and rules out the traditional meaning "hills of silver" arguing that Taguzgalpa was the name of the ancient eastern zone of Honduras. Tegucigalpa was founded by Spanish settlers as Real de Minas de San Miguel de Tegucigalpa on September 29, 1578, on the site of an existing native settlement of the Lenca and Tolupans . The first mayor of Tegucigalpa

1780-420: Is a threat since it isn't deep enough below the streets, nor are there levees high enough to prevent it from breaking out. There are more than 100 neighborhoods deemed zones of high risk , several of them ruled out as uninhabitable in their entirety. There is a reservoir, known as Embalse Los Laureles , west of the city providing 30 percent of the city's water supply as well as a water treatment plant south of

1869-483: Is also home to the country's most important public university, the National Autonomous University of Honduras , as well as the national soccer team . The city is served by two international airports, Comayagua and Toncontín . The Central District Mayor's Office ( Alcaldia Municipal del Distrito Central ) is the city's governing body, headed by a mayor and 10 aldermen forming

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1958-419: Is based more on use than composition. Until the latter part of the nineteenth century, it was common that mortar as well as plaster , which was used inside a building, and stucco, which was used outside, would consist of the same primary materials: lime and sand . Animal or plant fibers were often added for additional strength. Sometimes additives such as acrylics and glass fibers are added to improve

2047-493: Is covered by public health care. The Central District reports the third highest or 20.2 percent of the country's HIV/AIDS incidence with 5,674 living with the virus . During 2004, there were 258 new diagnoses of HIV infection in the Central District. In 2000, the maternal mortality rate in the city was 110 of every 100,000 births of which 62.3 percent were women ages 20 to 35. In 2001, the infant mortality rate

2136-574: Is formed by more than 40 neighborhoods, many of them wealthy middle class residential areas such as Colonia Palmira to the east of the historic center, on Boulevard Morazán, which hosts several foreign embassies as well as upscale restaurants. Other upscale neighborhoods are Lomas del Guijarro, Loma Linda, and Lomas del Mayab, which house most of the apartment complexes in the city. Boulevard Morazán and Avenida Los Próceres/Avenida La Paz are busy commercial corridors (running parallel to each other) and run through several neighborhoods home to foreign embassies,

2225-504: Is located; Colonia Miramontes, among others—housing several financial institutions, government offices, hotels, etc. Comayaguela is found on the west bank of the Choluteca River, and most of its urbanization is made up of lower-income neighborhoods. Historically, Comayagua has remained less developed than the other side of the capital, some citing insufficient contribution from public officials. In recent years, this western side of

2314-427: Is the average monthly precipitation during the wet season. The wettest months of the rainy season are May—June and September—October, averaging 16.2 rainy days during each of those periods. Tegucigalpa, as with the rest of Honduras, experienced significant damage by Hurricane Mitch in late-October and early-November 1998, something of a magnitude Hondurans had not witnessed since Hurricane Fifi . Mitch destroyed part of

2403-537: Is unable to efficiently handle over 400,000 vehicles, resulting in heavy congestions. Both national and local governments have taken steps to improve and expand infrastructure as well as to reduce poverty in the city. Most sources indicate the origin and meaning of the word Tegucigalpa is derived from the Nahuatl language . The most widely accepted version suggests that it comes from the Nahuatl word Taguz-galpa , which means "hills of silver", but this interpretation

2492-416: Is uncertain since the natives who occupied the region at the time were unaware of the existence of mineral deposits in the area. Another source suggests that Tegucigalpa derives from another language in which it means painted rocks , as explained by Leticia Oyuela in her book Minimum History of Tegucigalpa . Other theories indicate it may derive from the term Togogalpa , which refers to tototi (meaning

2581-436: Is very hard and brittle and can easily crack and separate from the surcface if the base on which it is applied is not stable. Typically its color was gray, from the innate color of most Portland cement, but white Portland cement is also available. Today's stucco manufacturers offer a very wide range of colors that can be mixed integrally in the finish coat. Other materials such as stone and glass chips are sometimes "dashed" onto

2670-549: Is visually extended into a heavenly architecture with a depiction of Christ , the Virgin Mary or the Last Judgment at the center. Stucco is used to form a semi-plastic extension of the real architecture that merges into the painted architecture. Because of its " aristocratic " appearance, Baroque-looking stucco decoration was used frequently in upper-class apartments of the 19th and early 20th century. Beginning in

