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44-629: Since 1999 Terespol has been within Biała Podlaska County in Lublin Voivodeship . Between 1975 and 1998 it belonged to Biała Podlaska Voivodeship . The town is a busy border crossing between Poland and Belarus on the European route E30 which links Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk - Moscow . Another crossing into Brest is located at Kukuryki northwest of Terespol. There was also a local train between Brest and Terespol. It comes 3 times

88-656: A day. The trip took 18 minutes and was a very comfortable way of crossing border between Belarus and Poland . Due to the Coronavirus pandemic, the train was cancelled at the beginning of 2020 and has been suspended for an indefinite period. Terespol features in a novel by the Yiddish Nobel Prize-winning writer Isaac Bashevis Singer , The Family Moskat (1950), in which the young protagonist, Asa Heshel Bennet, comes to Warsaw from his hometown of Terespol Minor to study. The town of Terespol

132-545: A number of German settlers, and built a manor house in the location of the destroyed royal castle. In 1757, one weekly and two one-day annual fairs were established. In 1764, Terespol was ransacked by private soldiers of Polish magnate Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł , who waged a personal war with Flemming for his support of the Czartoryski family . Later on the town passed to the Czartoryski family. After

176-423: A spacious palace with a vast garden. Due to proximity to the city of Brześć Litewski (Brest), the settlement prospered. During Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660), Błotków together with the palace were ransacked and burned to the ground by Swedish soldiers. In the second half of the 17th century, Błotków with its ruined palace was purchased by Castellan of Vilnius Józef Bogusław Słuszka , who founded here

220-469: A town, named Terespol after his wife, Teresa née Gosiewska. In 1697, Holy Trinity church was built here, soon afterwards, Dominican friars settled in Terespol. In 1748, Terespol became property of Grand Treasurer of Lithuania Georg Detlev von Flemming , who made great contribution to the development of the town, draining local swamps and building a number of dykes and canals. Furthermore, Flemming introduced

264-496: Is 111,078, including 16,736 in Międzyrzec Podlaski, 5,537 in Terespol, and a rural population of 88,805. Apart from the city of Biała Podlaska , Biała Podlaska County is bordered by Włodawa County and Parczew County to the south, Radzyń Podlaski County to the south-west, Łuków County and Siedlce County to the west, Łosice County to the north-west, and Siemiatycze County to the north. It also borders Belarus to

308-544: Is an archaic term meaning an enclosed area. The Pale of Settlement included all of modern-day Belarus and Moldova , much of Lithuania , Ukraine and east-central Poland , and relatively small parts of Latvia and what is now the western Russian Federation . It extended from the eastern pale , or demarcation line inside the country, westwards to the Imperial Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later

352-567: Is derived from the Latin word palus , a stake, extended to mean the area enclosed by a fence or boundary. The territory that would become the Pale first began to enter Imperial Russian hands in 1772, with the First Partition of Poland . At the time, most Jews (and in fact most imperial subjects) were restricted in their movements. The Pale came into being under the rule of Catherine

396-724: Is located in the spot of a village called Błotków or Błotkowo, which existed in the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1512, this area became property of a nobleman called Iwan Sapieha of Kodeń . Later it belonged to the Hornostaj and Dorohostajski families. Administratively it was part of the Podlaskie Voivodeship until 1566, and the Brest Litovsk Voivodeship afterwards until the Partitions of Poland . In 1609, King Sigismund III of Poland built here

440-594: The German Empire ) and Austria-Hungary . Furthermore, it comprised about 20% of the territory of European Russia and largely corresponded to historical lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , Cossack Hetmanate , the Ottoman Empire (with Yedisan ), Crimean Khanate , and eastern Principality of Moldavia ( Bessarabia ). Life in the Pale for many was economically bleak. Most people relied on small service or artisan work that could not support

484-551: The Imperial Russian Army , dispensed free medical treatment for the poor, offered dowries and household gifts to destitute brides, and arranged for technical education for orphans. According to historian Martin Gilbert's Atlas of Jewish History , no province in the Pale had less than 14% of Jews on relief; Lithuanian and Ukrainian Jews supported as much as 22% of their poor populations. The concentration of Jews in

