106-466: TG3 ( TeleGiornale 3 ) is the brand for Italian state -owned TV channel Rai 3 's news programmes . They are shown domestically and across Europe on Rai 3 . The newscasts are aired from Rai's Studios in Saxa Rubra, Rome, Italy , except for the 12 pm edition which is broadcast from Milan The head-journalist of the show is Giuseppina Paterniti from 31 October 2018. It was launched in 1979, and
212-702: A head of state , known as the president . The Constitution of the Italian Republic is the result of the work of the Constituent Assembly , which was formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of nazis and the fascist forces during the Italian Civil War . Article 1 of the Italian constitution states: "Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to
318-522: A Catholic social and democratic movement, the National Democratic League, led by Romolo Murri . In 1904, Pope Pius X authorized Catholics to participate individually in political life, but in 1909 he condemned the National Democratic League created by Romolo Murri, who was excommunicated. Finally, a law of 3 June 1912 marked Italy's evolution towards a certain political liberalism by establishing universal male suffrage. In 1914, at
424-586: A certain social conservatism. The Republicans took part in the elections to the Italian Parliament, and in 1853 they formed the Action Party around Giuseppe Mazzini . Although in exile, Mazzini was elected in 1866, but refused to take his seat in parliament. Carlo Cattaneo was elected deputy in 1860 and 1867, but refused so as not to have to swear loyalty to the House of Savoy . The problem of
530-515: A concept known as "thought and action" in which thought and action must be joined together and every thought must be followed by action, therefore rejecting intellectualism and the notion of divorcing theory from practice. In July 1831, in exile in Marseille , Giuseppe Mazzini founded the Young Italy movement, which aimed to transform Italy into a unitary democratic republic, according to
636-535: A large number of injuries. Calm returned to the city only on 13 June. The protests of the monarchists, like those bloodily repressed the day before in Naples and a new monarchist demonstration dispersed on 12 June, aroused the concerns of the ministers intending to establish the Republic as soon as possible (according to the famous phrase of the socialist leader Pietro Nenni : "either the Republic or chaos!"). On
742-539: A person instructed by the President to form a national unity government in times of political crisis, such as in a coalition shift (e.g. Conte II Cabinet ), or if enough politicians from the majority coalition switch parties (e.g. Monti Cabinet ). In any scenario, the government must receive the confidence of both houses , so the executive branch derives its legitimacy from the Italian Parliament and
848-436: A red flag, but also a tricolor flag from which the royal coat of arms had been cut. Despite the presence of armored vehicles, the demonstrators attempted to storm the communist party headquarters. Protesters and law enforcement officers exchange gunfire. According to the prefect's report, the demonstrators shot first. In any case the response was deadly, with machine gun fire. There were nine deaths among royalist demonstrators and
954-492: A responsibility in the success of the fascist movement. The final agreement between the parties was to ask that at the end of the war, as soon as conditions were favourable, the calling of elections, an institutional referendum and the formation of a constituent assembly. Until then, on 31 January 1945, the Council of Ministers , chaired by Ivanoe Bonomi, issued a decree which recognized women's right to vote. Universal suffrage
1060-601: Is 50 years old on the day of the election, and enjoys civil and political rights, can be elected president. The president cannot hold office in any other branch of power and the office's salary and privileges are established by law. Among the powers of the president , they have the capacity to: The president also presides over the High Council of the Judiciary and the Supreme Council of Defence. Usually,
1166-429: Is adopted as the national anthem ... "Il Canto degli Italiani" was therefore chosen, on 12 October 1946, as the provisional national anthem, a role that it later preserved while remaining the de facto anthem of the Italian Republic. Over the decades there were several unsuccessful attempts to make it the official national anthem, until it finally gained official status on 4 December 2017. On 18 June 1946 at 6 pm, in
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#17328017940761272-424: Is aired from Monday to Friday at 13:40 (19–20 minutes). Presenters: This is aired from Monday to Saturday at 14:20, Sundays at 14:15 (15–25 minutes). Presenters: This edition is signed for the deaf. It's aired from Monday to Saturday at 14:55, Sundays at 12:55 (2–3 minutes). Presenters are the same of 14:20 edition. This airs every day at 19:00 (30–32 minutes). Presenters: This only airs during certain time of
1378-417: Is squared (1:1). Each comune also has a gonfalone bearing its coat of arms. On 27 May 1949, a law was passed that described and regulated the way the flag was displayed outside public buildings and during national holidays. After the birth of the Italian Republic, " La leggenda del Piave " was temporarily chosen as the provisional national anthem, which replaced " Marcia Reale ", the national anthem of