2759-439: Is why in some areas of it bullet caps and parts of bones of soldiers from the national army a few years after the war. One of the archaeologists who managed to map the site completely was Dorothy Popenoe , who left some maps of the exact location of various structures and evidence that the site was a safe area for several residents of nearby villages where they could take shelter during times of conflict. The reports indicated that

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2848-599: The Choluteca River . The Central District is the largest of the 28 municipalities in the Francisco Morazán department. Tegucigalpa is Honduras' largest and most populous city as well as the nation's political and administrative center. Tegucigalpa is host to 25 foreign embassies and 16 consulates. It is the home base of several state-owned entities such as ENEE and Hondutel , the national energy and telecommunications companies, respectively. The city

2937-440: The arabesque reached its full maturity, carved stucco remained a very common medium for decoration and calligraphic inscriptions. Indian architecture used stucco as a material for sculpture in an architectural context. It is rare in the countryside. In Roman art of the late Republic and early Empire, stucco was used extensively for the decoration of vaults. Though marble was the preferred sculptural medium in most regards, stucco

3026-501: The barrios are old inner-city neighborhoods. While the city administration divides the capital into barrios and colonias, the fact that there are hundreds of them makes it difficult to define the city's different regions, especially for those not familiar with the Central District. To have a better understanding of the city's regions, the metro area of the Central District can essentially be divided, first, into two sections: Tegucigalpa and Comayagua. These two entities remain separated by

3115-578: The rainy season , and the dry season . Like much of central Honduras, the city has a tropical climate, though tempered by the altitude—meaning less humid than the lower valleys and the coastal regions—with median temperatures averaging between 19 °C (66 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F) degrees. The months of December and January are coolest, with an average min/ low temperature of 14 °C (57 °F); whereas March and April—popularly associated with Holy Week 's holidays—are hottest and temperatures can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) degrees on

3204-444: The 1920s, stucco, especially in its Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Baroque materialization, became increasingly unpopular with modern architects in some countries, resulting not only in new buildings without stucco but also in a widespread Movement  [ de ] to remove the stucco from existing tenements. Stucco was still employed in the 1950s in molded forms for decorating the joints between walls and ceilings inside houses. It

3293-753: The 1960s. During the 1970s, the Catholic Charismatic Renewal Movement began to grow among the upper classes in Tegucigalpa. Stucco Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates , a binder , and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, exterior walls, and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture. Stucco can be applied on construction materials such as metal , expanded metal lath , concrete , cinder block , or clay brick and adobe for decorative and structural purposes. In English, "stucco" sometimes refers to

3382-473: The Baroque concept that integrates the three classic arts , architecture , sculpture , and painting . The Greco-Buddhist art of modern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan made extensive use in monasteries and temples of stucco for three-dimensional monumental sculpture as well as reliefs. These were usually carved from a rough modelling over a framework and then painted. Similar techniques are used for

3471-491: The Central District. The Comayagua side of the capital can be divided into four sections: 1 ) Zona Centro (Downtown Comayagua); 2 ) North Comayagua; 3 ) South Comayagua; and 4 ) West Comayagua: The 2013 Honduran census recorded a population of 1,157,509 in the Central District, continuing a trend of population growth in the city since the 2001 census, which recorded 850,445 residents. In 2004, there were 185,577 households with an average of 4.9 members per household. Both

3560-540: The Choluteca River Basin that runs between them. The Tegucigalpa side of the District can be divided into five sections: 1 ) Centro Histórico (Historic Downtown); 2 ) Centro Contemporáneo or Zona Viva (Contemporary Downtown or Vibrant Zone); 3 ) North Tegucigalpa; 4 ) South Tegucigalpa; and 5 ) East Tegucigalpa. This section of the city is perhaps the best developed and properly urbanized. It

3649-399: The Comayagua section of the city, as well as other places along the banks of the Choluteca River. The storm remained over Honduran territory for five days, dumping heavy rainfall late in the rainy season. The ground was already saturated and could not absorb the heavy precipitation, while deforestation and debris left by the hurricane led to catastrophic flooding throughout widespread regions of

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3738-470: The Lenca decided to build the pre-Columbian fortification there. The 21-hectare area that comprises the archaeological site is made up of several mounds, platforms, and a fortress with walls of between two and four meters and whose base ranges from three to seven meters in which inside it houses stepped pyramidal structures of between 6 m and 12 m. In the area there are also some bleachers, mounds that were once

