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84-526: Before the 1970s it was known by anthropologists as a secluded society in the archipelago. Rapid changes have occurred in the village since the 1970s, such as the development of local communications by the central government, the opening up to tourism, and the breaking of the endogamic rules. Tourists are attracted to Tenganan by its unique Bali Aga culture that still holds to the original traditions, ceremonies, and rules of ancient Balinese, and its unique village layout and architecture . According to legend,

168-451: A geringsing shoulder cloth. In the wedding ceremony the groom invites his in-laws to visit his parents home where the couple, dressed in festive geringsing clothing, sit while relatives bring symbolic gifts which are placed on a geringsing cloth . Bali Aga The Bali Aga , Baliaga, or Bali Mula are the indigenous people of Bali . Linguistically they are an Austronesian people . Bali Aga people are predominantly located in

252-524: A Balinese colony in 1343. The uncle of Hayam Wuruk is mentioned in the charters of 1384–86. Mass Javanese immigration to Bali occurred in the next century when the Majapahit Empire fell in 1520. Bali's government then became an independent collection of Hindu kingdoms which led to a Balinese national identity and major enhancements in culture, arts, and economy. The nation with various kingdoms became independent for up to 386 years until 1906 when

336-518: A bird's eye view of a mandala with a sacred center from which everything radiates. Others feature designs clearly inspired by patola , for example a design known as the frangipani flower ( jepun ). The palette of geringsing is typically red, neutral, and black. Geringsing are regarded as sacred cloths, "ascribed supernatural properties, especially to assist in forms of healing, including exorcism." Gering means decease and sing means no. In Sukawana (Bangli Regency), an inscription dated to 883 AD

420-609: A few places apart from the West Bali National Park . They are born an orange colour, though they would have already changed to a more blackish colouration by their first year. In Java, however, there is more of a tendency for this species to retain its juvenile orange colour into adulthood, and a mixture of black and orange monkeys can be seen together as a family. Other rarer mammals include the Sunda leopard cat , Sunda pangolin and black giant squirrel . Snakes include

504-463: A geringsing and a keris or dagger. For the tooth filing ceremony, an essential rite of passage for all Balinese Hindus, the participants' pillow is covered by geringsing . After death the genitals of the deceased in Tenganan are covered by a geringsing hip sash. These cloths may not be used again and so usually are sold. For muhun soul purification rites, an effigy of the dead is carried in

588-402: A massive eruption within the next 100 years. In late 2017 Mount Agung started erupting and large numbers of people were evacuated, temporarily closing the island's airport. Mountains range from centre to the eastern side, with Mount Agung the easternmost peak. Bali's volcanic nature has contributed to its exceptional fertility and its tall mountain ranges provide the high rainfall that supports

672-488: A more extreme position on the matter: indigo is considered impure and is entirely forbidden. The first dyeing stage with indigo is thus subcontracted to the neighbouring village of Bugbug. Bali Bali ( English: / ˈ b ɑː l i / ; Balinese : ᬩᬮᬶ ) is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands . East of Java and west of Lombok , the province includes

756-493: A research published in 2015 found 62 Bali Aga villages spread across seven regencies. Among these seven regencies, Bangli Regency has the highest number of Bali Aga villages: 25 villages - including six in Bangli, Susut and Tembuku sub-districts. The Kintamani sub-district includes about 19 Bali Aga villages, disseminated at the foot of mount Batur, along lake Batur and in the valleys. The Bali Aga live in isolated areas in

840-563: A result of the terrorist bombings in 2002 and 2005 . The tourism industry has since recovered from these events. Although tourism produces the GDP's largest output, agriculture is still the island's biggest employer. Fishing also provides a significant number of jobs. Bali is also famous for its artisans who produce a vast array of handicrafts, including batik and ikat cloth and clothing , wooden carvings , stone carvings, painted art and silverware. Notably, individual villages typically adopt