1484-629: Is therefore considered the first martyr of the modern Italian Republic and a symbol of republican ideals in Italy. The balance of power between the Chamber and Senate initially shifted in favor of the Senate, composed mainly of nobles and industrial figures. Little by little, the Chamber of Deputies took on more and more importance with the evolution of the bourgeoisie and the large landowners, concerned with economic progress, but supporters of order and
1590-577: The Constituent Assembly of Italy was held on the same day. As with the simultaneous Constituent Assembly elections, the referendum was not held in the Julian March , in the province of Zara or the province of Bolzano , which were still under occupation by Allied forces pending a final settlement of the status of the territories. The results were proclaimed by the Supreme Court of Cassation on 10 June 1946: 12,717,923 citizens in favor of
1696-692: The Constitutional Court , which can reject violating laws after judicial scrutiny. According to Article 134 of the constitution , the Constitutional Court shall pass judgement on: The Constitutional Court is composed of 15 judges, one of which is the President of the Italian Constitutional Court elected from the court itself. One third of the judges are appointed by the President of the Italian Republic , one-third are elected by Parliament and one-third are elected by
1802-658: The Italian Communist Party , called for the formation of a government of national unity and no longer required the king's abdication as a prerequisite. This declaration pushed the parties of the National Liberation Committee to rally around a compromise drawn up by Enrico De Nicola , president of the Chamber of Deputies until 1924, by Benedetto Croce of the liberal party and by the king's entourage. As foreseen in this agreement, upon
1908-410: The Italian Parliament , which states: [...] The flag of the Republic is the Italian tricolour: green, white, and red, in three vertical bands of equal dimensions. [...] The Republican tricolour was then officially and solemnly delivered to the Italian military corps on 4 November 1947 on the occasion of National Unity and Armed Forces Day . The universally adopted ratio is 2:3, while the war flag
2014-668: The Italian Social Republic , heavily dependent on the Germans, and by the division of Italy into two antagonistic territories, one occupied by the allied forces, the other occupied by Nazi Germany . In these dramatic circumstances, in the two territories the civil administration gave way to a military and police administration. However, the parties that existed before fascism were reconstituted, alongside new political parties. On 9 September 1943, in Rome (still occupied by
2120-504: The Italian Socialist Party . His government included the anti-fascist liberals Carlo Sforza and Benedetto Croce, as well as Palmiro Togliatti. Although temporarily put aside, the question of Italian institutions remained one of the main open political questions. Most of the forces supporting the National Liberation Committee were openly republicans and believed that the monarchy, in particular Victor Emmanuel III, had had
2226-484: The Julian March and the province of Zara ). These provinces, however, were all located in the north of the country, an area where the Republican vote obtained a fairly large majority. The conservative, rural Mezzogiorno (southern Italy) region voted solidly for the monarchy (63.8%) while the more urbanised and industrialised Nord (northern Italy) voted equally firmly for a republic (66.2%). The referendum
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#17328017940762332-463: The adversarial system was adopted in the appeal courts in 1988. Appeals are treated almost as new trials, and three degrees of trial are present. The third is a legitimating trial. There is only partial judicial review of legislation in the North-American sense. Judicial review can be enacted only under certain conditions, either it already being established by constitutional law , or in
2438-653: The clientelism prevalent in the South favored a vote that tended to be conservative, and therefore monarchist. Some analysts also cite the influence of the Catholic Church or the Catholic press. Other authors have highlighted more structural factors, such as differences in family organization or production by region. Thus Carlo Bacetti compared, in Tuscany, the importance of metayage in the organization of work on
2544-519: The constitution , which guarantees the right to vote , the people exercise their power through their elected representatives in the parliament. The Italian Parliament has a bicameral system , and consists of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic , elected every five years. The Chamber of Deputies is elected by direct and universal suffrage by voters who are eighteen or older. There are 400 deputies, eight of which are elected in
