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132-534: The Tesla Supercharger network is an electric vehicle fast charging network built and operated by American vehicle manufacturer Tesla, Inc. The Supercharger network was introduced on September 24, 2012, as the Tesla Model S entered production, with six sites in California and Nevada. As of July 2024, Tesla operates a network of 6,500 Supercharger stations with nearly 60,000 connectors. The network

264-451: A Tesla Megapack energy storage system mounted on a semi-trailer truck . These stations provide temporary stations for nearby events, expand capacity during peak travel seasons, or can be deployed when a station needs to be taken offline. The Megapack can charge up to 100 vehicles before being depleted. V4 charging posts began to roll out in early 2023 and have longer cables for charging vehicles from other automakers. The charging posts have

396-528: A credit card reader allowing non-Tesla owners to charge without downloading the Tesla app. The voltage range was increased to 1000 V and it supports up to 615 A (charging cable) / 1000 A (charging pole) for power delivery. However, they are currently software limited to 250 kW. Tesla began installing a "Magic Dock" at some locations in February 2023. The dock holds a NACS to CCS adapter. When

528-663: A $ 100 discount on tablets, laptops and desktops for them. The program ran out of funds on April 30, 2024. The law also requires the FCC to return consumer broadband labels it developed in 2016 to statute, to revise its public comment process and to issue rules and model policies for combating digital deployment discrimination, with the United States Attorney General 's cooperation, and the Government Accountability Office to deliver

660-641: A $ 547 billion plan, called the INVEST in America Act, which would address parts of the American Jobs Plan. On July 1, the House passed an amended $ 715 billion infrastructure bill focused on land transportation and water. On May 27, Republican senator Shelley Moore Capito presented a $ 928 billion plan, and on June 4, increased it by about $ 50 billion; this was quickly rejected by

792-486: A 2014 filing with the SEC, Tesla reported an "estimated useful life of 12 years". Most car charging occurs at home or work, a situation that Tesla has compared to cell phone charging. As of 2014, less than 10% of charging came from Superchargers. For 2021, Tesla states the network had 99.96% uptime (at least 50% daily capacity) and its power was 100% renewable (through solar power on-site and through purchasing electricity which

924-449: A 350 kW charger equipment cabinet, but up to three cabinets can share power among themselves via a DC bus. In practice, in most cases, this allows each post to deliver maximum power regardless of nearby charging sessions. The V3 charge posts use a liquid-cooled cable which allows the cable to be thinner and lighter while delivering more power. Tesla introduced mobile Supercharger stations in 2019 with several urban supercharger posts and

1056-519: A NACS-equipped vehicle driver uses the charger, they remove the NACS connector from the docked adapter. When a CCS-equipped vehicle driver reserves a charger via the Tesla mobile app , the Magic Dock releases the NACS to CCS adapter. The "magic" is that the adapter always remains captive – either locked in the dock on the charger (when the NACS connector is in use) or locked onto the NACS connector (when

1188-507: A breath-based and a touch-based sensor that stops the car if the driver is above the legal blood alcohol content , and will be open-sourced to automobile manufacturers. Under the law, the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) will be required to develop regulations for a system that can detect distracted, fatigued, or impaired drivers. The NHTSA has recommended implementing a camera-based warning system for

1320-633: A broad remit over transportation research akin to DARPA , HSARPA , IARPA , ARPA-E , and ARPA-H , with the first appropriations of $ 3.22 million being made in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 . Lastly, it broadens the powers of the Federal Permitting Improvement Steering Council, to provide faster conflict resolution among agencies, in speeding up infrastructure design approvals. An October 2021 report written by

1452-506: A charging current of 546 kW was demonstrated on a Zeekr V3 Supercharger with the Zeekr 001 . [49] Accordingly, Zeekr Power is beginning to build a fast-charging network in China with charging stations with a maximum of 800 A and a continuous output of up to 600 kW. 1,000 locations with 10,000 charging points are planned by 2026. In Europe, Ionity plans to add 600 kW chargers to

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1584-553: A cooperation with Chademo in 2018 to specify charging options beyond 500 kW. China's own GB/T plug was specified for a maximum of 237.5 kW (250 A at 950 V), but most of these stations were designed for 50 kW only. Chademo, on the other hand, introduced a new version of its stations with 400 kW in June 2018 - having liquid-cooled cables. The new standard for China and Japan was finally resolved in April 2020 thereby creating

1716-423: A deal caused a late September House vote to be postponed. On October 2, Pelosi set a new deadline of October 31. By October 28, Jayapal and other progressive leaders indicated that they were willing to vote on the bill separately, but Sanders and others opposed this. On October 31, a majority of progressives signaled that they would support both bills. Votes on both bills were considered on November 5, but

1848-640: A demonstrator "Mission E", which had twice the on-board voltage of 800 V and it was able to charge at that doubled level. ABB already had liquid-cooled converters on offer for rail vehicles. In October 2015, ABB showed a demonstrator of a 150 kW charging station, and in November 2015, it joined the CharIN consortium, which had been founded in May to promote the Combined Charging System . CharIN

1980-534: A different tariff. In technical terms, the Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) approach to performance billing became widespread. The Tesla Superchargers showed that the range of a day's journey is hardly reduced for electric cars. The first stations from Tesla in Europe were placed in the corridor from Amsterdam to Munich in 2013, and drivers started to use it instantly. It was predictable at

2112-455: A distinction was made between the mobility provider (EMSP - E-Mobility Service Provider), which takes care of registration and billing, and the charging station operators (CPO - Charge Point Operator), who keep the charging points operational. The mobility provider commonly creates an app now that displays the charging points that can be offered for a charging process for their own tariff, or showing third-party providers stations marking them having

2244-712: A higher-capacity Megacharger as part of the unveiling of a prototype for its Tesla Semi , a semi-trailer truck . These Megachargers provide 400 miles (644 km) of charge in 30 minutes to the Tesla Semis. In November 2021, the first Megacharger was installed at the Gigafactory Nevada where the Tesla Semi is built. A second Megacharger was permitted for construction at a PepsiCo facility in Modesto, California, in late 2021. The megawatt-class cable for

2376-478: A key role in closing gaps in later fast charging offerings. With the ChargePoint Express , the company also offered its own fast chargers with Chademo plugs starting in June 2015. In Japan, a pilot project for electric vehicles was started in 2006, with the participation of Nissan, Mitsubishi and today's Subaru, in which faster public charging points were tested. The first public charging point with