924-415: A score of 99.65, which was the highest score of Indonesia's 33 provinces. The score considers the level of total suspended solids , dissolved oxygen , and chemical oxygen demand in water. Erosion at Lebih Beach has seen seven metres (23 feet) of land lost every year. Decades ago, this beach was used for holy pilgrimages with more than 10,000 people, but they have now moved to Masceti Beach . In 2017,

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1008-497: A single product, such as wind chimes or wooden furniture. The Arabica coffee production region is the highland region of Kintamani near Mount Batur . Generally, Balinese coffee is processed using the wet method. This results in a sweet, soft coffee with good consistency. Typical flavours include lemon and other citrus notes. Many coffee farmers in Kintamani are members of a traditional farming system called Subak Abian , which

1092-837: A specific deity as its personal Godhead. Inscriptions from 896 and 911 do not mention a king, until 914, when Sri Kesarivarma is mentioned. They also reveal an independent Bali, with a distinct dialect, where Buddhism and Shaivism were practised simultaneously. Mpu Sindok 's great-granddaughter, Mahendradatta (Gunapriyadharmapatni), married the Bali king Udayana Warmadewa (Dharmodayanavarmadeva) around 989, giving birth to Airlangga around 1001. This marriage also brought more Hinduism and Javanese culture to Bali. Princess Sakalendukirana appeared in 1098. Suradhipa reigned from 1115 to 1119, and Jayasakti from 1146 until 1150. Jayapangus appears on inscriptions between 1178 and 1181, while Adikuntiketana and his son Paramesvara in 1204. Balinese culture

1176-474: A specific geographic area. The confederation is the successor of the Bali Kingdom . The royal houses, which originated before Dutch colonisation , are not recognised by the government of Indonesia. Bali was inhabited around 2000 BC by Austronesian people who migrated originally from the island of Taiwan to Southeast Asia and Oceania through Maritime Southeast Asia . Culturally and linguistically,

1260-574: A tall tower, denying any visitors. A small child discovered the secret and since then, the king has become known as Dalem Bedulu, or He-who-changed-head . Another explanation is that the name comes from Badahulu or "the village upstream". After the Pejeng kingdom, the Majapahit Empire rose to power. An inventory of Bali Aga villages by the Public Works Office en 1988-1989 recorded about 38 traditional villages, in seven regencies. However,

1344-426: A year when Bali received nearly 5.7 million tourists, government officials declared a "garbage emergency" in response to the covering of 3.6-mile stretch of coastline in plastic waste brought in by the tide, amid concerns that the pollution could dissuade visitors from returning. Indonesia is one of the world's worst plastic polluters, with some estimates suggesting the country is the source of around 10 per cent of

1428-655: Is allowed to live in the village. Only those born in the village can stay in the village and become full members of the community. There are rules regarding marriage and anyone who marries outside of the village has to leave. A strict protocol regarding marriages among the kin groups have steered the Tengananese through the genetic perils of intermarriage although with increasing contact with the outside world these rules have relaxed somewhat. Houses in Tenganan Pegringsingan village are built on either side of

1512-515: Is based on the Hindu philosophy of " Tri Hita Karana ". According to this philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relations with God , other people, and the environment. The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the production of fair trade and organic coffee production. Arabica coffee from Kintamani is the first product in Indonesia to request a geographical indication . In 1963

1596-560: Is considered Bali's cultural centre. The province is Indonesia's main tourist destination, with a significant rise in tourism since the 1980s, and becoming an Indonesian area of overtourism . Tourism-related business makes up 80% of the Bali economy. Bali is the only Hindu-majority province in Indonesia, with 86.9% of the population adhering to Balinese Hinduism . It is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. The Indonesian International Film Festival

1680-599: Is far from clear, although some cloths display the unmistakable influence of patola ", the silk double ikats produced in Gujarat during the height of the Spice Trade (16-17C). Many of these imported cloths became inspiration for later locally-made textiles, but one theory is that the Balinese-made cloths were exported to India and copied there for production to Asian markets. Many have unique Hindu motifs such as