2650-541: The great number of political parties forces the prime minister to bend to their will. If the majority coalition no longer supports the government, the Prime Minister can be ousted with a vote of no confidence , at which point the President can either appoint a new Prime Minister capable of forming a government with the support of Parliament, or dissolve parliament and call for new elections. Cabinet reshuffles are also possible in case specific ministers lack
2756-422: The overseas constituencies . All voters who are twenty-five or older on election day are eligible to be deputies. The senate is elected by direct and universal suffrage by voters who are eighteen or older. There are 200 senators, four of whom are elected in the overseas constituencies . There are also a small number of senators for life , such as former presidents and up to five citizens appointed by
2862-514: The president for having brought honor to the nation with their achievements. All voters who are forty or older on election day are eligible to be senators. Elections of senators for each region being based on a modified proportional representation system. The constitution establishes the Government of Italy as composed of the President of the Council of Ministers ( prime minister ) and
2968-506: The provinces of Bolzano , Gorizia , Trieste , Pola , Fiume and Zara , located in territories not administered by the Italian government but by the Allied authorities, which were still under occupation pending a final settlement of the status of the territories (in fact in 1947 most of these territories were then annexed by Yugoslavia after the Paris peace treaties of 1947 , such as most of
3074-511: The "majority of electors", as an article of the electoral law provided. The public prosecutor of the Supreme Court of Cassation, Massimo Pilotti , deemed this appeal admissible. In his indictment Pilotti believed that the spirit and letter of the decrees as well as jurisprudence provide for the counting of voters, without excluding blank or invalid ballots. But the Supreme Court of Cassation ruled against him, with 12 votes against to 7. On
3180-677: The Americans and English, anxious to prepare for the post-war period, facilitated the entry into German-occupied territory of Italian democratic and republican activists aimed at counterbalancing the communist influence in the leadership of the National Liberation Committee. This was the case, for example, of Leo Valiani , future member of the triumvirate responsible for the partisan insurrection in Piedmont and Lombardy . On 31 March 1944, in Salerno , Palmiro Togliatti , general secretary of
3286-476: The Aventine Hill , a clumsy maneuver which, in effect, left the field open to the fascists. They then had the fate of Italy in their hands for two decades. Not only did Victor Emmanuel III appeal to Mussolini to form the government in 1922 and allow him to proceed with the domestication of Parliament, but he did not even draw the consequences of the assassination of Giacomo Matteotti in 1924. He accepted
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3392-675: The Germans), a National Liberation Committee (CLN) was created, which brought together the parties and movements opposed to fascism and German occupation. It was made up of representatives of the Italian Communist Party, members of the Action Party, Christian Democrats, liberals, socialists and progressive democrats. The National Liberation Committee gave priority to the fight against the Nazi-fascists, postponing
3498-476: The Italian municipalities and provinces. These elections, which mainly involved left-wing cities, brought out three parties, with a clear advantage for the Christian Democrats , led by Alcide De Gasperi , which exceeded the sum of votes cast for the Italian Communist Party and the Italian Socialist Party . After these administrative elections, the monarchists, already worried about the outcome of
3604-593: The Kingdom of Italy. For the choice of the national anthem a debate was opened which identified, among the possible options: the " Va, pensiero " from Giuseppe Verdi's Nabucco , the drafting of a completely new musical piece, " Il Canto degli Italiani ", the "Inno di Garibaldi" and the confirmation of "La Leggenda del Piave". The political class of the time then approved the proposal of the War Minister Cipriano Facchinetti , who foresaw
3710-512: The PC; Makes it possible to review the newscast immediately after the broadcast; Allows you to review every single service. Allows you to browse the Tg3 archive and headings. It puts online images, interviews and exclusive services that you can only see on the headline website. It makes it possible to interact with the editorial team and create a community of active information users of the Tg3 that goes beyond
3816-480: The Republic of Italy is elected for seven years by Parliament in joint session, together with three representatives of each region, except for the Aosta Valley, which gets only one representative. These delegates are elected by their respective regional councils so as to guarantee representation to minorities. The election needs a wide majority that is progressively reduced from two-thirds to one-half plus one of