2508-427: A least four charging points with 150 kW and in some cases allowing 350 kW. The locations should be less than 120 miles (about 190 km) apart. In "Cycle 3" (January 2022 - July 2024) there are estimates of 25-35 charging points with 150 kW and 10-15 charging points with 350 kW to be built. Due to the fulfillment of just the minimum requirements, many stations are located at mall shopping centers in

2640-608: A long-distance corridor by the California CARB led to the West Coast Electric Highway with fast charging points every 25 to 50 miles from Canada through Oregon and California to Mexico. The first concept specifically names the Nissan Leaf and Mitsubishi iMiEV, which are supported by it. This first fast charging network was completed in 2013. The first mass-produced Tesla model in 2012 also saw

2772-469: A national investment program was defined, "France 2030", which includes the goal to build 50,000 fast chargers. In the US, it was noticed that they were falling behind Europe and China. In 2022, a funding program was launched to enable the construction of 500,000 charging points by 2030 with 7.5 billion dollars. 5 billion of that program were earmarked for building fast chargers along the highway network, in what

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2904-510: A new Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) office specializing in cybersecurity . The infrastructure law created the Wildlife Crossings Pilot Program with $ 350 million in funding over five years. This is a competitive grant program that funds planning and construction projects that prevent wildlife-vehicle collisions and improve the connectivity of animal habitats. The law also allocated $ 1 billion to create

3036-579: A new All Stations Accessibility Program (ASAP). This program is designed to improve the accessibility of rail system stations that were built before the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). At the time of the infrastructure law's passage, over 900 transit stations were not fully ADA-compliant. The law includes $ 1 billion over five years for Reconnecting Communities planning and construction grants intended to build marginalized community-recommended projects removing or capping highways and railroads,

3168-473: A new plug type named ChaoJi . An revision from 2023 did also bring the possibility for 1500 V with 800 A. However, the available vehicles operated with a maximum of 800 V at the time. These had come onto the Chinese market from 2022 and allowed up to 600 A. Since January 2024, CATL has been supplying 4 C batteries to Chinese vehicle manufacturers, which allow even higher charging currents. In April 2024,

3300-568: A reconciliation bill costing $ 3.5 trillion, breaking the stalemate and allowing the bipartisan bill to move forward. That day, the Senate voted 67–32 to advance the bill, and on July 30, voted 66–28 to proceed to its consideration. The legislation text was completed and substituted into the bill on August 1. On August 5, Schumer moved to truncate debate on the legislation, setting up a procedural vote on August 7, which passed 67–27. Fifteen or more amendments were expected to receive votes through

3432-530: A report on updating broadband thresholds by November 2022. To support safe drinking water programs, the law provides: For surface water programs, such as watershed management and pollution control , the law provides: The Act provides $ 8 billion for helping Western states deal with the Southwestern North American megadrought . Spending for many related projects is included under the category "Western Water Infrastructure". Prior to

3564-638: A single vehicle can charge at 350 kW. Technically, NEVI follows the model of Electrify America , which was founded and financed by the Volkswagen Group of America in 2017 after the Dieselgate . There are agreements with California in the ZEVI plan ( Zero-Emission Vehicle Investment Plan ), which are regularly updated. In "Cycle 2" (July 2019 - December 2021), the requirements for fast chargers were raised - on highway locations they shall have

3696-499: A third of all IIJA funding, was allocated to more than 40,000 projects related to infrastructure , transport , and sustainability . By May 2024, the law's halfway mark, the numbers had increased to $ 454 billion (38 percent of the Act's funds) for more than 56,000 projects, and by the third anniversary in November 2024, they had increased to $ 568 billion (47 percent) to 68,000 projects, leaving 53 percent of IIJA funds unallocated but showing

3828-581: A total of $ 65 billion in advancing the U.S. quest for broadband universal service . Of this $ 65 billion, the law invests $ 42.45 billion in a new infrastructure grant program by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration called the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment Program , with highest priority going to communities with Internet speeds below 25 downstream and 3 upstream Mbps . $ 2 billion will go to

3960-538: Is driving development forward. However, installing a battery management system for several battery packs increases complexity and costs, so that with the increasing availability of HPC networks, all vehicle manufacturers began to develop an on-board architecture in 800 volts. This can be based on electronics from the field of trams and subways, which are nominally designed for 750 volts of traction current, including motors that can tolerate load peaks of up to around 1200 volts. Based on that, there are some start-ups that use

4092-422: Is guaranteed a minimum of $ 45 million per year from this program. At least 15% of each state's funds must be spent on off-system bridges (i.e., public bridges that are not on federal-aid highways), and 3% is set aside each year for bridges on tribal lands. Off-system and tribal bridge projects may be funded with a 100% federal share (as opposed to the standard 80% federal share). With $ 12.5 billion over five years,

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4224-596: Is implemented through the Federal-State Partnership for Intercity Passenger Rail program, which will receive $ 36 billion in advance appropriations and $ 7.5 billion in fully authorized funds. The Consolidated Rail Infrastructure and Safety Improvements program will receive $ 5 billion in advance appropriations and $ 5 billion in fully authorized funds, while programs for grade separation replacing level crossings will receive $ 3 billion in advance appropriations and $ 2.5 billion in fully authorized funds, and

4356-600: Is mainly driven by the utility companies which also build charging stations for private owners. Along the motorways it is mostly Iberdrola being active, which received 1 billion Euro through an agreement with BP in 2023 in order to build 11,000 fast chargers, mostly HPC stations. Additionally there is the startup Zunder that started to build HPC chargers. They received funding in 2022 from an investor getting 100 Million Euro (300 million over three years) to build 4.000 fast chargers until 2025 in Spain and partially France. With

4488-808: Is primarily deployed in three regions: Asia Pacific (over 2,650 stations), North America (over 2,550), and Europe (over 1,200). Since 2019 most superchargers deployed have been able to output as much as 250 kilowatts (kW). As of January 2024 approximately 68% of chargers have V3 or V4 stalls capable of outputting this amount. Usage is typically billed by the energy consumed during charging. To discourage loitering, fees may be charged to customers who remain plugged in after charging has been completed. Tesla typically places Superchargers near major highways at locations with amenities for drivers, such as restrooms, restaurants, and shopping. Some sites also have solar canopies and Megapacks installed by Tesla Energy to offset energy use and provide drivers with protection from