1764-673: Is held every year in Bali. Other international events that have been held in Bali include Miss World 2013 , the 2018 Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group and the 2022 G20 summit . In March 2017, TripAdvisor named Bali as the world's top destination in its Traveller's Choice award, which it also earned in January 2021. Bali is part of the Coral Triangle ,

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1848-463: Is in place from approximately October to April, and this can bring significant rain, particularly from December to March. During the rainy season, there are comparatively fewer tourists seen in Bali. During the Easter and Christmas holidays, the weather is very unpredictable. Outside of the monsoon period, humidity is relatively low and any rain is unlikely in lowland areas. Bali lies just to the west of

1932-548: Is of the magical horse Uccaisrawa, of King Udayana, ruler of the 11th century kingdom of Bedahulu. The horse was to be sacrificed but escaped. The king was distraught and sent search parties out to find him. A group of trusted servants, men from the Peneges family were assigned to search the eastern area of the island in the area of Karangasem. The king had promised a huge reward to whoever found Uccaisrawa, however, when they did find him, he had died of exhaustion. The king rewarded

2016-401: Is placed in a basket which is placed on a folded geringsing on the balé tengah , on which the Tengananese both enters and leaves the world. In the ceremony that admits a boy or girl to the youth association of the village, they are carried dressed in geringsing cloth on their father's right shoulder. In the concluding ceremony of teruna nyoman which is the initiation, the candidates wear

2100-534: Is quite common around human settlements and temples, where it becomes accustomed to being fed by humans, particularly in any of the three "monkey forest" temples, such as the popular one in the Ubud area. They are also quite often kept as pets by locals. The second monkey, endemic to Java and some surrounding islands such as Bali, is far rarer and more elusive and is the Javan langur , locally known as "lutung". They occur in

2184-538: Is slightly different from the common Balinese language. It dates back thousands of years and varies from village to village; the version spoken in the Tenganan village is different from the Trunyan village. Bali Aga people also speak Indonesian as a language of communication between ethnicities. They also speak English for tourists and Kawi/Old Javanese for religious rituals. An important part of Bali Aga culture

2268-475: Is surrounded by coral reefs . Beaches in the south tend to have white sand while those in the north and west have black sand . Bali has no major waterways, although the Ho River is navigable by small sampan boats. Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being developed for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of Tanah Lot , they are not yet used for significant tourism. The largest city

2352-415: Is the complex tie-dye technique used to make Bali's traditional geringsing double ikat . Bali's Tenganan village is the only village that still produces geringsing . In geringsing , both the cotton warp and weft threads are carefully dyed and cross-dyed before weaving; the finished pattern only emerges as the cloth is woven. According to textile expert John Guy, "the ancestry of Balinese geringsing

2436-522: Is the drum tower, kul-kul . The kul-kul is beaten 21 times each morning to start the day. Up the center are a series of communal pavilions ( balé patemon ) for formal and informal meetings, and ceremonial gatherings. At the northern end is the village temple Pura Puseh , the temple of origin. Many of the life-cycle rituals of the Tengananese are similar to those of the Balinese in general, but have subtle differences. Some ceremonies are unique. One of

2520-665: Is the island's cultural centre. Three small islands lie to the immediate south-east and all are administratively part of the Klungkung regency of Bali: Nusa Penida , Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan . These islands are separated from Bali by the Badung Strait . To the east, the Lombok Strait separates Bali from Lombok and marks the biogeographical division between the fauna of the Indomalayan realm and

2604-417: Is the provincial capital, Denpasar , near the southern coast. Its population is around 748,400 (mid 2023). Bali's second-largest city is the old colonial capital, Singaraja , which is located on the north coast and is home to around 150,000 people in 2020. Other important cities include the beach resort, Kuta , which is practically part of Denpasar's urban area, and Ubud , situated at the north of Denpasar,