3827-757: The Municipal Corporation ( Corporación Municipal ). Being the department's seat as well, the governor's office of Francisco Morazán is also located in the capital. In 2008, the city operated on an approved budget of 1.555 billion lempiras (US$ 82,189,029). In 2009, the city government reported a revenue of 1.955 billion lempiras (US$ 103,512,220), more than any other capital city in Central America except Panama City. Tegucigalpa's infrastructure has not kept up with its population growth. Deficient urban planning, densely condensed urbanization, and poverty are ongoing problems. Road infrastructure

3916-618: The UNAH; and the construction of the Honduras Maya Hotel . It still remained relatively small and provincial until the 1970s, when migration from the rural areas began in earnest. During the 1980s, several avenues, traffic overpasses, and large buildings were erected, a relative novelty to a city characterized until then by two-story buildings. However, lacking the enforcement of city planning and zoning laws, it led to highly disorganized urbanization. This lack of proper urbanization as

4005-521: The area, so it was registered as cultural heritage until 1997, it is currently protected by guards. The little that is known about this site is that it was built by the indigenous Lencas during the Mesoamerican early classical period with the purpose of being a ceremonial center and that it was also used as a refuge. It is not known precisely why it was abandoned or why the Lencas stopped using it as

4094-495: The banks of the Choluteca River, would form the capital, but with separate names and separate local governments. During this period, both cities had a population of about 40,000 people. Between the 1930s and 1960s, Tegucigalpa continued to grow reaching a population of over 250,000 people, giving way to what would become one of the biggest neighborhoods in the city, the Colonia Kennedy ; the nation's autonomous university,

4183-685: The beginning of the 20th century including the Quakers , who in 1914 began work in the nation's capital. In 1946, missionaries of the Southern Baptist Convention first arrived in Tegucigalpa and in the 1950s, the National Convention of Baptist Churches and the Eastern Mennonite Board of Missions followed. The Assembly of God missionaries entered Honduras in the late 1940s and today maintain

4272-420: The building as well as in the wall by its excellent permeability- It is more elastic and workable than cement render. Lime itself is usually white; color comes from the aggregate or any added pigments . Lime stucco has the property of being self-healing to a limited degree because of the slight water solubility of lime (which in solution can be deposited in cracks, where it solidifies). Portland cement stucco

4361-535: The capital and largest city of Honduras along with its sister city, Comayagüela . Claimed on 29 September 1578 by the Spaniards , Tegucigalpa became the Honduran capital on 30 October 1880, under President Marco Aurelio Soto , when he moved the seat of government from Comayagua , which had been the Honduran capital since its independence in 1841. The 1936 constitution established Tegucigalpa and Comayagua as

4450-475: The capital has seen some growth and improvement such as the opening of Metromall near the airport. With the construction of Mall Premier and City Mall, the latter to become the largest mall in the country, Comayagua will be receiving another upgrade. There are an estimated 650,000 residents in Comayagüela contributing 58.3 percent of the 120 million lempiras (US$ 6.349 million) generated every day by commerce in

4539-565: The city about 7.3 kilometres (4.5 mi) from the airport; part of the Concepción Reservoir just 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) southwest of the water plant. The Central District shares borders with 13 other municipalities of Francisco Morazán: (to the north) Cedros and Talanga ; (south) Ojojona , Santa Ana , San Buenaventura and Maraita ; (east) San Juan de Flores , Villa de San Francisco , Santa Lucía , Valle de Ángeles , San Antonio de Oriente , and Tatumbla ; (and to

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4628-501: The city as well as hospitals run by the Honduran Social Security Institute (IHSS), the country's government-sponsored social insurance program. In 2003, only 58.5 percent of the employed population contributed to IHSS while the rest who remain uninsured were attributed to being employed in the informal sector or being domestic workers . Overall, only 26.5 percent of the Central District's population

4717-661: The city's beltway does not entirely circle the city, the roads are generally limited-access . Intense webs of electrical and telephone lines above the streets are a common sight in the capital, and in virtually all Honduran cities, since the implementation of underground utility lines has only been adopted in recent years. The metropolitan area of Tegucigalpa and Comayagua is officially divided into barrios and colonias and there are 892 of them. Colonias represent relatively recent 20th-century middle class residential suburbs , some known as residenciales for their upper income development, and these are continuously spreading while