4620-411: Is typically billed by the energy consumed during charging. Idle fees can be charged to customers who remain plugged in after charging has been completed to discourage loitering and, beginning in 2023, some sites have begun to introduce congestion charges to discourage charging at high states of charge when charging is generally slower. All charges accrued during supercharging are billed to the Tesla account

4752-767: The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law ( BIL ), ( H.R. 3684 ) is a United States federal statute enacted by the 117th United States Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden on November 15, 2021. It was introduced in the House as the INVEST in America Act and nicknamed the Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill. The act was initially a $ 547–715 billion infrastructure package that included provisions related to federal highway aid, transit, highway safety , motor carrier, research, hazardous materials and rail programs of

4884-588: The Department of Transportation . After congressional negotiations, it was amended and renamed the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to add funding for broadband access , clean water and electric grid renewal in addition to the transportation and road proposals of the original House bill. This amended version included approximately $ 1.2 trillion in spending, with $ 550 billion newly authorized spending on top of what Congress

5016-479: The GB/T charging standard (an abbreviation of "GuoBiao/TuiJian", translated as "recommended national standard"). The average number of Tesla cars per Supercharger stall was 34 in 2016. As of September 2023, Tesla bids building its chargers at about half the cost of its competitors. Cost estimates per station range from US$ 100,000 in 2013 to US$ 270,000 in 2015, depending on the number of stalls and other circumstances. In

5148-730: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to develop a safety mechanism to prevent drunk driving , which causes about 10,000 deaths each year in the United States as of 2021, which will be rolled out in phases for retroactive fitting, and will become mandatory for all new vehicles in 2027. The technology, which is being developed by NHTSA in cooperation with the Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety and Swedish automobile safety company Autoliv , consists of

5280-703: The USDA $ 5.5 billion of the $ 65 billion total to deliver broadband to rural communities smaller than 20,000 people, $ 5 million of which is obligated to utility cooperatives . The law invests $ 14.2 billion of the total in the Federal Communications Commission 's Affordable Connectivity Program , the successor to the American Rescue Plan's broadband subsidies. It gives a $ 30 monthly discount on internet services to qualifying low-income families ($ 75 on tribal lands), and provides

5412-593: The United Arab Emirates have sites. Qatar was expected to have its first Superchargers by the end of Q1 2024. The only nation in Africa to have Supercharger sites is Morocco . As of July 2024, the European region has more than 1,250 Supercharging sites across more than 20 countries. China is the second largest market for Superchargers after the United States. Tesla operates over 2,000 sites in

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5544-854: The "E-Platform 3.0" - while the BYD Yuan Plus (2022) still used its 400 V variant in China, the BYD Seal (2023) came with the 800 V variant being sold internationally. Geely developed the Sustainable Experience Architecture (SEA), which was expanded to include an 800 Volt variant, also licensing it to other vehicle manufacturers. Vehicles with the PMA2+ variant were the Geely Galaxy E8 (2023) and Zeekr 007 (2023). From 2024 onwards, all major manufacturers started switching to 800 volts. Audi and Porsche will use

5676-403: The "Mega-E" project, again funded by EU, to build an HPC charging network with 322 locations and 27 EV charging hubs. A total of 1,300 HPC charging points with up to 350 kW were to be built until 2025. From 2021, Allego also began converting the "Fast-E" locations to HPC charging stations. The "Fast-E" project had built 40 fast chargers with 50 kW from 2016, also with EU funding. However,

5808-504: The 1971 creation of Amtrak (which under the law will receive $ 22 billion in advance appropriations and $ 19 billion in fully authorized funds). It directly appropriated $ 66 billion for rail over a five-year period (including the Amtrak appropriations), of which at least $ 18 billion is designated for expanding passenger rail service to new corridors, and it authorized an additional $ 36 billion. Most of this funding for new passenger rail lines

5940-540: The 25 km grid was almost achieved. The German federal government had promoted the development from August 2021 with tenders for a Deutschlandnetz . The funding included up to 2 billion Euro expecting 10,000 HPC charging ports, of which 1,8 billion were awarded in 2022. This funding was extended at the end of 2022 adding another 6 billion Euro for the time frame up to 2030 expecting the number of public charging stations to get to 1 million. The infrastructure agency wants to concentrate on fast chargers but no specific goal

6072-449: The 501 sites that had received funding to-date. 10 days later, Musk promised to invest US$ 500M to expand the network this year, which would be "a significant reduction" from the original plans for 2024, according to former Tesla employees, resulting in an estimated 77% reduction in the rate of charging port deployment. The responsibilities for Supercharger construction and contract management have been taken over by Tesla's energy team. Usage

6204-483: The BIP is a competitive grant program to replace, rehabilitate, preserve, or make resiliency improvements to bridges. Half of the funding is reserved for large bridge projects, which are defined as projects that cost over $ 100 million. Large projects are funded at a maximum 50% federal share, while other projects are funded at a maximum 80% federal share. The infrastructure law is the largest investment in passenger rail since

6336-496: The Biden administration. On June 8, the administration shifted its focus to a bipartisan group of 20 senators, which had been working on a package tentatively priced around $ 900 billion. On June 10, a bipartisan group of 10 senators reached a deal costing $ 974 billion over five years; or about $ 1.2 trillion if stretched over eight years. On June 16, the plan was endorsed by a bipartisan group of 21 senators. On June 24,

6468-638: The CCS adapter is in use). The Magic Dock allows Tesla to qualify for U.S. federal government incentives totaling $ 7.5 billion to build out CCS-equipped charging infrastructure. In September 30, 2024, SAE announced its completion of the standardization of NACS as SAE J3400. The implication is instead of a monopoly standard of one single company, it has become now the standard from a well recognized international organization. As of January 2024, most automakers in North America have pledged to switch to

6600-666: The Corridor. To help plan and guide the expansion of passenger rail service beyond the Northeast Corridor , the infrastructure law also created a $ 1.8 billion Corridor Identification and Development Program . The law also expands eligibility for a potential $ 23 billion in transit funding to these corridors and changes the allocation methods for state government-supported passenger rail shorter than 750 miles, to encourage states to implement more such service. The law established and authorized $ 1.75 billion over five years for