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2688-791: The 2022 G20 Bali summit , the seventeenth meeting of the Group of Twenty (G20) was held in Nusa Dua . The island of Bali lies 3.2 km (2.0 mi) east of Java , and is approximately 8 degrees south of the equator . Bali and Java are separated by the Bali Strait . East to west, the island is approximately 153 km (95 mi) wide and spans approximately 112 km (70 mi) north to south; administratively it covers 5,590.15 km (2,158.37 sq mi), or 5,387.31 km (2,080.05 sq mi) excluding offshore Nusa Penida District, which comprises three small islands off

2772-737: The Dutch intervention in Bali , a similar mass suicide occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in Klungkung . Afterwards, the Dutch governours exercised administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained intact. Dutch rule over Bali came later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and Maluku . In the 1930s, anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson , artists Miguel Covarrubias and Walter Spies , and musicologist Colin McPhee all spent time here. Their accounts of

2856-484: The Lesser Sunda archipelago isolated. Being just 8 degrees south of the equator, Bali has a fairly even climate all year round. Average year-round temperature stands at around 30 °C (86 °F) with a humidity level of about 85%. Daytime temperatures at low elevations vary between 20 and 33 °C (68 and 91 °F), but the temperatures decrease significantly with increasing elevation. The west monsoon

2940-674: The Trunyan Bali Aga people, the term Bali Aga or Bali Pégunungan (Balinese: Mountain Balinese) is regarded as an insult with an additional meaning of "the mountain people that are fools"; therefore, they prefer the term Bali Mula ( lit Original Balinese) instead. The original inhabitants of Bali are said to have come from Bedulu village long before the Hindu-Javanese immigration wave. Legend states that in Bedulu lived

3024-762: The Wallace Line ), and rhinoceros . Squirrels are quite commonly encountered, less often is the Asian palm civet , which is also kept in coffee farms to produce kopi luwak . Bats are well represented, perhaps the most famous place to encounter them remaining is the Goa Lawah (Temple of the Bats) where they are worshipped by the locals and also constitute a tourist attraction. They also occur in other cave temples, for instance at Gangga Beach. Two species of monkey occur. The crab-eating macaque , known locally as "kera",

3108-765: The Wallace Line , and thus has a fauna that is Asian in character, with very little Australasian influence, and has more in common with Java than with Lombok. An exception is the yellow-crested cockatoo , a member of a primarily Australasian family. There are around 280 species of birds, including the critically endangered Bali myna , which is endemic . Others include barn swallow , black-naped oriole , black racket-tailed treepie , crested serpent-eagle , crested treeswift , dollarbird , Java sparrow , lesser adjutant , long-tailed shrike , milky stork , Pacific swallow , red-rumped swallow , sacred kingfisher , sea eagle , woodswallow , savanna nightjar , stork-billed kingfisher , yellow-vented bulbul and great egret . Until

3192-440: The first free elections in 1999 . The province is divided into eight regencies ( kabupaten ) and one city ( kota ); all the regencies were originally inaugurated on 9 August 1958, while the city of Denpasar were created from part of Badung Regency on 15 January 1992. They are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023 and

3276-570: The king cobra and reticulated python . The water monitor can grow to at least 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length and 50 kg (110 lb) and can move quickly. The rich coral reefs around the coast, particularly around popular diving spots such as Tulamben , Amed , Menjangan or neighbouring Nusa Penida , host a wide range of marine life, for instance hawksbill turtle , giant sunfish , giant manta ray , giant moray eel, bumphead parrotfish , hammerhead shark , reef shark , barracuda , and sea snakes . Dolphins are commonly encountered on

3360-531: The tourist industry has led to 200 out of 400 rivers on the island drying up. Research suggests that the southern part of Bali would face a water shortage. To ease the shortage, the central government plans to build a water catchment and processing facility at Petanu River in Gianyar. The 300 litres capacity of water per second will be channelled to Denpasar, Badung and Gianyar in 2013. A 2010 Environment Ministry report on its environmental quality index gave Bali