4806-402: The city's population and metro area are expected to double by 2029. The Human Development Index (HDI) is the highest in the country measured at 0.759 in 2006. During the same year, 47.6 percent of the Central District's population lived in poverty—29.7 lived in moderate poverty and 17.9 in extreme poverty . Life expectancy in the District as of 2004 is 72.1 years. By 2010, 4.9 percent of

4895-468: The construction of the first bridge, a ten-arch masonry, connecting both sides of the Choluteca River. Upon completion four years later, it linked Tegucigalpa with her neighbor city of Comayagua. In 1821, Tegucigalpa legally became a city. In 1824, the first Congress of the Republic of Honduras declared Tegucigalpa and Comayagua, then the two most important cities in the country, to alternate as capital of

4984-453: The country, especially in Tegucigalpa. The heavy rain caused flash floods of Choluteca's tributaries, and the swollen river overflowed its banks, tearing down entire neighborhoods and bridges across the ravaged city. The rainfall also triggered massive landslides around El Berrinche Hill, close to the downtown area. These landslides destroyed most of the Soto neighborhood, and debris flowed into

5073-415: The country. After October 1838, following Honduras' independence as a single republic, the capital continued to switch back and forth between Tegucigalpa and Comayagua until October 30, 1880, when Tegucigalpa was declared the permanent capital of Honduras by then-president Marco Aurelio Soto . A popular myth claims that the society of Comayagua, the long-time colonial capital of Honduras, publicly disliked

5162-429: The destruction of thousands of homes. A portion of Comayagua was destroyed along with several neighborhoods on both sides of the Honduran capital. After the hurricane, infrastructure in Tegucigalpa was severely damaged. Even 12 years later, remnants of Hurricane Mitch were still visible, especially along the banks of the Choluteca River. Today, Tegucigalpa continues to sprawl far beyond its former colonial core: towards

5251-497: The east, south and west, creating a large but disorganized metropolis. In an effort to modernize the capital, increase its infrastructure and improve the quality of life of its inhabitants, the administration has passed several ordinances and projects to turn the city around within the upcoming years. Tegucigalpa is located on a chain of mountains with elevations of 975 metres (3,199 ft) at its lowest points and 1,463 metres (4,800 ft) at its highest suburban areas. Like most of

5340-410: The entire Municipality of the Central District covers a total area of 1,396 square kilometers (539.1 sq mi). Geological faults that are a threat to the neighborhoods on and below the hill have been identified in the District's high regions surrounding the capital. The Choluteca River, which crosses the city from south to north, physically separates Tegucigalpa and Comayagua. El Picacho Hill,

5429-458: The finish coat before drying, with the finished product commonly known as "rock dash", "pebble dash", or also as roughcast if the stones are incorporated directly into the stucco, used mainly from the early 20th through the early 21st centuries. As a building material, stucco is a durable, attractive, and weather-resistant wall covering. It was traditionally used as both an interior and exterior finish applied in one or two thin layers directly over

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5518-426: The hottest day. The dry season lasts from November through April and the rainy season from May through October. There is an average of 107 rainy days in the year, June and September usually the wettest months. The average sunshine hours per month during the year is 211.2 and the average rainy days per month is 8.9. The average sunshine hours during the dry season is 228 per month while 182.5 millimetres (7.19 in)

5607-530: The inhabitants to settle more in lower areas, mainly in the valley, leaving a Tenampua in oblivion. During the 19th century it was visited by the American explorer and archaeologist Ephraim George Squier in 1853, who sent reports and letters about the ruins to the New York community of historians. According to Squier's testimonies, the ruins came to amaze him not only because of their size but also because of

5696-461: The interior highlands of Honduras, the majority of Tegucigalpa's current area was occupied by open woodland . The area surrounding the city continues to be open woodland supporting pine forest interspersed with some oak , scrub , and grassy clearings as well as needle leaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous forest . The metropolitan area of both Tegucigalpa and Comayagua covers a total area of 201 square kilometers (77.6 sq mi) while

5785-472: The life-size statues decorating the gopurams of Hindu temples in modern South Asia . Since stucco can be used for decoration as well as for figurative representation, it provides an ideal transitive link from architectural details to wall paintings such as the typically Baroque trompe-l'œil ceilings, as in the work of the Wessobrunner School . Here, the real architecture of the church

5874-469: The location in which they were built, since it was a feat of engineering to carry out the rocks to the mountainous terrain where they are located. By the time Squier Reported the finding of ball game which was another architectural feature distinctive of Tenampúa. This is probably the only considerably better structure in Tenampúa by the time. Was a court with its ends open. A linear arrangement of stone at