6732-470: The House would not vote on the physical infrastructure bill until the larger bill passes in the Senate, despite the fact that reconciliation overrides much of the obstructive power of the filibuster . White House officials stated on July 7 that legislative text was nearing completion. On July 14, the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee advanced an energy bill expected to be included in

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6864-743: The IIJA invests $ 45 billion in innovation and industrial policy for key emerging technologies in energy; $ 430 million –$ 21 billion in new demonstration projects at the DOE; and nearly $ 24 billion in onshoring, supply chain resilience , and bolstering U.S.-held competitive advantages in energy; the latter amount will be divided into an $ 8.6 billion investment in carbon capture and storage , $ 3 billion in battery material reprocessing, $ 3 billion in battery recycling , $ 1 billion in rare-earth minerals stockpiling, and $ 8 billion in new research hubs for green hydrogen . The DOE has imposed grant requirements on $ 7 billion of

6996-446: The IIJA's battery and transportation spending, which are meant to promote community benefits agreements , social justice , and formation of trade unions . It created the $ 225 million Resilient and Efficient Codes Implementation program for cities, tribes and counties to revise building codes for electrical and heating work. Finally, the law gives $ 4.7 billion to cap orphan wells abandoned by oil and gas companies. The law invests

7128-440: The IIJA, CaSA, and IRA together catalyzed over $ 988 billion in private investment (including $ 446 billion in electronics and semiconductors, $ 180 billion in electric vehicles and batteries, $ 184 billion in clean power, $ 84 billion in clean energy tech manufacturing and infrastructure, and $ 48 billion in heavy industry) and over $ 696.3 billion in public infrastructure spending (including $ 96.8 billion in energy aside from tax credits in

7260-498: The IRA). In September 2023, White House data revealed that 60 percent of the Act's energy and transmission funding (up to that point, totaling $ 12.31 billion) had been awarded to states that voted majority Republican in the 2020 election cycle. Of the Act's top ten recipients, seven states had voted majority Republican, with Wyoming ($ 1.95 billion) and Texas ($ 1.71 billion) in the lead. The largest single energy project to receive Act funds

7392-536: The IRS portion of the funding had reportedly been scrapped. Biden stipulated that a separate "human infrastructure" bill (notably child care , home care , and climate change ) – later known as the Build Back Better Act  – must also pass, whether through bipartisanship or reconciliation , but later walked back this position. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi similarly stated that

7524-563: The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. The Georgetown Climate Center tried to estimate how the $ 599 billion investment for surface transportation in the law can impact emissions from transportation. It created two scenarios: "high emissions" and "low emissions". In the first scenario, from the money dedicated to highways, more money will go to building new highways, while in the second, more will go to repairing existing highways. The other spending areas characteristics are not so different. The first scenario sees increased cumulative emissions over

7656-632: The Megacharger supports three times the current density of the V3 Supercharger—35 amperes/mm versus approximately 12 for the V3. The cable is also liquid-cooled to support 1000-amp charge rates at 1000 volts in the future. [REDACTED] Media related to Tesla Supercharger at Wikimedia Commons Fast charging network Electric vehicles have the advantage that they do not require any special infrastructure for charging when they are launched on

7788-466: The NTIA's Tribal Broadband Connectivity Program, $ 1 billion to a new middle mile infrastructure program, $ 1.44 billion in formula grants to state and territorial digital equity plan implementation, $ 60 million in formula grants to new digital equity plan development, and $ 1.25 billion in discretionary grants to "specific types of political subdivisions to implement digital equity projects". The law gives

7920-523: The National Culvert Removal, Replacement, and Restoration Grant program to improve the passage of anadromous fish such as salmon . Biden's infrastructure advisor and the staffer in charge of implementing the law has been identified as Mitch Landrieu . Biden's National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan has been identified as the staffer in charge of ensuring the law does not conflict with American foreign policy interests. To support

8052-743: The North American Charging System (NACS). Initially, owners of cars with CCS1 will be offered a NACS adapter to enable charging at Tesla's network, then, starting in 2025, the manufacturers will begin implementing NACS ports in their new cars. In February, Ford became the first automaker to offer an adapter to customers, allowing Ford vehicles to charge with the adapter on a majority of Tesla's V3 and V4 chargers. Tesla also began rolling out V4 chargers in North America in October 2023 with integrated "Magic Dock" CCS1 adapters and payment terminals for charging vehicles without an adapter or

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8184-758: The REPEAT Project, a partnership between the Evolved Energy Research firm and Princeton University 's ZERO Lab, said the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act alone will make only a small reduction in emissions, but as they say: We lack modeling capabilities to reflect the net effect of surface transportation investments in highways (which tend to increase on-road vehicle and freight miles traveled) and rail and public transit (which tend to reduce on-road vehicle and freight miles traveled). These significant programs are therefore not modeled in this analysis, an important limitation of our assessment of

8316-493: The Restoration and Enhancement Grant program intended to revive discontinued passenger rail services will receive $ 250 million in advance appropriations and $ 250 million in fully authorized funds. Per the law's requirements, at least $ 12 billion is available and $ 3.4–4.1 billion authorized for expanding service outside of the Northeast Corridor , and $ 24 billion is available and $ 3.4–4.1 billion authorized to partially rebuild

8448-629: The Squad ") in supporting the legislation. The six Democrats who voted 'No' stated that their opposition was because the legislation had been decoupled from the social-safety net provisions of the Build Back Better bill. Biden signed the bill into law at a signing ceremony on November 15. The following is the bill summary authorized by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) for the INVEST in America Act,

8580-763: The Supercharger, in 2015, Tesla briefly implemented a battery swapping station at Harris Ranch in California. The Tesla battery station performed a few swaps and was discontinued shortly afterwards. "Urban" Supercharger posts were introduced in September 2017. These more compact posts have a maximum power delivery of 72   kW but do not share equipment with other posts, allowing the maximum power to be delivered. These more compact posts are primarily deployed in urban areas such as shopping malls, parking lots, and garages. V3 stations were introduced in 2019 and could deliver up to 250 kW. Up to four posts can share

8712-556: The Superchargers already held 60% of the market (measured in terms of reported charging points with CCS to NACS - usage even exceeded this). This preconditions created a market opportunity for another fast-charging network, which was founded in the form of Ionna in 2024. This company has a strong overlap with the European Ionity in terms of the founders and the concept . In Spain the development of public fast chargers

