Misplaced Pages

#878121

61-402: The flag of Tennessee displays an emblem on a field of red, with a strip of blue bordered by white on the fly . The emblem in the middle consists of three white stars on a blue circle also with a white border. The central emblem portion of the flag has been adopted as the state's unofficial logo , and appears in the logos of some Tennessee-based companies and sports teams. Examples include

122-697: A great martyr and celebrates her feast day on 24 or 25 November, depending on the regional tradition. In Catholicism , Catherine is traditionally revered as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers , and she is commemorated in the Roman Martyrology on 25 November. Her feast was removed from the General Roman Calendar in 1969 but restored in 2002 as an optional memorial. In the Episcopal Church , St. Catherine

183-546: A Greek mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who was murdered by the Parabalani after being accused of exacerbating a conflict between two prominent figures in Alexandria, the governor Orestes and the bishop Cyril . The idea that Catherine's life was either based on or became confused with the life of the pagan Hypatia has become a popular theory among modern scholars since. However, while Christine Walsh accepts

244-516: A dove from heaven, and Christ also visited her, encouraging her to fight bravely, and promised her the crown of everlasting glory. Angels tended her wounds with salve . During her imprisonment more than 200 people came to see her, including Maxentius' wife, Valeria Maximilla ; all converted to Christianity and were subsequently martyred . Upon the failure of Maxentius to make Catherine yield by way of torture, he tried to win her over by proposing marriage. Catherine refused, declaring that her spouse

305-523: A large female following, whose devotion was less likely to be expressed through pilgrimage. The importance of the virgin martyrs as the focus of devotion and models for proper feminine behaviour increased during the Late Middle Ages. Among these, St Catherine in particular was used as an exemplar for women, a status which at times superseded her intercessory role. Both Christine de Pizan and Geoffrey de la Tour Landry point to Catherine as

366-409: A non-verbal way, it should not be confused with emblems. Sign language contains linguistic properties, similar to those used in verbal languages, and is used to communicate entire conversations. Linguistic properties are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adverbs, adjectives, etc.. In contrast with sign language, emblems are a non-linguistic form of communication. Emblems are single gestures which are meant to get

427-467: A paragon for young women, emphasizing her model of virginity and "wifely chastity". This shows also for instance in the naming of Catalina Tomas ( Catalina being the Catalan version of Catherine ) whose family had a special veneration of Catherine of Alexandria. From the early 14th century the mystic marriage of Saint Catherine first appears in hagiographical literature and, soon after, in art. In

488-648: A particular unit. A real or metal cockle shell, the emblem of James the Great , sewn onto the hat or clothes, identified a medieval pilgrim to his shrine at Santiago de Compostela . In the Middle Ages, many saints were given emblems, which served to identify them in paintings and other images: St. Catherine of Alexandria had a wheel, or a sword, St. Anthony the Abbot , a pig and a small bell. These are also called attributes , especially when shown carried by or close to

549-518: A phial of her oil, brought back from Mount Sinai by Edward the Confessor . Other shrines, such as St. Catherine's Hill, Hampshire were the focus of generally local pilgrimage, many of which are only identified by brief mentions in various texts, rather than by physical evidence. St. Catharine's College, Cambridge was founded on St Catharine's Day (25 November) 1473 by Robert Woodlark ( provost of King's College, Cambridge ) who sought to create

610-575: A short non-verbal message to another individual. Emblems are associated with the culture they are established in and are subjective to that culture. For example, the sign made by forming a circle with the thumb and forefinger is used in America to communicate "OK" in a non-verbal way, in Japan to mean "money", and in some southern European countries to mean something sexual. Furthermore, the thumbs up sign in America means "good job ", but in some parts of

671-558: A small community of scholars who would study exclusively theology and philosophy. Woodlark may have chosen the name in homage to Catherine of Valois , mother of Henry VI of England , although it is more likely that it was named as part of the Renaissance cult of Saint Catherine, who was a patron saint of learning. St Catherine's College, Oxford , developed from the Delegacy for Unattached Students, formed in 1868. Catherine also had

SECTION 10

#1732798562879

732-404: A specific meaning attached to them. These meanings are usually associated with the culture they are established in. Using emblems creates a way for humans to communicate with one another in a non-verbal way. An individual waving their hand at a friend, for example, would communicate "hello" without having to verbally say anything. Although sign language uses hand gestures to communicate words in

793-517: A virgin by governing her passions and conquered her executioners by wearying their patience, but triumphed in science by closing the mouths of sophists , her intercession was implored by theologians, apologists, pulpit orators, and philosophers. Before studying, writing, or preaching, they besought her to illumine their minds, guide their pens, and impart eloquence to their words. This devotion to Catherine which assumed such vast proportions in Europe after