3922-579: The Republican Party on the one hand, and the maximalist socialists. In the 1919 elections, the parties most imbued with republican ideology (the maximalist socialists and the Republican Party) won, obtaining 165 out of 508 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. In the 1921 elections, after the foundation of the Italian Communist Party, the three parties republican, maximalist socialist and communist obtained 145 deputies out of 535. Overall, at
4028-454: The Sala della Lupa of Palazzo Montecitorio in Rome, the Supreme Court of Cassation proceeded to proclaim the results of the referendum, without accompanying this formalization with reservations as it had done previously. Many years later, in 1960, the president of this Court, Giuseppe Pagano, declared that the law establishing the organization of the referendum was incompatible with the slowness of
4134-586: The State and Regions" (what is called primary legislation in civil-law systems) and does not have the power to review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice . 1946 Italian institutional referendum An institutional referendum ( Italian : referendum istituzionale , or referendum sulla forma istituzionale dello Stato )
4240-406: The adoption of "Il Canto degli Italiani" as a provisional anthem of the State. "La Leggenda del Piave" then had the function of the national anthem of the Italian Republic until the Council of Ministers of 12 October 1946, when Cipriano Facchinetti (of republican political belief), officially announced that during the celebrations of 4 November for National Unity and Armed Forces Day , in which
4346-478: The airtime and constitutes an always open channel. The exclusive rubrics for the web: The Facebook page of the Tg3 is constantly updated by the editorial staff, with news videos, polls, exclusive articles and interactions with public comments Government of Italy The government of Italy is that of a democratic republic , established by the Italian constitution in 1948. It consists of legislative , executive , and judicial subdivisions, as well as of
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4452-522: The allegorical personification of Italy had, and still has, a universal and unifying meaning that should have been common to all Italians and not only to a part of them: this was the last appearance in the institutional context of Italia turrita . However, some voters were unable to vote. Before the closure of the electoral lists in April 1945, many Italian soldiers were still outside the national territory, in detention or internment camps abroad. Citizens of
4558-450: The ancient Roman Republic and the medieval maritime republics . From Cicero to Niccolò Machiavelli , Italian philosophers have imagined the foundations of political science and republicanism. But it was Giuseppe Mazzini who revived the republican idea in Italy in the 19th century. An Italian nationalist in the historical radical tradition and a proponent of a republicanism of social-democratic inspiration, Mazzini helped define
4664-516: The aristocracy chose to erect fascism as a bulwark against, in their way of seeing, these dangers. In October 1922, the nomination of Benito Mussolini as prime minister by King Victor Emmanuel III , following the march on Rome , paved the way for the establishment of the dictatorship. The Albertine Statute was progressively emptied of its content. Parliament was subject to the will of the new government. The legal opposition disintegrated. On 27 June 1924, 127 deputies left Parliament and retreated to
4770-536: The armed services of the republic will perform their oath of loyalty to the young republic, as a provisional anthem, "Il Canto degli Italiani" would have been adopted. The press release stated that: ... On the proposal of the Minister of War it was established that the oath of the Armed Forces to the Republic and to its Chief would be carried out on November 4th p.v. and that, temporarily, the anthem of Mameli
4876-552: The ballots of the candidates for the constituent assembly had to precede that of the referendum. If the monarchy had won, it would have been the Constituent Assembly that would have had to choose the head of state. Wanted by the Allies to verify that the conditions existed for voting in a country torn apart by the civil war only a few months earlier, partial municipal and provincial elections were held in March and April 1946 in half of
4982-399: The beginning of the interwar period, less than 30% of those elected were in favor of the establishment of a republican regime. In this context, the rise of Benito Mussolini 's fascist movement was based on the bitterness generated by the " mutilated victory ", the fear of social unrest and the rejection of revolutionary, republican and Marxist ideology. The liberal political system and part of
5088-431: The cabinet's ministers. The President of Italy appoints the prime minister and, on the prime minister's proposal, the subsequent ministers that form their cabinet . The appointee is usually the leader of the majority coalition that won the election (e.g. Berlusconi IV Cabinet ), but they can also be a new leader emerging from a post-election leadership challenge within the majority coalition (e.g. Renzi Cabinet ), or