3444-611: The Bali Beach Hotel in Sanur was built by Sukarno and boosted tourism in Bali. Before the Bali Beach Hotel construction, there were only three significant tourist-class hotels on the island. Construction of hotels and restaurants began to spread throughout Bali. Tourism further increased in Bali after the Ngurah Rai International Airport opened in 1970. The Buleleng regency government encouraged

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3528-574: The Balinese are closely related to the people of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia , Brunei , the Philippines , and Oceania . Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west. In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, the Pasupata , Bhairawa , Siwa Shidanta, Vaishnava , Bodha , Brahma , Resi, Sora and Ganapatya . Each sect revered

3612-468: The Dutch subjugated and repulsed the natives for economic control and took it over. The first known European contact with Bali is thought to have been made in 1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by Antonio Abreu and Francisco Serrão sighted its northern shores. It was the first expedition of a series of bi-annual fleets to the Moluccas, that throughout the 16th century travelled along the coasts of

3696-583: The Human Development Index for each regency and city. The province forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The Bali Electoral District consists of all of the 8 regencies in the province, together with the city of Denpasar, and elects 9 members to the People's Representative Council. In the 1970s, the Balinese economy

3780-563: The Indonesian archipelago during the second half of the 19th century. Dutch political and economic control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast when the Dutch pitted various competing Balinese realms against each other. In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms on the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control. In June 1860, the famous Welsh naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace , travelled to Bali from Singapore , landing at Buleleng on

3864-610: The Sunda Islands. Bali was also mapped in 1512, in the chart of Francisco Rodrigues, aboard the expedition. In 1585, a ship foundered off the Bukit Peninsula and left a few Portuguese in the service of Dewa Agung . In 1597, the Dutch merchant-explorer Cornelis de Houtman arrived at Bali, and the Dutch East India Company was established in 1602. The Dutch government expanded its control across

3948-500: The area with the highest biodiversity of marine species, especially fish and turtles. In this area alone, over 500 reef-building coral species can be found. For comparison, this is about seven times as many as in the entire Caribbean . Bali is the home of the Subak irrigation system , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . It is also home to a unified confederation of kingdoms composed of 10 traditional royal Balinese houses, each house ruling

4032-462: The command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942, the Japanese forces landed near the town of Sanoer (Sanur). The island was quickly captured. During the Japanese occupation, a Balinese military officer, I Gusti Ngurah Rai , formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The harshness of Japanese occupation forces made them more resented than the Dutch colonial rulers. In 1945, Bali

4116-474: The country. A bombing in 2002 by militant Islamists in the tourist area of Kuta killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and another in 2005 , severely reduced tourism, producing much economic hardship on the island. On 27 November 2017, Mount Agung erupted five times, causing the evacuation of thousands, disrupting air travel and causing much environmental damage. Further eruptions also occurred between 2018 and 2019. On 15–16 November 2022,

4200-608: The distinctly different fauna of Australasia . The transition is known as the Wallace Line , named after Alfred Russel Wallace , who first proposed a transition zone between these two major biomes . When sea levels dropped during the Pleistocene ice age , Bali was connected to Java and Sumatra and to the mainland of Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the Lombok Strait continued to keep Lombok Island and

4284-431: The distinguishing features is the use of geringsing or double ikat cloth. By virtue of their magical qualities geringsing are not only capable of keeping impurities and danger out of the village, but also shield and protect humans from harmful influences during rites of passage as they transition from one phase of life to the next. The Tengananese receive their first geringsing at the hair cutting ritual. The cut hair

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4368-533: The early 20th century, Bali was possibly home to several large mammals : banteng , leopard and the endemic Bali tiger . The banteng still occurs in its domestic form, whereas leopards are found only in neighbouring Java, and the Bali tiger is extinct. The last definite record of a tiger on Bali dates from 1937 when one was shot, though the subspecies may have survived until the 1940s or 1950s. Pleistocene and Holocene megafaunas include banteng and giant tapir (based on speculations that they might have reached up to