854-502: Is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 25 November . In 2022, Catherine was officially added to the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar with a feast day she shares with Barbara of Nicomedia , and Margaret of Antioch on 24 November. The pyrotechnic Catherine wheel , which rotates with sparks flying off in all directions, took its name from the saint's wheel of martyrdom. The lunar impact crater Catharina

915-548: Is believed that Jacques-Benigne Bossuet dedicated to her one of his most beautiful panegyrics and that Adam of St. Victor wrote a magnificent poem in her honour: Vox Sonora nostri chori . In France, unwed women who had attained the age of 25 were called "catherinettes" . They would wear richly decorated bonnets on the day of her feast. This custom gave rise to the French idiom 'coiffer Sainte-Catherine' ("don St. Catherine's bonnet"), to describe an unmarried woman between

976-534: Is commemorated on 24 November, together with the martyrs Barbara of Nicomedia and Margaret of Antioch , while in the Church of England her feast day is 25 November. Some modern scholars consider that the legend of Catherine was probably based on the life and murder of the virgin Saint Dorothea of Alexandria and the Greek philosopher Hypatia , with the reversed role of a Christian and neoplatonist in

1037-401: Is debated: it could derive from ἑκάτερος ( hekáteros , "each of two"); it could derive from the name of the goddess Hecate ; it could be related to Greek αἰκία ( aikía , "insult, outrage, suffering, torture"); or it could be from a Coptic name meaning "my consecration of your name". In the early Christian era, it became associated with Greek καθαρός ( katharós , "pure"), and

1098-647: Is named after Saint Catherine. Santa Catarina Island in Brazil and the State of Santa Catarina are named after her. The Gulf of Santa Catalina is located in the Pacific Ocean on the west coast of North America. Santa Catalina Island off the coast of California, was named by Sebastián Vizcaíno , who arrived there on her feast day. The Santa Catalina Mountains in Arizona are her namesake. Kaarina , Finland,

1159-545: Is named after her. One accepted origin of the namesake of St. Catharines , Ontario, is Saint Catherine of Alexandria, but there are other proposed explanations as "no definitive documentation exists to conclusively prove that the founders chose the unique spelling for any one particular reason". St Catherine of Alexandria Parish and School in Oak Lawn, Illinois, is named after her. St. Catherine University in St. Paul, Minnesota

1220-694: Is not known. In 11th-century Kievan Rus , the feast day was celebrated on 25 November. Dimitry of Rostov in his Kniga zhyty sviatykh ( Book of the Lives of the Saints ), T.1 (1689) places the date of celebration on 24 November. A story that Empress Catherine the Great did not wish to share her patronal feast with the Leavetaking of the feast of the Presentation of the Theotokos and hence changed

1281-468: Is richly dressed and crowned, as befits her rank as a princess, and often holds or stands next to a segment of her wheel as an attribute . She also often carries either a martyr's palm or the sword with which she was actually executed. She often has long unbound blonde or reddish hair (unbound as she is unmarried). The vision of Saint Catherine of Alexandria usually shows the Infant Christ, held by

SECTION 20

#1732798562879

1342-698: The Aztec or Inca . The use of these in the American context does not differ much from the contexts of other regions of the world, being even the equivalent of the coats of arms of their respective territorial entities. The 1531 publication in Augsburg of the first emblem book , the Emblemata of the Italian jurist Andrea Alciato launched a fascination with emblems that lasted two centuries and touched most of

1403-597: The Crusades , received additional éclat in France at the beginning of the 15th century, when it was rumoured that she had spoken to Joan of Arc and, together with Margaret of Antioch , had been divinely appointed Joan's adviser. Devotion to Catherine remains strong amongst Eastern Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians . With the relative ease of travel in the modern age, pilgrimages to Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai have increased. Catherine of Alexandria

1464-738: The First Horizon Bank and the Tennessee Titans . In 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of the 72 U.S. state, territorial, and Canadian provincial flags and ranked the Tennessee flag 14th. In 1897, Tennessee adopted a red, white, and blue tricolor . The three bars were deliberately slanted in an effort to represent the geographically distinct regions of Tennessee. The flag included

1525-579: The termini technici of architecture . They mean an iconic painted, drawn, or sculptural representation of a concept affixed to houses and belong—like the inscriptions—to the architectural ornaments (ornamenta). Since the publication of De re aedificatoria (1452) by Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472), patterned after the De architectura by the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius , emblema are related to Egyptian hieroglyphics and are considered as being