5963-514: The main defensive wall of more than 200 meters in radius have been found, which is destroyed by destructive activities in some areas. Tegucigalpa Tegucigalpa ( UK : / t ɛ ˌ ɡ uː s ɪ ˈ ɡ æ l p ə / US : / t ə ˌ -/ Spanish: [teɣusiˈɣalpa] )—formally Tegucigalpa, Municipality of the Central District ( Spanish : Tegucigalpa, Municipio del Distrito Central or Tegucigalpa, M.D.C. ), and colloquially referred to as Tegus or Teguz —is

6052-429: The plaster something to attach to and to add strength. Types include expanded-metal lath, woven-wire lath, and welded-wire lath. If applied during very dry weather, the layers of stucco are sprayed with water for one or more days to keep a level of moisture within the stucco while it cures, a process known as "moist curing". If the stucco dries too soon, the chemical hardening ("hydration") will be incomplete, resulting in

6141-417: The population has grown is evident on the surrounding slopes of the several hills in the city where some of the city's most impoverished neighborhoods have prevailed. On 30 October 1998, Hurricane Mitch devastated the capital, along with the rest of Honduras. For five days, Mitch pounded the country creating devastating landslides and floods, causing the death of thousands as well as heavy deforestation and

6230-425: The population remained illiterate, compared to the national rate of 15.2 percent. In 2010, the average monthly income was L.8,321 (US$ 440.49), compared to the total national average of L.4,767 (US$ 252.35) and the national urban zone average of L.7,101 (US$ 375.91). The ethnic and racial makeup of Tegucigalpa is strongly tied to the rest of Honduras. 80 percent of the city-dwellers are predominantly mestizos with

6319-640: The population, contemporary estimates as recent as 2007 put them at 47 percent while Protestants make up as much as 36 percent. Their history in Tegucigalpa began around 1548 with the Spanish setting up Mercedarian missionaries as part of their conversion efforts of the native communities. By 1916, the Diocese of Comayagua was relocated and renamed the Diocese of Tegucigalpa, and it was elevated to Archdiocese under Archbishop Santiago María Martínez y Cabanas (1842–1921). Other religious groups made their way at

6408-472: The porous stucco. Following World War II , the introduction of metal wire mesh , or netting, replaced the use of wood lath. Galvanizing the wire made it corrosion resistant and suitable for exterior wall applications. At the beginning of the 21st century, this "traditional" method of wire mesh lath and three coats of exterior plaster was still widely used. In some parts of the United States with

6497-466: The river, forming a dam. The dam clogged the waters of the river and many of the low-lying areas of Comayagua were submerged; historic buildings located along Calle Real were either completely destroyed or so badly damaged that repair was futile. Situated in a valley and surrounded by mountain ranges, Tegucigalpa is hilly with several elevations and few flat areas. The city is also highly disorganized, particularly around its oldest districts. It has seen

6586-467: The southern end of the field has made many researchers think the opposite. Although it was discovered that these are only the remains of a retaining wall of a large terrace that was created to put the ball game court on flat ground. Some time later, the area encompassed by the archaeological site was also a victim of the Honduran civil war of 1924, which could considerably damage the structures, which

6675-486: The structural framing, is embedded into the base coat to provide stiffening for the stucco. Where stucco is to be applied to a structure of wood-framing or light-gauge steel framing, the framing is protected from moisture damage by applying a cement based primer, or a vapor-permeable, water-resistant weather barrier; typically an asphalt -saturated paper or one of a variety of manufactured plastic-based sheets, known as " building wraps " or "stucco wraps". The properties of

6764-487: The structural properties of the stucco. This is usually done with what is considered a one-coat stucco system, as opposed to the traditional three-coat method. In the latter nineteenth century, Portland cement was added with increasing frequency to cover surfaces in contact with soil or water. At the same time, traditional lime plasters were often being replaced by gypsum plaster. Lime is almost as good in balancing humidity as clay. It prevents moisture accumulation inside

6853-493: The thickness and number of layers of the total system. The lath added support for the wet plaster and tensile strength to the brittle, cured stucco; while the increased thickness and number of layers helped control cracking. The traditional application of stucco and lath occurs in three coats—the scratch coat, the brown coat and the finish coat. The two base coats of plaster are either hand-applied or machine sprayed. The finish coat can be troweled smooth, hand-textured, floated to