5194-623: The centre was lowered from the Quirinal Palace . The Italian flag was modified with the decree of the president of the Council of Ministers No. 1 of 19 June 1946. Compared to the monarchic banner, the Savoy coat of arms was eliminated. This decision was later confirmed in the session of 24 March 1947 by the Constituent Assembly , which decreed the insertion of article 12 of the Italian Constitution , subsequently ratified by
5300-614: The college of Naples. But, in other regions, the vote was very fragmented. There was not a total break with the past, but an interference between the two possible choices, which was expressed everywhere. The occupation of the North by the German army and the period of the Italian Civil War , with the last gasps of the fascist movement , undoubtedly favored an increase in the importance of the socialist and communist parties in this region, which were republican in tendency. During these dark years,
5406-527: The conquest of the whole of southern Italy during the Expedition of the Thousand , Garibaldi handed over the conquered territories to the king of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II , which were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia after a plebiscite. This earned him heavy criticism from numerous republicans who accused him of treason. While a laborious administrative unification began, a first Italian parliament
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#17328017940765512-533: The country in World War II alongside Nazi Germany , considerably weakened the role of the royal house. Following the Italian Civil War and the Liberation of Italy from Axis troops in 1945, a popular referendum on the institutional form of the state was called the next year and resulted in voters choosing the replacement of the monarchy with a republic . The 1946 Italian general election to elect
5618-453: The death of Felice Cavallotti in 1898, the radical left gave up on posing the institutional problem. In Italian politics, the socialist party progressively divided into two tendencies: a maximalist one, led among others by Arturo Labriola and Enrico Ferri , and supporting the use of strikes; the other, reformist and pro-government, was led by Filippo Turati . A nationalist movement emerged, led in particular by Enrico Corradini , as well as
5724-484: The entry into force of the new Constitution of the Italian Republic , on 1 January 1948, Enrico De Nicola became the first to assume the functions of president of Italy . It was the first time that the whole Italian Peninsula (excluding Vatican City ) was under a form of republican governance since the end of the ancient Roman Republic . In the history of Italy there are several so-called "republican" governments that have followed one another over time. Examples are
5830-565: The examination of numerous appeals regarding the contested referendum ballots. In fact, 21,000 disputes occurred over the referendum ballots, most of which were quickly resolved. However, the period of uncertainty between the end of the vote and the final official announcement of the results only strengthened tensions in the country. In the city of Naples , in Apulia , in Calabria and in Sicily ,
5936-475: The impetus of these groups, the Action Party , Mazzini's former republican party, was re-established. Between the end of 1942 and the beginning of 1943, Alcide De Gasperi wrote The reconstructive ideas of Christian Democracy , which laid the foundations of the new Catholic-inspired party, the Christian Democracy . It brought together the veterans of Luigi Sturzo 's Italian People's Party and
6042-587: The land, and the weight of the Communist Party in this region, which had republican tendencies. On 10 June, at 6 pm, in the Sala della Lupa ("Hall of the Wolf"), which owes its name to the presence of a bronze sculpture of the Capitoline Wolf , of Palazzo Montecitorio in Rome, the Supreme Court of Cassation read out the partial results of the referendum, postponing the definitive proclamation of
6148-459: The liberation of Rome, on 4 June 1944, Victor Emmanuel III proclaimed his son Umberto lieutenant general of the kingdom , and the parties took political control of the nation, even if the war continued, stabilizing on the front on the Gothic line until April 1945. From June 1944 to December 1945, three provisional coalition governments followed one another. The first was led by Ivanoe Bonomi , of
6254-489: The limits established by the rule of law . The President of the Republic of Italy is the head of state and represents the unity of the nation (art. 87 of the Constitution). The President serves as a point of connection between the three branches as he is elected by the lawmakers, appoints the executive and is the president of the judiciary. The president is also commander-in-chief in time of war. The President of
6360-560: The modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state. Mazzini's thoughts had a very considerable influence on the Italian and European republican movements, in the Constitution of Italy , about Europeanism and more nuanced on many politicians of a later period, among them American president Woodrow Wilson , British prime minister David Lloyd George , Mahatma Gandhi , Israeli prime minister Golda Meir and Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru . Mazzini formulated