8844-509: The Taycan from 2019, Porsche was the first manufacturer to be able to use the doubled charging speed of the HPC chargers with an on-board architecture of 800 volts - actually it maxed out at 270 kW. However, it turned out that you can also use the doubled charging speed with the already common on-board architecture in 400 volts - if you have the battery pack in two parts and connect them in series. This

8976-456: The Tesla App. As of May 2024, only 17 V4 chargers have been deployed in North America. Only six of these allow use of the magic dock with only 2 of those confirmed to allow use of the payment terminal. Although a NEVI -funded charger must offer a credit card payment onsite, Tesla has not released any statements on if they plan to open up all V4 chargers to allow use of the payment terminals and magic docks. On November 14, 2024, Tesla announced

9108-571: The Tesla V4 Superchargers with 350 kW were introduced, which are intended for the Tesla Cybertruck with 800 V electrical system. The Netherlands were the first to subsidize the charging infrastructure. This had been achieved through agreements with the three local operators, so by April 2023 there were 5201 fast chargers ready in the country. A similar approach was used in France where the regional governments put in public-private partnership agreements to build infrastructure including charging stations (PIA - Programme d'Investissements d'Avenir). 2023

9240-419: The Volkswagen Group's Premium Platform Electric , that includes Porsche Macan (2024) and Audi Q6 e-tron (2024). BMW showed the " New Class " at the IAA 2023 with new models from 2025. Mercedes Benz is switching to the Mercedes Modular Architecture (MMA), whose electric motors in the "eATS 2.0" series are based on 800 volts. These are also used in the eActross 600 (2024) series. The spread of 800 V influences

9372-537: The administration had been accelerating funding approvals. Public attention has remained relatively low, due in part to slow implementation of projects. The White House offers a "Map of Progress" which tracks all spending that resulted from the act. According to the New Democrat -linked think tank Center for American Progress , the IIJA, the CHIPS and Science Act , and the Inflation Reduction Act have together catalyzed over 35,000 public and private investments. Economists Noah Smith and Joseph Politano credited

9504-528: The appropriate key for the switch box, which was handed out by the association. When the GM EV1 was developed for California in 1996, public charging points were part of the concept. The GM Hughes Electronics Corporation had already proposed an inductive charging connector for public charging points in 1992. However, the separate charger with 6.6 kW only achieved a little more than the on-board charger for household electricity with 1.2 kW. On top of that,

9636-401: The bipartisan group met with the president and reached a compromise deal costing $ 1.2 trillion over eight years, which focuses on physical infrastructure (notably roads, bridges, railways, water, sewage, broadband, electric vehicles). This was planned to be paid for through reinforced Internal Revenue Service (IRS) collection, unspent COVID-19 relief funds, and other sources. By July 2021,

9768-488: The bipartisan package. On July 21, Senate Majority Leader Charles Schumer put forward a "shell bill" for a vote to kick off debate in the Senate, intending to add the bipartisan text via an amendment. On July 25, Republican senator Rob Portman stated that an agreement was "about 90%" complete, with mass transit being one remaining point of contention. On July 30, Portman stated that this had been resolved. On July 28, Senator Kyrsten Sinema stated that she did not support

9900-566: The car is associated with or to the credit card on file for that account. Unlimited free supercharging for life was offered as a promotion for Model S and Model X cars ordered prior to January 15, 2017, and between August 2, 2019 and May 26, 2020. Unlimited supercharging was also offered during specific periods for vehicles purchased with referral codes. Additionally, Model S and Model X cars that were ordered between January 15, 2017, and November 2, 2018, received 400 kWh (about 1,000 miles or 1,600 km) of free Supercharging credits per year. After

10032-805: The charging sites had already been prepared for 350 kW. In July 2022, Allego exercised a purchase option on the 100 locations with 770 fast chargers that had already been built. The development along motorways has been ongoing steadily, and by 2020 half of the existing fast charging locations in Germany were equipped with HPC stations. For October 2022, the BDEW (Federal Association of the Energy and Water Industries in Germany) reported that full area coverage along motorways with HPC chargers has been achieved when looking at 50 km grid, and even full area coverage of

10164-506: The company initially focusing on high-traffic corridors. The first six stations enabled travel between Los Angeles , San Francisco , Lake Tahoe in California and Las Vegas , Nevada. Soon after, two stations were installed along Interstate 95 in Connecticut and Delaware , enabling trips between Boston, New York and Washington, DC. By mid-July 2013, 15 stations were open across the United States. In October 2013, Tesla announced that

10296-467: The competitive portion would award $ 8.8 million to 12 communities on October 12, 2023, with the next award applications due in April (later changed to October) 2024. By June 28, 2024, the seventh tranche of funding had been awarded from the EECBG program, totaling about $ 150 million for 175 communities, with that date's instance seeing $ 18.5 million awarded to four states and 20 communities. In April 2023,

10428-667: The countries in the world in the top 10 of electric vehicle adoption rates . Tesla started testing the charging of non-Tesla cars in the Netherlands in 2021 and in Norway in early 2022 on 15 large un-congested stations with CCS2. Tesla opened new stations for non-Tesla cars in several countries in 2022, including France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. In the Middle East only Israel , Jordan and

10560-467: The country with over 12,000 stalls as of July 2024. Superchargers are also available in the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . As of July 2024, other countries with Superchargers include South Korea with 163 sites, Japan with 119, Taiwan with 107, Australia with 94, New Zealand with 25, Thailand with 18, Singapore with eleven, Malaysia with eleven and Kazakhstan with two. In November 2017, Tesla announced

10692-467: The credits are exhausted, supercharging is billed at normal price. As of October 2024, Tesla operates a network of 6,750 Supercharger stations with over 62,400 connectors. The network is primarily deployed in three regions: Asia Pacific (over 2,750 stations), North America (over 2,700), and Europe (nearly 1,300). The first Superchargers in the world opened in 2012 in the United States , with

10824-418: The defining feature for locations on highways. The first charging stations in these charging parks already reached 90 kW, increased to 120 kW in 2013 and later to 145 kW. Additionally, the Tesla navigation system took over the planning of the necessary charging stops for a planned trip. In China, the five-year plan 2015-2020 decided to build 800,000 charging points. In the 2021 evaluation (within