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528-550: The North Caucasus were removed from the Pale. Nicholas tried to remove all Jews from within 80 kilometres (50 mi) of the Austrian Empire 's border in 1843. In practice, this was very difficult to enforce, and the restrictions were lessened in 1858. Tsar Alexander II , who ruled 1855 to 1881, expanded the rights of rich and educated Jews to leave and live beyond the Pale, which led many Jews to believe that

572-557: The November Uprising , Terespol belonged to the Russian Imperial government. In 1855, due to the construction of Brest Fortress , Terespol was moved westwards, and all buildings in the old town were destroyed for military purposes. In 1867, a railroad to Warsaw was completed; in 1870, it was extended to Brest. As a result of Russian discriminatory regulations the town saw a large influx of Jews , who then became

616-720: The Third Partition of Poland (1795) Terespol briefly belonged to the Habsburg Empire . After the Polish victory in the Austro-Polish War of 1809, it was part of the Polish Duchy of Warsaw , and from 1815 to 1916, it belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland . The town burned in several fires, but continued to prosper, due to the construction of a highway from Warsaw to Brest (1819–1823). After

660-547: The abdication of Nicholas II , and as revolution gripped Russia . On March 20 (April 2 N.S. ), 1917, the Pale was abolished by the Russian Provisional Government decree, On the abolition of religious and national restrictions . The Second Polish Republic was reconstituted from much of the former territory of the Pale in the aftermath of World War I. Subsequently, most of the Jewish population of

704-586: The Great in 1791, initially as a measure to speed colonization of territory on the Black Sea recently acquired from the Ottoman Empire . Jews were allowed to expand the territory available to them, but in exchange Jewish merchants could no longer do business in non-Pale Russia. The institution of the Pale became more significant following the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, since, until then,

748-586: The Independence Monument and the Tadeusz Kościuszko monument. Terespol is twinned with: Bia%C5%82a Podlaska County Biała County ( Polish : powiat bialski ) is a county in Lublin Voivodeship , eastern Poland , on the border with Belarus . It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is

792-790: The Jewish population lived and worked, the courts of Hasidic dynasties flourished in the Pale. Thousands of followers of rebbes such as the Gerrer Rebbe Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter (known as the Sfas Emes ), the Chernobyler Rebbe , and the Vizhnitzer Rebbe flocked to their towns for the Jewish holidays and followed their rebbes' minhagim ( Hebrew : מנהגים , Jewish practices) in their own homes. The tribulations of Jewish life in

836-487: The Pale might soon be abolished. These hopes vanished when Alexander II was assassinated in 1881 . Rumors spread that he had been assassinated by Jews, and in the aftermath anti-Jewish sentiment skyrocketed. Anti-Jewish pogroms rocked the country from 1881 through 1884 . The reactionary Temporary regulations regarding the Jews of 1881 prohibited any new Jewish settlement outside of the Pale. The laws also granted peasants

880-505: The Pale of Settlement were immortalized in the writings of Yiddish authors such as humorist Sholem Aleichem , whose novel Tevye der Milkhiger ( Yiddish : טבֿיה דער מילכיקער , Tevye the Milkman , in the form of the narration of Tevye from a fictional shtetl of Anatevka to the author) forms the basis of the theatrical (and subsequent film) production Fiddler on the Roof . Because of

924-399: The Pale with its large minorities of Jewish, Roman Catholic and until mid-19th century Eastern Catholic population (although much of modern Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova are predominantly Eastern Orthodox). While the religious nature of the edicts creating the Pale is clear (conversion to Russian Orthodoxy , the state religion, released individuals from the strictures), historians argue that

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968-510: The Pale, and were thus predominantly merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers. This made poverty a serious issue among the Jews. However, a robust Jewish community welfare system arose; by the end of the 19th century nearly 1 in 3 Jews in the Pale were being supported by Jewish welfare organizations. This Jewish support system included, but was not limited to, providing free medicine to the poor, giving dowries to poor brides, kosher food to Jewish soldiers, and education to orphans. One outgrowth of