4452-622: The eastern part of the island, in Bangli especially the mountains Kintamani , East Buleleng , West Buleleng and East Karangasem , but they can also be found in north-western and central regions. The term Bali Aga or Bali Pégunungan (Mountain Balinese) is regarded as an insult with an additional meaning of "the mountain people that are fools"; therefore, they prefer the term Bali Mula ( lit . Original Balinese) instead. Bali Aga people who are referred to as Bali Pégunungan (Mountain Balinese) are those that are located at Trunyan village. For

4536-421: The extermination of PKI members. As a result of the 1965–66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno out of the presidency . His "New Order" government re-established relations with Western countries. The pre-War Bali as "paradise" was revived in a modern form. The resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange earned for

4620-459: The finders with the land for as far as the smell of the dead horse could be detected. The men of Peneges dismembered the horse and carried the parts to various places around the place where the horse had died. Unknown to the king's men, the Peneges men had hidden portions of the dead horse into their clothes, so the rotten smell followed them everywhere until the king's men decided it was enough land and left. The Peneges men brought their families to

4704-431: The highly productive agriculture sector. South of the mountains is a broad, steadily descending area where most of Bali's large rice crop is grown. The northern side of the mountains slopes more steeply to the sea and is the main coffee-producing area of the island, along with rice, vegetables, and cattle. The longest river, Ayung River , flows approximately 75 km (47 mi) (see List of rivers of Bali ). The island

4788-514: The island and its peoples created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of aesthetes at peace with themselves and nature". Western tourists began to visit the island. The sensuous image of Bali was enhanced in the West by a quasi-pornographic 1932 documentary Virgins of Bali about a day in the lives of two teenage Balinese girls whom the film's narrator Deane Dickason notes in the first scene "bathe their shamelessly nude bronze bodies". Under

4872-626: The island of Bali and a few smaller offshore islands, notably Nusa Penida , Nusa Lembongan , and Nusa Ceningan to the southeast. The provincial capital, Denpasar , is the most populous city in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second-largest, after Makassar , in Eastern Indonesia . Denpasar metropolitan area is the extended metropolitan area around Denpasar . The upland town of Ubud in Greater Denpasar

4956-402: The last king of Pejeng (an old Balinese kingdom), Sri Aji Asura Bumibanten , who had supernatural powers. He could cut off his head without feeling pain and put it back on again. One day, his head accidentally fell into a river and was swept away. One of his servants panicked and decided to quickly decapitate a pig and replace the king's head with the animal's head. Embarrassed, the king hid in

5040-533: The looser version of the Hays code that existed up to 1934, nudity involving "civilised" (i.e. white) women was banned, but permitted with "uncivilised" (i.e. all non-white women), a loophole that was exploited by the producers of Virgins of Bali . The film, which mostly consisted of scenes of topless Balinese women was a great success in 1932, and almost single-handedly made Bali into a popular spot for tourists. Imperial Japan occupied Bali during World War II. It

5124-463: The main source of food in rural areas but their use is increasingly neglected, and the indigenous knowledge of plant uses is being eroded - the latter proving itself to be one of the major threats to the sustainability of biological diversity. The Bali Aga are a multilingual people. The majority speak their mother tongue Balinese Bali Aga dalect, but a minority can also speak standard Balinese , due to being surrounded by Balinese speakers. Their dialect

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5208-535: The mountains. Compared to the lowland Balinese, their relative isolation preserved some original Austronesian elements, apparent in Bali Aga architecture . Tourists wishing to visit certain villages must be careful due to the area's geography. While visiting, it is also important to be respectful and quietly observe the preserved way of life the Bali Aga have. In Tenganan , where tourism is more easily embraced and