10956-445: The density of charging stations for their travel. The high investment costs for fast-charging stations led to vehicle manufacturers to bring their own charging stations into a cross-manufacturer network, also enabling access to third-party providers through cooperation with other charging networks, still offeringg on uniform billing to the customer. With the replacement of vehicle manufacturers building each their own fast charging sites,

11088-419: The development of fast charging networks. In order to remain future-proof, most HPC charging stations had been designed from the start to support charging voltages of up to 1000 V. However, there are many charging stations types with two or more connection cables that can only be operated at up to 500 volts at the same time - if a vehicle is connected with 800 volts, the other charging points are switched off. With

11220-543: The drive battery has led to range anxiety . In addition to having particularly large batteries - the Tesla Model S from 2012 reached over 600 km - people began to set up fast charging points on long-distance routes. Tesla's Superchargers showed that impressively, although they were not the first fast charging network. The pioneers of interrelated public charging points can be found in the Park & Charge sites, where

11352-459: The elements. The original V1 and V2 Tesla supercharging stations were built with a single charger equipment cabinet consisting of four modules shared between two charge posts. When cars are connected to the two posts, and both request maximum power, the station will assign two or three of the four modules to the car plugged in first, and the rest to the later car, limiting the charging output to each car to be 50%-50% or 75%-25%. As an alternative to

11484-551: The enactment of the infrastructure law in 2021, no dedicated federal bridge funding had existed since fiscal year 2013. The law created two new programs specifically to fund bridge projects: With $ 27.5 billion over five years, the BFP distributes funds to every state, the District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico based on a formula that accounts for each state's cost to replace or rehabilitate its poor or fair condition bridges. Each state

11616-494: The energy policy of the United States. The Boston Consulting Group projects $ 41 billion of the Act will be germane to climate action in energy. $ 11 billion of the $ 73 billion amount will be invested in the electrical grid 's adjustment to renewable energy , with some of the money going to new loans for electric power transmission lines and required studies for future transmission needs. $ 6 billion of that $ 73 billion will go to domestic nuclear power . Also of that $ 73 billion,

11748-596: The entire West Coast was opened along Interstate 5 and US Route 101 . In January 2014, the first coast-to-coast corridor was completed: from Los Angeles to Chicago via South Dakota, then to New York City. Supercharging stations were available in Canada along Ontario Highway 401 and Quebec Autoroute 20 corridor between Toronto and Montreal by 2014. As of July 2024, the United States (including Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico) has over 2,300 Supercharging sites with nearly 26,500 stalls, more than any other nation in

11880-745: The final bill, de-emphasized these incentives. The final version restores the Superfund excise tax on certain chemicals which expired in 1995. According to NPR , the version which passed the Senate on July 28 was set to include: The law would also make the Minority Business Development Agency a permanent agency. It authorizes the DOT to create an organization called the Advanced Research Projects Agency–Infrastructure (ARPA–I), with

12012-1000: The first $ 185 million of which were awarded to 45 projects on February 28, 2023. The program was later combined with the Neighborhood Equity and Access program from the Inflation Reduction Act for efficiency reasons, before the next 132 projects were given $ 3.3 billion in awards on March 13, 2024. The Act creates the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) program within the Department of Energy. It provides funding of up to $ 4.155 billion to state governments for up to 80 percent of eligible project costs, to add substantial open-access electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure along major highway corridors. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act requires

12144-888: The first charger to open in Poland. Tesla opened a grid-connected 2-stall Supercharger at Nürburgring in 2019. There are a few privately operated Supercharger stations such as the one opened on April 27, 2016, in Zarechye , Russia, with 3 stalls. In 2015, the European Supercharger network was planned to allow a Model S to drive from the North Cape (near Honningsvåg ) in Norway to Istanbul , Turkey or Lisbon , Portugal. As of August 2023, there are Supercharger stations in or near both Istanbul and Lisbon. The map of current and planned sites includes every European Union country except Malta and Cyprus , and represents all of

12276-514: The following years, the cooling was improved, regularly allowing 500 A. The Tesla V3 Superchargers, which started to use liquid-cooled cables by 2019, did allow up to 250 kW (short-term output of 625 A). In October 2017 the operator Ionity was founded, with most of the companies that were involved in "Ultra-E", to set up the HPC charging network. Until the end of 2020, 400 fast-charging stations with up to 350 kW were to be set up at intervals of around 120 km. The first charging station

12408-757: The former, similar to a technology mandated by the European Union in July 2022. The law also requires the NHTSA's New Car Assessment Program to test collision avoidance systems in preparation for new federal regulations; new DOT reporting requirements for statistical data on crashes involving motorized scooters and electric bicycles ; new federal regulations on headlamps; research directives on technology to protect pedestrians and cyclists, advanced driver-assistance systems , federal hood and bumper regulations, smart city infrastructure, and self-driving cars ; and

12540-417: The full number of amps, the method of metering by the minutes of charging became the widespread basis for billing. At that time, NFC cards for billing were already known from public transport networks. As charging networks developed further, card readers were integrated into charging stations. The drivers of electric vehicles now had to register with several charging networks if necessary in order to increase

12672-433: The fundamental business, he dismissed the entire team. The move was widely expected to slow deployment of stations in the short- to medium-term. Executives at charging companies have begun to prepare for Tesla to pull out of the federal National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure program, announced in 2023 with a goal to add 500,000 charging ports over the next five years. Tesla had been awarded contracts to build chargers at 69 of

12804-635: The hesitation of several moderates to pass the reconciliation bill before it could be scored by the Congressional Budget Office made passing the bipartisan bill unlikely. Negotiations between centrist and progressive Democrats concluded with the centrists committing to passing the Build Back Better Act. The bill ultimately went to a vote, as did a rule to vote on the larger bill once it was scored, passing 228–206; 13 Republicans joined all but six Democrats (members of "

12936-404: The implementation of the Act, Biden issued Executive Order 14052, which establishes a task force comprising most of his Cabinet. Biden appointed Landrieu and then- United States National Economic Council chief Brian Deese as the task force co-chairs. In May 2022, the Biden administration published a manual on the use of the law, aimed mainly at local authorities. The manual briefly describes