1586-499: The 4th-century Diocletianic Persecutions of Christians in Alexandria. There is no evidence that Katherine herself was a historical figure and she may well have been a composite drawn from memories of women persecuted for their faith. Many aspects of her Passio are clearly legendary and conform to well-known hagiographical topoi . Her name appears in Greek as Αἰκατερίνη ( Aikaterínē ) or Ἑκατερίνη ( Ekaterínē ). The etymology

1647-570: The Latin spelling was changed from Katerina to Katharina to reflect this. Catherine was one of the most important saints in the religious culture of the late Middle Ages and arguably considered the most important of the virgin martyrs, a group including Agnes of Rome , Margaret of Antioch , Barbara , Lucia of Syracuse , Valerie of Limoges and many others. Her power as an intercessor was renowned and firmly established in most versions of her hagiography , in which she specifically entreats Christ at

1708-538: The Middle East the thumbs up sign means something highly offensive. Drysdall, Denis (2005). "Claude Mignault of Dijon: "Theoretical Writings on the Emblem: a Critical Edition, with apparatus and notes (1577)" . Retrieved 2009-05-29 . Catherine of Alexandria Catherine of Alexandria , also spelled Katherine ( Greek : Αίκατερίνη) is, according to tradition, a Christian saint and virgin , who

1769-578: The Virgin, placing a ring (one of her attributes) on her finger, following some literary accounts, although in the version in the Golden Legend he appears to be adult, and the marriage takes place among a great crowd of angels and "all the celestial court", and these may also be shown. She is very frequently shown attending on the Virgin and Child, and is usually prominent in scenes of the Master of

1830-543: The Western church, the popularity of her cult began to reduce in the 18th century. Her principal symbol is the spiked wheel, which has become known as the Catherine wheel, and her feast day is celebrated on 25 November by most denominations. In many places, her feast was celebrated with the utmost solemnity, servile work being suppressed and the devotions attended by great numbers of people. In several dioceses of France it

1891-443: The ages of 25 and 30. In memory of her sacrifice in some homes, Egyptian and other Middle Eastern foods are offered for her feast, such as hummus or tabbouleh salads. Favourites also are melons cut into circles with sherbet "hubs", or cookies shaped as spiked wheels with icing. Meanwhile, owing to several circumstances in his life, Nicholas of Myra was considered the patron of young bachelors and students, and Catherine became

Flag of Tennessee - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-413: The best pagan philosophers and orators to dispute with her, hoping that they would refute her pro-Christian arguments, but Catherine won the debate. Several of her adversaries, conquered by her eloquence, declared themselves Christians and were at once put to death. The emperor gave orders to subject Catherine to terrible tortures and then throw her in prison. During the confinement she was fed daily by

2013-473: The case of the latter. On the other hand, Leon Clugnet writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia states "although contemporary hagiographers look upon the authenticity of the various texts containing the legend of St. Catherine as more than doubtful, it is not therefore meant to cast even the shadow of a doubt around the existence of the saint". According to the traditional narrative, Catherine

2074-590: The center. The Tennessee General Assembly has its own flag as well. Emblem Although the words emblem and symbol are often used interchangeably, an emblem is a pattern that is used to represent an idea or an individual. An emblem develops in concrete, visual terms some abstraction: a deity , a tribe or nation , or a virtue or vice . An emblem may be worn or otherwise used as an identifying badge or patch . For example, in America, police officers' badges refer to their personal metal emblem whereas their woven emblems on uniforms identify members of

2135-443: The countries of western Europe. "Emblem" in this sense refers to a didactic or moralizing combination of picture and text intended to draw the reader into a self-reflective examination of their own life . Complicated associations of emblems could transmit information to the culturally-informed viewer, a characteristic of the 16th-century artistic movement called Mannerism . A popular collection of emblems, which ran to many editions,

2196-587: The date is not supported by historical evidence. One of the first Roman Catholic churches to be built in Russia, the Catholic Church of St. Catherine , was named after Catherine of Alexandria because she was Catherine the Great's patron. A footnote to the entry for 25 November in The Synaxarion compiled by Hieromonk Makarios of Simonos Petra states: "Until the 16th century, the memory of St Catherine

2257-532: The details that embellish the narrative, as well as the long discourses attributed to Catherine, are to be rejected as later inventions. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , no extant written mention of Catherine of Alexandria is known before the 9th century, and "her historicity is doubtful". Donald Attwater dismisses what he calls the "legend" of Saint Catherine, arguing for a lack of any "positive evidence that she ever existed outside