6466-405: The monarchists carried out protest demonstrations, sometimes violent. On 7 June, a monarchist student, soon transformed into a martyr, was killed. One of the complaints submitted to the Supreme Court of Cassation is particularly delicate. This controversy was over the definition of "majority". The monarchists believed that it was necessary to take into account not the majority of votes cast, but
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#17328017940766572-402: The monarchy. During the local meetings of the leaders of this party, in Rome and Milan, motions were presented aimed at making official a political line favorable to a democratic republic. The central political office tried to curb these pressures and maintain an intermediate position. On 16 March 1946, Prince Umberto decreed, as expected in 1944, that the question of the institutional form of
6678-503: The new demonstrations announced by the monarchists worried the ministers. On 13 June, the Council of Ministers, extending the meeting begun the previous day, resolved that, following the proclamation of the provisional results on 10 June, the functions of provisional head of state would be exercised by Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi, without wait for the final official confirmation from the Court of Cassation. The Prime Minister collected all
6784-563: The newspaper Il Tempo , has defined that the TG3 "is politically affiliate with the Leftists ". This is aired from Monday to Friday at 00:00 (58 minutes), summer editions are known as TG3 Linea Notte Estate which airs between 23:00 and 23:30. Presenters: This is aired on Sunday, between 23:00 and 00:00 (7–10 minutes). This is aired on Saturdays and Sundays between 23:00 and 00:00. Presenters: This newscast comes from Milan , Italy This
6890-469: The night of 12 June the government met at Alcide De Gasperi 's invitation. The Prime Minister received a written communication from the King, in which he said he was ready to respect the verdict of the electors' vote, but adding that he would await the final declaration of the Supreme Court of Cassation. The letter and the protests of the monarchists, like the bloody events of the day before in Naples, as well as
6996-442: The north of Rome gave the majority to the republic, while those located to the south chose the monarchy. The electoral college of Rome was very divided and gave a slight majority to the choice of the monarchic regime. The Republican choice turned into a plebiscite, with over 80% of the votes cast in the electoral college of Bologna , and even more in that of Trento . In the South, however, the monarchist choice reached nearly 80% in
7102-445: The oath of loyalty to the monarchy, necessary to be elected, was the subject of controversy within the republican forces. In 1873 Felice Cavallotti , one of the most committed Italian politicians against the monarchy, preceded his oath with a declaration in which he reaffirmed his republican beliefs. In 1882, a new electoral law lowered the census limit for voting rights, increasing the number of voters to over two million, equal to 7% of
7208-532: The one hand, it was believed that the vote, as a legal act, manifested a will and that the blank or null vote could be assimilated to the absence of expression of will. The Supreme Court of Cassation also identified another decree which specified that only "validly cast" votes should be preserved. The Supreme Court of Cassation finally announced that no law or decree dealt with the need for an absolute majority. The final results were announced on 18 June 1946. According to these results, 24,947,187 people participated in
7314-462: The ordinary and administrative supreme courts. The Constitutional Court passes on the constitutionality of laws, and is a post- World War II innovation. The Constitutional Court was primarily established "for the protection of the legal order and only indirectly as an institution for the vindication of fundamental rights " of individuals. The court generally only has the power of judicial review over "laws and enactments having force of law issued by
7420-559: The organization and functioning of those services involved with justice and has the power to originate disciplinary actions against judges , which are then administered by the High Council of the Judiciary , presided over by the president . The judiciary of Italy is based on Roman law , the Napoleonic Code and later statutes . It is based on a mix of the adversarial and inquisitorial civil law systems, although
7526-473: The outbreak of World War I , Italy began to be counted among the world's liberal democracies. After World War I, Italian political life was animated by four great movements. Two of these movements were in favor of democratic development within the framework of existing monarchical institutions: the reformist socialists and the Italian People's Party . Two other movements challenged these institutions:
7632-471: The parties in favor of the Republic protested, arguing the assumption of royal powers by the lieutenant general conflicted with an article of the legislative decree of 16 March 1946 that aimed at guaranteeing institutional stability before the announcement of the results. For observers, the gap between republicans and monarchists was narrowing, which increased tension in the final phase of the electoral campaign. In fact, some scuffles broke out between activists of