13068-406: The increasing use of 800-volt architectures, the future charging networks must be designed accordingly, and at the same time they must plan for the increase in load above 500 A. Ionity/Ionna is the operator that ensured from the start that all charging points deliver 350 kW. In China, the development of fast chargers was recognized while the five-year plan 2015–2020 was still running, so they started

13200-401: The intention to build 25 fast-charging stations with CCS plugs and 350 kW at intervals of 150 to 200 km in the corridor from Amsterdam/Belgium via Frankfurt/Stuttgart/Munich to Vienna/Graz until the end of 2019. The accompanying Ultra-E study had proposed to limit charging times to 20 minutes, as this would create a new business model with business travelers. The document also mentions

13332-602: The introduction of the V4 Supercharger cabinet, which will start in 2025.  This version can support charging vehicles with 400 and 800V systems as much as 1.2 MW. In November 2018, under pressure from European regulators, Tesla announced that it would begin using the CCS2 charging standard, adding the inlets to new vehicles, offering adapters to existing vehicle owners and adding CCS2 connectors to Superchargers. In China, Tesla equips its vehicles and Superchargers with

13464-830: The largest federal investment in public transit in history. The law includes spending figures of $ 105 billion in public transport. It also spends $ 110 billion on fixing roads and bridges and includes measures for climate change mitigation and improving access for cyclists and pedestrians . Increasing use of public transport and related transit-oriented development can reduce transportation emissions in human settlements by 78% and overall US emissions by 15%. The law includes spending: New or improved, affordable transportation options to increase safe mobility and connectivity for all, including for people with disabilities, through lower-carbon travel like walking, cycling, rolling, and transit that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote active travel. $ 73 billion will be spent on overhauling

13596-580: The list of 1.1 million public chargers), China had installed 470,000 fast chargers in that period (where statistically every charger with more than 22 kW is counted as fast charging in China). Initially, the billing of electricity in the early electric vehicle charging networks was made as cheap as possible, as even an additional electricity meter on a house connection drives up the costs that have to be passed on. The first Tesla charging stations were even offered without billing. Since most vehicles could use

13728-514: The location. The awarding process started slow because there is an application process required that is handled by the individual states, and only a few submissions had been received by the end of 2023. A first NEVI site was commissioned in Ohio in December 2023, with the requirements met by a single EVgo charging station with four connection cables. Four vehicles can charge up to 175 kW, or only

13860-406: The market, but they can rely on the widespread availability for household electricity . For long-distance travel however the charging breaks can get long and may require an overnight stay. The charging points at houses are typically limited to 7 to 16 A at 220-240 volts (1.5 kW to 3.8 kW). The question of whether you will reach your destination or the intermediate point with a full charge of

13992-597: The maximum of 1000 volts of the HPC chargers for their vehicles, including Tesla Semi (2022), at the expense of slightly lowering the durability. In addition to Porsche's innovation, whose 800 V architecture was also used in the Audi e-tron GT (2021), it was Hyundai to develop the E-GMP platform with 800 V early on, which was used in vehicle models from 2021 - Genesis GV60 (2021), Kia EV6 (2021), Hyundai Ioniq 5 (2021), Hyundai Ioniq 6 (2022), Kia EV5 (2023). BYD developed

14124-413: The nation's economy". The detailed plan aimed to create millions of jobs, bolster labor unions , expand labor protections, and address climate change . In mid-April 2021, Republican lawmakers offered a $ 568 billion counterproposal to the American Jobs Plan. On May 9, Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell said it should cost no more than $ 800 billion. On May 21, the administration reduced

14256-759: The network over the next two years starting in 2024. New designs are required for a further increase – the Megawatt Charging System was designed for 1250 to 3000 A. China: Europe: North America: At the end of 2022, China had 760,000 fast chargers ready, Europe had 70,000 fast chargers ready, and the Unites States had 28,000 fast chargers ready. biggest operators in the USA by number of charging ports biggest operators in Germany by number of charging ports NEVI The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act ( IIJA ), also known as

14388-685: The original version which passed the House on July 1, 2021: The specific amounts in surface transportation spending were $ 343 billion for roads, highways, bridges and motor safety, $ 109 billion for transit, and $ 95 billion for rail. Provisions of the bill incentivized prioritizing maintenance and repair spending over spending on new infrastructure, holistically planning for all modes of transport when considering how to connect job centers to housing (including collecting data on reductions in vehicle miles traveled through transit-oriented development ), and lowering speed limits to increase road safety and encourage building complete streets . The Senate version, and

14520-459: The over 350 programs included in the law. Each description includes the aim of the program, its funding and possible recipients, its period of availability, and more. The programs are grouped into four categories: "Transportation", "Climate, Energy and the Environment", "Broadband", and "Other Programs". By the law's second anniversary in November 2023, around $ 400 billion from the law, about

14652-546: The pilot project dates back to 1992 in Switzerland. The microcars ( quadricycles ) supported by this did not have large batteries, so that 3-phase power outlets (32 A at 400 volts) shortened the charging stops sufficiently to enable longer day trips. In the form of an association in which private individuals set up a switch box for the use of other members, the charging points spread further in Europe, mostly on private properties. Authorization to use them consisted of having

14784-480: The price tag to $ 1.7 trillion, which was quickly rejected by Republicans. A day later, a bipartisan group within the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee announced that they had reached a deal for $ 304 billion in U.S. highway funding. This was approved unanimously by the committee on May 26. On June 4, House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Chair Peter DeFazio announced

14916-460: The reconciliation resolution until there was a vote on the bipartisan infrastructure bill. While both Biden and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi had reversed earlier positions to support passing the bipartisan bill separately, progressives including Congressional Progressive Caucus chairwoman Pramila Jayapal and Senator Bernie Sanders maintained that it be utilized as leverage to pass the most expensive reconciliation bill possible. The lack of

15048-463: The resulting TEPCO plug was set up together with the presentation of the Mitsubishi i-MiEV in 2009. In March 2010, the independent CHAdeMO consortium was set up, in which other Japanese vehicle manufacturers participated. The first specification of this time reached a maximum of 125 A with up to 500 V. The typical Chademo charging stations allowing for 50 kW direct current became the basis for

15180-484: The start of setting up Tesla Supercharger . While the Chademo locations were often individual charging stations that used a 125 or 250 A building connection from the energy supplier, the Superchargers were usually set up as charging parks with six to ten charging stations that were supplied by a separately installed converter station, which often had a connection to the energy supplier's medium-voltage network. This became