2318-431: The flag. In 1976, the U.S. Postal Service issued a sheet of 13 cent stamps illustrating U.S. state flags. Tennessee's was illustrated upside down. Alongside the state flag, there are other flags used by the government of Tennessee. The flag for the governor of Tennessee has been in use since 1939. It is a scarlet flag, with four stars, one in each corner, and the state military crest, a tree with three white stars, in

2379-476: The foot of Mount Sinai was about 800 and presumably implies an existing cult at that date (though the common name of the monastery developed after the discovery). In her book The Cult of St Katherine of Alexandria in Early Medieval Europe , Christine Walsh discusses "the historical Katherine": As we have seen, the cult of St Katherine of Alexandria probably originated in oral traditions from

2440-620: The journey to Mount Sinai , most notably those of John Mandeville and Friar Felix Fabri . However, while the monastery at Mount Sinai was the best known site of Catherine pilgrimage, it was also the most difficult to reach. The most prominent Western shrine was the monastery in Rouen that claimed to house Catherine's fingers. It was not alone in the west, however, and was accompanied by many scattered shrines and altars dedicated to Catherine throughout France and England. Some were better-known sites, such as Canterbury and Westminster , which claimed

2501-526: The lost universal language. Therefore, the emblems belong to the Renaissance knowledge of antiquity which comprises not only Greek and Roman antiquity but also Egyptian antiquity as proven by the numerous obelisks built in 16th and 17th century Rome. Evidence of the use of emblems in pre-Columbian America has also been found, such as those used in Mayan city states, kingdoms, and even empires such as

Flag of Tennessee - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-499: The many parallels between Catherine and Hypatia, she does not believe there is any evidence for or against the idea that Catherine was created based on Hypatia. The earliest surviving account of Catherine's life comes around 600 years after the traditional date of her martyrdom, in the Menologium , a document compiled for Emperor Basil II in 976, although the alleged rediscovery of her relics at Saint Catherine's Monastery at

2623-399: The mind of some Greek writer who first composed what he intended to be simply an edifying romance." Harold Davis writes that "assiduous research has failed to identify Catherine with any historical personage". Anna Brownell Jameson was the first to argue that the life of Catherine was confused with that of the slightly later neoplatonist philosopher Hypatia of Alexandria . Hypatia was

2684-411: The moment of her death to answer the prayers of those who remember her martyrdom and invoke her name. The development of her medieval cult was spurred by the alleged rediscovery of her body around 800 (about 500 years after her death) at Mount Sinai, supposedly with hair still growing and a constant stream of healing oil issuing from her body. There are several pilgrimage narratives that chronicle

2745-665: The number "16", Tennessee having been admitted as the 16th state of the Union , and the words "The Volunteer State", the state's official nickname. The current flag was designed by Colonel Le Roy Reeves, a Johnson City attorney who was then serving in the Tennessee National Guard . The Tennessee General Assembly officially adopted the flag on April 17, 1905. The stars represent the three geographically and legally distinct Grand Divisions of Tennessee (i.e. East , Middle , and West Tennessee ). The blue circle around

2806-552: The patroness of young maidens and female students. Looked upon as the holiest and most illustrious of the virgins of Christ after the Blessed Virgin Mary , it was deemed appropriate that she, of all others, should be worthy to watch over the virgins of the cloister and the young women of the world. The spiked wheel having become emblematic of the saint, wheelwrights and mechanics placed themselves under her patronage. Finally, as according to tradition she not only remained

2867-442: The purported burning bush seen by Moses . Countless people make the pilgrimage to the monastery to receive miracle healing from Catherine. Sometimes cited as a possible inspiration of Catherine, Eusebius wrote around 320 that Maximinus had ordered a young Christian woman to come to his palace to become his mistress, and when she refused he had her punished by having her banished and her estates confiscated. Eusebius did not name

2928-406: The saint in art . Monarchs and other grand persons increasingly adopted personal devices or emblems that were distinct from their family heraldry . The most famous include Louis XIV of France 's sun, the salamander of Francis I of France , the boar of Richard III of England and the armillary sphere of Manuel I of Portugal . In the fifteenth and sixteenth century, there

2989-488: The spirit of a clan . Emblems in heraldry are known as charges . The lion passant serves as the emblem of England, the lion rampant as the emblem of Scotland . An icon consists of an image (originally a religious image), that has become standardized by convention. A logo is an impersonal, secular icon, usually of a corporate entity . Since the 15th century, the terms of emblem ( emblema ; from Greek : ἔμβλημα , meaning "embossed ornament") and emblematura belong to