6942-485: The various plazas were connected by steps which can be barely seen among the vegetation of the place. According to the archaeologist Federico Lunardi at the time of visiting the ruins, they still had several lagoons and palaces that were still visible in 1948, which would suggest that the site also had recreation areas for the ruling elite and the priestly caste . Currently you can still see an area with stoneware and some wells that, due to abandonment, currently measure half

7031-404: The weather barrier must not only protect the framing from rain and moisture, but at the same time allow the free passage of any water vapor generated inside the building to escape through the wall. A wide variety of stucco accessories, such as weep screeds , control and expansion joints, corner-aids and architectural reveals are sometimes also incorporated into the lath. Wire lath is used to give

7120-516: The weeds that frequently grow in the area. He was also able to reconstruct what he calls the "Wall of the upper terrace in the Great Avenue", which is one of the residential terraces of the Lenca elite during the classic period. Another findings are supposed temples near the area according to some North American researchers, although due to deterioration they are currently already collapsed or reduced to rubble covered by vegetation. Remains of

7209-562: The west) Lepaterique . It is also bordered on the west by two municipalities of the Comayagua Department , Villa de San Antonio and Lamaní , with the latter exactly at the quadripoint where the Central District, Lepaterique, Villa de San Antonio and Lamaní all meet. Tegucigalpa has a tropical savanna climate ( Aw , according to the Köppen climate classification ), milder due to the elevation and with two distinct seasons:

7298-595: The wife of President Soto, who took revenge by moving the capital to Tegucigalpa. A more likely theory is that the change took place because President Soto was an important partner of the Rosario Mining Company , an American silver mining company, whose operations were based in San Juancito , close to Tegucigalpa, and he needed to be close to his personal interests. By 1898, it was decided that both Tegucigalpa and Comayagua, being neighbor cities on

7387-903: Was Juan de la Cueva , who took office in 1579. The Dolores Church (1735), the San Miguel Cathedral (1765), the Casa de la Moneda (1780), and the Immaculate Conception Church (1788) were some of the first important buildings constructed. Almost 200 years later, on June 10, 1762, this mining town became Real Villa de San Miguel de Tegucigalpa y Heredia under the rule of Alonso Fernández de Heredia , then-acting governor of Honduras. The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw disruption in Tegucigalpa's local government, from being extinguished in 1788 to becoming part of Comayagua in 1791 to returning to self-city governance in 1817. In 1817, then-Mayor Narciso Mallol started

7476-435: Was 29 per 1000 live births (Both maternal and infant mortality rates are based on local and out-of-district residents who arrive to receive medical attention). In 2005, it was estimated that 101 of every 10,000 residents suffered from a physical or mental disability . As with the rest of Honduras, Roman Catholicism is the dominating religion in the Central District and while at some point they made up as much as 90 percent of

7565-413: Was able to see several mounds that she mapped and a series of steps that provided access to the different terraces. At the time of arriving at the site, the remains were partially preserved, so during his stay at the site, with the help of his team, he decided to carry out a reconstruction of the staircase no. 1 of the site, which can still be seen today without However, it can be difficult to find because of

7654-466: Was also enclosed by a relatively long and quite elaborate rectangular wall, which had an only entrance on the west side. In Comayagua stucco is not frequently found. In fact, the only other place where this type of use of stucco has been found is in Yarumela but in a Preclassical context. Currently the site can be accessible to the public although it is quite difficult to access it as it is located in

7743-422: Was better for use in vaults because it was lighter and better suited to adapt to the curvature of the ceiling. Baroque and Rococo architecture makes heavy use of stucco. Examples can be found in churches and palaces, where stucco is mostly used to provide a smooth, decorative transition from walls to ceiling, decorating and giving measure to ceiling surfaces. Stucco is an integral part of the art of belcomposto ,

7832-453: Was generally painted the same colour as the ceiling and used in designs where a picture rail or rat rail was in use. Modern stucco is used as an exterior cement plaster wall covering. It is usually a mix of sand , Portland cement , lime and water, but may also consist of a proprietary mix of additives including fibers and synthetic acrylics that add strength and flexibility. Modern synthetic stucco can be applied as one base layer and

7921-479: Was used in the architectural decoration schemes of many ancient cultures. Examples of Egyptian , Minoan , and Etruscan stucco reliefs remain extant. In the art of Mesopotamia and ancient Persian art there was a widespread tradition of figurative and ornamental internal stucco reliefs, which continued into Islamic art , for example in Abbasid Samarra , now using geometrical and plant-based ornament. As

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