1012-510: The Pale, and reignited the study of the Talmud in Russia. After 1886, the Jewish quota was applied to education, with the percentage of Jewish students limited to no more than 10% within the Pale, 5% outside the Pale and 3% in the capitals of Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kiev. The quotas in the capitals, however, were increased slightly in 1908 and 1915. Amid the difficult conditions in which

1056-710: The Pale, coupled with Tsar Alexander III 's "fierce hatred of the Jews", and the rumors that Jews had been involved in the assassination of his father Tsar Alexander II, made them easy targets for pogroms and anti-Jewish riots by the majority population. These, along with the repressive May Laws , often devastated whole communities. Though attacks occurred throughout the existence of the Pale, particularly devastating Russian pogroms occurred from 1881 to 1883 and from 1903 to 1906, targeting hundreds of communities, assaulting thousands of Jews, and causing considerable property damage. Jews typically could not engage in agriculture due to restrictions on Jews owning land and farming in

1100-476: The Recruit Charter of 1810), and their families had the right to live outside the Pale of Settlement. In some periods, special dispensations were given for Jews to live in the major imperial cities, but these were tenuous, and several thousand Jews were expelled to the Pale from Moscow as late as 1891. The extremely restrictive decrees and recurrent pogroms led to much emigration from the Pale, mainly to

1144-771: The Russian Empire. At times, by imperial decree Jews were forbidden to live in agricultural communities, or certain cities, (as in Kiev , Sevastopol and Yalta ), and were forced to move to small provincial towns, thus fostering the rise of the shtetls . Jewish merchants of the First Guild ( купцы первой гильдии , the wealthiest sosloviye of merchants in the Russian Empire), people with higher or special education, university students, artisans , army tailors, ennobled Jews, soldiers (drafted in accordance with

1188-580: The United States and Western Europe. However, emigration could not keep up with birth rates and expulsion of Jews from other parts of the Russian Empire, and thus the Jewish population of the Pale continued to grow. During World War I, the Pale lost its rigid hold on the Jewish population when large numbers of Jews fled into the Russian interior to escape the invading German army. The Pale of Settlement de facto ceased to exist on August 19, 1915, when

1232-473: The administrator of the Ministry of Internal Affairs allowed, in view of the emergency circumstances of wartime, the residence of Jews in urban settlements outside the Pale of Settlement, with the exception of capitals and localities under the jurisdiction of the ministers of the imperial court and the military (that is, palace suburbs of Petrograd and the frontline). The Pale formally came to an end soon after

1276-569: The area would perish in the Holocaust one generation later. Jewish life in the shtetls ( Yiddish : שטעטלעך shtetlekh "little towns") of the Pale of Settlement was hard and poverty-stricken. Following the Jewish religious tradition of tzedakah (charity), a sophisticated system of volunteer Jewish social welfare organizations developed to meet the needs of the population. Various organizations supplied clothes to poor students, provided kosher food to Jewish soldiers conscripted into

1320-505: The city of Biała Podlaska , although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only towns in Biała Podlaska County are Międzyrzec Podlaski , which lies 24 km (15 mi) west of Biała Podlaska, and the border town of Terespol , 32 km (20 mi) east of Biała Podlaska. The county covers an area of 2,753.67 square kilometres (1,063.2 sq mi). As of 2019, its total population

1364-536: The concentration of Jews in a circumscribed area was the development of the modern yeshiva system. Prior to the Pale, schools to study the Talmud were a luxury. This began to change when the rabbi Chaim of Volozhin began a sort of national-level yeshiva. In 1803, he founded the Volozhin Yeshiva and began to attract large number of students from around the Pale. The Tsarist authorities were not pleased with

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1408-513: The east. The county is subdivided into 19 municipalities (two urban and 17 rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population. Pale of Settlement The Pale of Settlement was a western region of the Russian Empire with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 ( de facto until 1915) in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary,