3050-404: The stars represents the unity of those grand divisions. The blue bar at the edge of the flag was just a design consideration. When asked about the blue bar, Reeves stated "The final blue bar relieves the sameness of the crimson field and prevents the flag from showing too much crimson when hanging limp." In October 1917, National Geographic erroneously reported the stars represented the state as

3111-464: The third to enter the Union after the original thirteen . State law dictates exactly how the central emblem is to be displayed on the flag. The arrangement of the three (3) stars shall be such that the centers of no two stars shall be in a line parallel to either the side or the end of the flag, but intermediate between the same; and the highest star shall be the one nearest the upper confined corner of

SECTION 50

#1732798562879

3172-465: The woman but Rufinus of Aquileia names her Dorothea ( Δωροθέα ) in his translation of Eusebius' work. A sixteenth century Italian historian, Caesar Baronius (c.1538-1607), suggested that Catherine and Dorothea were the same person and that Catherine (Hecaterina) was her former pagan name while Dorothea (the gift of God) was the name given to her at the time of baptism. The Catholic Encyclopedia , while not denying her historicity, states that most of

3233-465: Was martyred in the early 4th century at the hands of the emperor Maxentius . According to her hagiography , she was both a princess and a noted scholar who became a Christian around age 14, converted hundreds of people to Christianity , and was martyred around age 18. More than 1,100 years after Catherine's martyrdom, Joan of Arc identified her as one of the saints who appeared to and counselled her. The Eastern Orthodox Church venerates her as

3294-616: Was Jesus Christ, to whom she had consecrated her virginity. The furious emperor condemned Catherine to death on a spiked breaking wheel , but at her touch it shattered. Maxentius ordered her to be beheaded. Catherine ordered the execution to commence. A milk-like substance rather than blood flowed from her neck. In the 6th century, the Eastern Emperor Justinian had established what is now Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt, which had been originally built encircling

3355-456: Was a fashion, started in Italy, for making large medals with a portrait head on the obverse and the emblem on the reverse; these would be given to friends and as diplomatic gifts . Pisanello produced many of the earliest and finest of these. A symbol, on the other hand, substitutes one thing for another, in a more concrete fashion: A totem is specifically an animal emblem that expresses

3416-428: Was chosen over that of St. Anne because it sounds better when translated into Chinese. Sœur de La Chapelle was a French nun who wrote a tragedy about her martyrdom. Countless images of Saint Catherine are depicted in art, especially in the late Middle Ages , which is also the time that the account of Saint Catherine's Mystical Marriage makes its first literary appearance. She can usually be easily recognised as she

3477-969: Was founded in 1905 by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet and named for St. Catherine of Alexandria. University of Saint Katherine in San Marcos, California is the first Eastern Orthodox Christian university in the United States and the English-speaking world. St. Catherine's School , is an independent Episcopal diocesan school in Richmond, Virginia. St Helen and St Katharine , a girls' school in Oxfordshire, England celebrates "St. Katharine's Day" each November. The name of St. Catharine's School for Girls (Kwun Tong) in Hong Kong

3538-484: Was observed as a Holy Day of Obligation up to the beginning of the 17th century, the splendour of its ceremonial eclipsing that of the feasts of some of the apostles . Many chapels were placed under her patronage, and nearly all churches had a statue of her, representing her according to medieval iconography with a wheel, her instrument of torture. The Russian , Serbian and Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Churches celebrate it on 24 November. The origin of this tradition

3599-566: Was observed on 24 Nov. According to a note by Bartholomew of Koutloumousiou inserted in the Menaion , the Fathers of Sinai transferred the date to 25 Nov. in order that the feast might be kept with greater solemnity." The 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia describes her historical importance: Ranked with St Margaret and St Barbara as one of the fourteen most helpful saints in heaven , she was unceasingly praised by preachers and sung by poets. It

3660-474: Was presented by Francis Quarles in 1635. Each of the emblems consisted of a paraphrase from a passage of Scripture, expressed in ornate and metaphorical language, followed by passages from the Christian Fathers, and concluding with an epigram of four lines. These were accompanied by an emblem that presented the symbols displayed in the accompanying passage. Emblems are certain gestures which have

3721-563: Was the daughter of Sabinella and Constus (or Costus), the governor of Alexandria during the reign of the emperor Maximian (286–305). She was of Greek origin. From a young age she devoted herself to study. A vision of the Virgin Mary and the Child Jesus persuaded her to become a Christian. When the persecutions began under the emperor Maxentius , she went to the emperor and rebuked him for his cruelty. The emperor summoned 50 of

SECTION 60

#1732798562879
#878121