5292-422: The north coast near Singaraja and Lovina . A team of scientists surveyed from 29 April 2011, to 11 May 2011, at 33 sea sites around Bali. They discovered 952 species of reef fish of which 8 were new discoveries at Pemuteran, Gilimanuk, Nusa Dua , Tulamben and Candidasa , and 393 coral species, including two new ones at Padangbai and between Padangbai and Amed . The average coverage level of healthy coral

5376-412: The north coast of the island. Wallace's trip to Bali was instrumental in helping him devise his Wallace Line theory. The Wallace Line is a faunal boundary that runs through the strait between Bali and Lombok . It is a boundary between species. In his travel memoir The Malay Archipelago , Wallace wrote of his experience in Bali, which has a strong mention of the unique Balinese irrigation methods : I

5460-576: The people are said to be more friendly, a three-day festival called Udaba Sambah is held during June or July. Tenganan prohibits divorce and polygamy, unlike other villages. B. Hauser-Schäublin points out that the 20 copperplate inscriptions of Sembiran indicate that the villages of Sembiran and Julah, their culture and society, have seen rapid transformations between the 10th and 12th centuries; and they cannot be said to have perdured unchanged since pre-hindu times. She notes that these villages were subjected to much outside influence, close as they are to

5544-467: The people of Tenganan Pegringsingan were selected by the Hindu god of storms and warfare Indra to administer a territory that was conceived following his divine plan to be a microcosm of the world. They were instructed to use every means to keep it pure and clean. The concept of territorial, bodily and spiritual purity and integrity is of paramount importance in the village. Another variation of this legend

5628-445: The place called ngetengahang which means "to move to the middle", a valley now known as Tenganan Pegringsingan. It also is named after the double ikat geringsing cloth that Indra taught the women to weave. It sparkled with star motifs that emulated his divine realm. The people of Tenganan Pegringsingan are called Bali Aga —the original Balinese. They descend from the pre-Majapahit kingdom of Bedahulu. There are strict rules as to who

5712-459: The place where the dead are lead back by their ancestors. In Wunga, cloths were mud-dyed by steeping them first in a hot bath of tannin-rich barks and leaves, followed by immersion in stagnant mud rich in ferrous salts. Indigo represents a form of reincarnation, whereas the black mud "represents the putrefying stage of the deceased as he pursues his journey to the land of the dead". The village of Tenganan Pegringsingan (Karangasem Regency) holds

5796-502: The pride of the best-cultivated parts of Europe. The Dutch mounted large naval and ground assaults at the Sanur region in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who rather than yield to the superior Dutch force committed ritual suicide ( puputan ) to avoid the humiliation of surrender. Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 200 Balinese killed themselves rather than surrender. In

5880-526: The sea and therefore to the trading route between India and China and the Spice Islands, that touched the north of Bali. Pirates were a constant threat until the arrival of the Dutch, plagues such as cholera were also recurrent. Muslim immigrants left traces too. Archaeological excavations near the coast between Julah, Bangkah and Sembiran show that Indian traders travelled as far as Bali since at least 2000 years ago and it can be assumed that that trade

5964-425: The southeast coast of Bali. Its population density was roughly 788 people/km (2,040 people/sq mi) in mid 2023. Bali's central mountains include several peaks over 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) in elevation and active volcanoes such as Mount Batur . The highest is Mount Agung (3,031 m; 9,944 ft), known as the "mother mountain", which is an active volcano rated as one of the world's most likely sites for

6048-420: The uphill to downhill concourse with their doors opening onto it. The entrances of the houses are narrow, only allowing one person to enter or leave at any one time. Entrance to and exit from the village is through the gate at the downhill end. On either side of the entrance are two small temples. Across from these is the long balé agung , where the administrative decisions for the village are made. Next to that

6132-719: The widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional caste system , and those rejecting this system. Politically, the opposition was represented by supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programmes. A purported coup attempt in Jakarta

6216-518: The world's plastic waste. In the national legislature , Bali is represented by nine members, with a single electoral district covering the whole province. The Bali Regional People's Representative Council, the provincial legislature, has 55 members. The province's politics has historically been dominated by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), which has won by far the most votes in every election in Bali since