7738-438: The people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the constitution." By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the article solemnly declares the results of the institutional referendum which took place on 2 June 1946 valid. The state is not the hereditary property of the ruling monarch , but instead a res publica , belonging to everyone. The people who are called to temporarily administer
7844-643: The popular Catholic movement and other liberal movements. This coalition dissolved on 5 May 1934 and, in August of the same year, the pact of unity of action was signed between the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian Communist Party. In the meantime, in Italy, clandestine anti-fascist nuclei were formed, in particular in Milan with Ferruccio Parri and in Florence with Riccardo Bauer . Under
7950-643: The population. In the same year the Italian Workers' Party was created, which in 1895 became the Italian Socialist Party . In 1895 the intransigent republicans agreed to participate in the political life of the Kingdom, establishing the Italian Republican Party . Two years later, the far left reached its historical maximum level in Parliament with 81 deputies, for the three radical-democratic, socialist components and Republican. With
8056-401: The populations concerned placed part of their hopes in dreams of revolution, or at least of change. The South, not having experienced this situation and having welcomed King Victor Emmanuel III and his government, was perhaps more wary of these parties and placed its trust in the monarchic regime, preferring continuity to the "leap into the unknown" represented by the republican form. Furthermore,
8162-603: The presidency of the Pope . Subsequently, the philosopher Carlo Cattaneo promoted a secular and republican Italy in the extension of Mazzini's ideas, but organized as a federal republic. The political projects of Mazzini and Cattaneo were thwarted by the action of the Piedmontese Prime Minister Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour , and Giuseppe Garibaldi . The latter set aside his republican ideas to favor Italian unity. After having obtained
8268-508: The president tries to stay out of the day-to-day politics, and tries to be an institutional guarantee for all those involved in the political process. The president is not responsible for the actions performed in the exercise of his duties, except for high treason and violation of the Italian constitution , for which the president can be impeached by the parliament in joint session, with an absolute majority of its members. With article 48 of
8374-610: The principles of freedom, independence and unity, but also to oust the monarchic regimes pre-existing the unification, including the Kingdom of Sardinia . The foundation of the Young Italy constitutes a key moment of the Italian Risorgimento and this republican program precedes in time the proposals for the unification of Italy of Vincenzo Gioberti and Cesare Balbo , aimed at reunifying the Italian territory under
8480-416: The question of the institutional form of the Italian state until after the victory, but made the abdication of the king in favor of his son a prerequisite for the establishment of an anti-fascist government. The patriotic war of liberation led by the National Liberation Committee was also, for a significant part of its supporters, a war of social liberation, a war against a collaborationist elite. However,
8586-407: The referendum, became even more discouraged. But a political event changed the situation during the referendum campaign. A month before the referendum, Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in favor of his son Umberto, who was proclaimed king and took the name Umberto II . The act of abdication, drawn up privately, is dated 9 May 1946. This abdication was desired by the monarchists, since the crown prince
8692-496: The republic and 10,719,284 citizens in favor of the monarchy. The event is commemorated annually by the Festa della Repubblica . The former King Umberto II voluntarily left the country on 13 June 1946, headed for Cascais , in southern Portugal , without even waiting for the results to be defined and the ruling on the appeals presented by the monarchist party, which were rejected by the Supreme Court of Cassation on 18 June 1946. With
8798-463: The republic are not owners, but servants; and the governed are not subjects , but citizens . And the sovereignty , that is the power to make choices that involve the entire community, belongs to the people, in accordance with the concept of a democracy , from the Greek demos (people) and kratìa (power). However, this power is not to be exercised arbitrarily by mob rule , but in the forms and within
8904-425: The republicans", and completed its coverage by asking: "the question is whether the republic has been proclaimed or not". In Naples, a city with a population largely supportive of the monarchy, an incident occurred on 11 June. A procession of supporters of the monarchy advanced towards the municipal buildings and then changed objective and headed towards the headquarters of the Italian Communist Party . The crowd saw