1452-456: The empire's (former Muscovy's) Jewish population had been rather limited. The dramatic westward expansion of the Russian Empire through the annexation of Polish–Lithuanian territory substantially increased the Jewish population. At its height, the Pale had a Jewish population of over five million, and represented the largest component (40 percent) of the world's Jewish population at that time. The freedom of movement of non-Jewish imperial subjects

1496-403: The following areas were added: After 1805 the Pale gradually shrank, and became limited to the following areas: Rural areas for 50 versts (53 km) from the western border were closed for new settlement of the Jews. In 1917 Congress Poland did not belong to the Pale of Settlement but Jews were allowed to settle there. According to the 1897 census, the governates or guberniyas had

1540-429: The harsh conditions of day-to-day life in the Pale, some two million Jews emigrated from there between 1881 and 1914, mainly to the United States . The Pale of Settlement included the following areas. The ukase of Catherine the Great of December 23, 1791 limited the Pale to: After the Second Partition of Poland , the ukase of June 23, 1794, the following areas were added: After the Third Partition of Poland ,

1584-525: The motivations for its creation and maintenance were primarily economic and nationalist in nature. The end of the enforcement and formal demarcation of the Pale coincided with the beginning of World War I in 1914, when large numbers of Jews fled into the Russian interior to escape the invading German army, and then ultimately in 1917 with the end of the Russian Empire as a result of the February Revolution . The archaic English term pale

1628-473: The number of inhabitants, which resulted in emigration, especially in the late 19th century. Even so, Jewish culture , especially in Yiddish , developed in the shtetls (small towns), and intellectual culture developed in the yeshivot (religious schools) and was also carried abroad. The Russian Empire during the existence of the Pale was predominantly Orthodox Christian , in contrast to the area included in

1672-516: The right to demand the expulsion of Jews in their towns. The laws were anything but temporary, and would be in full effect until at least 1903. In 1910, Jewish members of the State Duma proposed the abolition of the Pale, but the power dynamic of Duma meant that the bill never had a realistic chance to pass. Far-right political elements in the Duma responded by proposing that all Jews be expelled from

1716-448: The school and sought to make it more secular, eventually closing it in 1879. The authorities re-opened it in 1881, but required all teachers to have diplomas from Russian institutions and to teach Russian language and culture. This requirement was not only untenable to the Jews, but essentially impossible, and the school closed for the last time in 1892. Regardless, the school had great impact: its students went on to form many new yeshivas in

1760-499: The town's largest ethnic group. In 1915, all residents living within 30 kilometres (19 miles) from the fortress were forcibly resettled into Russia, and during the evacuation, the town was ransacked and burned. Terespol was reintegrated with Poland, after the country regained independence in 1918. In the Second Polish Republic Terespol was part of the Lublin Voivodeship . During World War II Terespol

1804-527: The −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm or a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb ) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm. Around Terespol one can find some of the old fortifications that were once part of the Brest Fortress . In Terespol there is a former powder magazine of the fortress. Other sights include the 19th-century monument to the construction of the highway connecting Warsaw with nearby Brest, and modern monuments:

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1848-671: Was briefly occupied by the Soviets in September 1939, and then by Nazi Germany from 1939 to 1944. During the occupation, most Jews were murdered in the Holocaust . The Germans also established a transit camp for Polish prisoners of war in Terespol. Terespol became a border town after the Soviet Union annexed former eastern territories of Poland . Terespol has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) using

1892-421: Was greatly increased, but the freedom of movement of Jews was greatly restricted and officially kept within the boundaries of the pale. The name "Pale of Settlement" first arose under the rule of Tsar Nicholas I . Under his rule (1825 to 1855), the Pale gradually shrank and became more restrictive. In 1827, Jews living in Kiev were severely restricted by imperial decree. In 1835 the provinces of Astrakhan and

1936-424: Was mostly forbidden. Most Jews were still excluded from residency in a number of cities within the Pale as well. A few Jews were allowed to live outside the area, including those with university education, the ennobled, members of the most affluent of the merchant guilds and particular artisans , some military personnel and some services associated with them, including their families, and sometimes their servants. Pale

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