6300-1120: Was 36% (better than in Raja Ampat and Halmahera by 29% or in Fakfak and Kaimana by 25%) with the highest coverage found in Gili Selang and Gili Mimpang in Candidasa , Karangasem Regency . Among the larger trees the most common are: banyan trees, jackfruit , coconuts , bamboo species, acacia trees and also endless rows of coconuts and banana species. Numerous flowers can be seen: hibiscus , frangipani , bougainvillea , poinsettia , oleander , jasmine , water lily , lotus , roses , begonias , orchids and hydrangeas exist. On higher grounds that receive more moisture, for instance, around Kintamani , certain species of fern trees, mushrooms and even pine trees thrive well. Rice comes in many varieties. Other plants with agricultural value include: salak , mangosteen , corn , Kintamani orange, coffee and water spinach . Over-exploitation by

6384-575: Was astonished and delighted; as my visit to Java was some years later, I had never beheld so beautiful and well-cultivated a district out of Europe. A slightly undulating plain extends from the seacoast about ten or twelve miles (16 or 19 kilometres) inland, where it is bounded by a fine range of wooded and cultivated hills. Houses and villages, marked out by dense clumps of coconut palms , tamarind and other fruit trees, are dotted about in every direction; while between them extend luxurious rice grounds, watered by an elaborate system of irrigation that would be

6468-488: Was averted by forces led by General Suharto. The army became the dominant power as it instigated a violent anti-communist purge , in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population. With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led

6552-450: Was continuous up until the 10th century, with Julas as a port and as a trading center. Recent times see drastic socio-economic changes and this ancient culture is being rapidly lost to tourism and modernization. For example, until recently, foraging for wild and semi-wild plants, notably in forest areas, brought more diversity to the diet and an increase in income by selling some plants at traditional markets. These edible plants are still

6636-460: Was found on Mount Kintamani, that lists the occupation of indigo-dyeing ( mangnila ) and morinda-dyeing ( mamangkudu ) as being exempt from taxation. The production of Indigo dye has been traditionally prohibited in a few places of Eastern Indonesia. One such place is the village of Wunga at Cape Sasar in northern East Sumba , seen as the mythical place of origin of the Sumbanese and therefore

6720-491: Was largely agriculture-based in terms of both output and employment. Tourism is now the largest single industry in terms of income, and as a result, Bali is one of Indonesia's wealthiest regions. In 2003, around 80% of Bali's economy was tourism related. By the end of June 2011, the rate of non-performing loans of all banks in Bali were 2.23%, lower than the average of Indonesian banking industry non-performing loan rates (about 5%). The economy, however, suffered significantly as

6804-532: Was liberated by the British 5th infantry Division under the command of Major-General Robert Mansergh who took the Japanese surrender. Once Japanese forces had been repatriated the island was handed over to the Dutch the following year. In 1946, the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly proclaimed State of East Indonesia , a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia, which

6888-535: Was not originally a target in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign, but as the airfields on Borneo were inoperative due to heavy rains, the Imperial Japanese Army decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather. The island had no regular Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) troops. There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps Prajoda (Korps Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under

6972-628: Was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta . Bali was included in the " Republic of the United States of Indonesia " when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949. The first governor of Bali, Anak Agung Bagus Suteja , was appointed by President Sukarno in 1958, when Bali became a province. The 1963 eruption of Mount Agung killed thousands, created economic havoc, and forced many displaced Balinese to be transmigrated to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring

7056-674: Was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly Hindu culture, beginning around the 1st century AD. The name Bali dwipa ("Bali island") has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD and mentioning Walidwipa . It was during this time that the people developed their complex irrigation system subak to grow rice in wet-field cultivation . Some religious and cultural traditions still practised today can be traced to this period. The Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit Empire (1293–1520 AD) on eastern Java founded

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