15312-647: The state-installed public charging points were not usually located on along long travel routes, but rather at train stations preferred for commuters. In 2007, ChargePoint was founded in California, which not only manufactured wall boxes for private households, but also offered to operate them as public charging stations. Additionally they were able to find retailers to provide a place, so that there were charging stations with ChargePoint Home with 16 A and 32 A for 220 V widely available. The later ChargePoint Home Flex even allowed 50 A. Similar to Park & Charge in Europe, these early locations having up to 11 kW played

15444-406: The term High-Power Charging Point (HPC). The first available fast chargers from ABB met the requirements in October 2017 and allowed up to 375 A with liquid-cooled cables. For the vehicles with 400 V electrical systems available at that time, this led to charging stations with 150 kW. This output became the basis for the term high-power charging HPC (from German Hochleistungsladen ). In

15576-442: The term fast charging . When the Nissan Leaf came around in 2010, having a range of up to 160 km (100 miles), the concept of an actual fast charging networks was developed. The Chademo locations were found on roads between cities along corridors, and the navigation system showed the next location along with the calculated remaining range. A charging stop at a 50 kW charger took a maximum of 30 minutes to reach 80%. Plans for

15708-427: The three acts together for spurring booms in factory construction and utility jobs, as well as limiting geographic concentrations of key industries to ensure more dispersed job creation nationwide, though they raised issues of whether the three would serve to limit project delays and significantly increase labor productivity in the long term. The Biden administration itself claimed that as of November 15, 2024 ,

15840-468: The time that the batteries in the premium segment would become larger over they years - which did actually happen for Tesla Model S, which had originally 70 kWh in 2012, then 85 kWh in 2014, 90 kWh in 2015, and 100 kWh in 2016. The possibilities are limited to keeping charging stops short for large batteries as the heating of the cable, plug and battery imposes limits. At the IAA 2015 in September, Porsche showed

15972-437: The weekend. On August 10, the bill was passed by the Senate 69–30. It sets aside $ 550 billion in new spending. A procedural vote on a House rule concerning passing both bills passed along party lines on August 24. In early August, nine moderate Democrats called for an immediate House vote on the bill, citing a desire not to lose the momentum from the Senate passage of the bill. They committed to voting against taking up

16104-405: The wider area of a highway, and the availability for actual charging is assessed poorly. This was repeated with the first NEVI stations. In this setting, Tesla Superchargers achieved a dominant market position in the US after allowing charging for third-party brands from 2020 on. When other vehicle manufacturers finally switched to Tesla#s plug-in system from 2023 ( North American Charging System ,

16236-523: The world. Canada has 218 sites and Mexico has 35. In early 2015, the first European Supercharger was upgraded with a 'solar canopy' (a carport with solar cells on the roof) in Køge , Denmark. According to Tesla the Supercharger had 300 m (3,230 sq ft) of solar cells with a projected annual production of 40   MWh and is, as of 2018, equipped with its own battery bank for temporary storage of excess production. In April 2016, Kostomłoty became

16368-560: The years 2022–2040 by more than 200 million tons, while the second decreases them by around 250 million tons. In August 2022, the Boston Consulting Group analyzed the Act and found $ 41 billion of it would be spent on energy projects germane to climate action, $ 18 billion on similarly germane transportation projects, $ 18 billion on "clean tech" intended to cut hard-to-abate emissions, $ 0 on manufacturing, and $ 34 billion on other climate action provisions. The law includes

16500-592: Was a Generation IV reactor in Kemmerer, Wyoming by the nuclear fission startup TerraPower . In November 2022, the Biden administration announced it would furnish $ 550 million for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant program for clean energy generators for low-income and minority communities, the first such appropriation since the Recovery Act in 2009. The administration announced

16632-457: Was already aiming for an expansion to 350 kW at the time. Version 1.0 of CCS had been standardized up to 200 kW, but it had not yet been implemented. The use of liquid-cooled cables was technically necessary and that had also been tested by Tesla in 2015. The "Ultra-E" project was founded to promote the next generation of charging stations. It started in October 2016, funded by the EU, with

16764-518: Was called the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Program, or NEVI for short. For this purpose, nationwide AFC main travel corridors were designated (AFC - alternative fuel corridors ). The charging locations of the same provider must be 50 miles apart and within one mile of the highway. Then 80% of the costs can be covered if at least four charging stations with at least 150 kW are set up at

16896-569: Was defined. This is based on criticism from the industry that points out that delivery times for HPC stations have gone up to about one year. At the EU level, the AFIR requirements ( Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation ) set a 60 km grid along the TEN-T core network, which must have at least one HPC charger by 2025 and must have a charging park with HPC chargers by 2030. The AFIR came into force immediately on April 13, 2024. Starting in 2023,

17028-477: Was first shown by GM with the electric GMC Hummer EV in 2021. Due to its particularly large battery block of 213 kWh, this has been necessary in order to stay under one hour for a full charge on the go. The first electric trucks also used 400 volt battery packs that can be connected in series, as the Mercedes Benz eActross 400 (2022) was able to show. Here too, the size of the battery block of up to 336 kWh

17160-421: Was matched to renewable generation.) In May 2024, it was reported that Tesla had laid off its entire Supercharger team, including its head, Rebecca Tinucci. Tinucci had made an initial staffing cut of 15–20% two weeks prior, as part of company-wide layoffs; after a meeting with Musk in which she proposed a massive network expansion, he demanded more layoffs. When she resisted, stating that further cuts would affect

17292-668: Was planning to authorize regularly. The amended bill was passed 69–30 by the Senate on August 10, 2021. On November 5, it was passed 228–206 by the House , and ten days later was signed into law by President Biden. On March 31, 2021, President Joe Biden unveiled his $ 2.3 trillion American Jobs Plan (which, when combined with the American Families Plan , amounted to $ 4 trillion in infrastructure spending), pitched by him as "a transformative effort to overhaul

17424-554: Was put into operation in April 2018, with Tritium now also mentioned alongside the charging station manufacturers ABB and Porsche. Porsche did also equip all its car dealer amenities with 800 V stations from 2018. The intended vehicle for that, the Porsche Taycan , came onto the market in 2019. Fastned also began setting up HPC charging stations at the same time, the first by ABB in March 2018. In January 2018, Allego presented

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