9010-413: The results to Parliament for 18 June, after having taken the relevant decisions on appeals, protests and complaints. At the same time, republican demonstrations took place in many cities. The Milanese newspaper, Corriere della Sera , on Tuesday 11 June, ran the headline: "The Italian Republic is born". La Stampa , a Turin daily newspaper, declared more soberly: "The government confirms the victory of
9116-463: The results to be defined and the ruling on the appeals presented by the monarchist party, to avoid the clashes between monarchists and republicans, already manifested in bloody events in various Italian cities, for fear they could extend throughout the country. He went into exile in Cascais , Portugal . On the same day as the former king's departure, the flag of Italy with the Savoy coat of arms in
9222-521: The right to vote. In the political panorama of the time there was a republican political movement which had its martyrs, such as the soldier Pietro Barsanti . Barsanti was a supporter of republican ideas, and was a soldier in the Royal Italian Army with the rank of corporal. He was sentenced to death and shot in 1870 for having favored an insurrectional attempt against the Savoy monarchy and
9328-403: The rule of an upper source (hierarchy of sources). The constitution of 1948 is the main source. The constitution states that justice is administered in the name of the people and that judges are subject only to the law . So the judiciary is a branch that is completely autonomous and independent of all other branches of power , even though the minister of justice is responsible for
9434-419: The state would be decided by a referendum organized simultaneously with the election of a constituent assembly. The date was set for 2 June 1946. The Supreme Court of Cassation was responsible for examining the appeals. Its role was to be limited to observing the progress of voting operations and consolidating the bulletins issued by the offices that communicated the results in each constituency. The counting of
9540-434: The support of the parliament, while the prime minister remains in charge. In the history of the Italian Republic , there have been twenty legislatures (including the Constituent Assembly ), forty-five consecutive premierships, and sixty-eight different cabinets. The law of Italy has a plurality of sources of production. These are arranged in a hierarchical scale, under which the rule of a lower source cannot conflict with
9646-613: The title of emperor in 1936 at the end of Second Italo-Ethiopian War , then the alliance with Nazi Germany and Italy's entry into World War II on 10 June 1940. With the implementation of fascist laws (Royal Decree of 6 November 1926), all political parties operating on Italian territory were dissolved, with the exception of the National Fascist Party . Some of these parties expatriated and reconstituted themselves abroad, especially in France. Thus an anti-fascist coalition
9752-451: The two sides in the tense climate. The vote for the choice between monarchy or republic took place on 2 June and on the morning of 3 June 1946. After the transfer of the electoral cards from all of Italy and the minutes of the 31 constituencies to Rome, the results were expected on 8 June. On 10 June, the still provisional results were announced, and the final ones were communicated later due to missing data in some polling stations and after
9858-469: The vote, or 89% of the electorate. The official results of the referendum recorded 12,718,641 votes for the republic, or 54.3% of the votes cast, and 10,718,502 votes for the monarchy, or 45.7%. 1,498,136 ballots were annulled. The analysis of the data by region showed an Italy practically divided in two: in the North the Republic won with 66.2% of the votes cast, and the Monarchy in the South with 63.8% of
9964-416: The votes after the third ballot. The only presidents ever to be elected on the first ballot are Francesco Cossiga and Carlo Azeglio Ciampi . Ciampi was replaced by Giorgio Napolitano , who was elected on 10 May 2006. While not forbidden by the law, no president had ever served two terms until 20 April 2013, when President Giorgio Napolitano was re-elected. According to the constitution , any citizen who
10070-465: The votes of the government members, with the exception of the liberal minister Leone Cattani. Although some members of his entourage encouraged him to oppose this decision, the king, informed, decided to leave the country the following day, thus making a peaceful transfer of power possible, not without having denounced De Gasperi's "revolutionary gesture". The former King of Italy, Umberto II , decided to leave Italy on 13 June, without even waiting for
10176-451: The votes. The supporters of the republic chose the effigy of the Italia turrita , the national personification of Italy, as their unitary symbol to be used in the electoral campaign and on the referendum ballot on the institutional form of the State, in contrast to the Savoy coat of arms, which represented the monarchy. This triggered various controversies, given that the iconography of
10282-478: The year. This is usually live reporting of major events happening around the world or events going on in Italy TG3 offers both Internet and TV content on the web. The Internet Editorial Board is made up of Giancarlo Agostinelli, Riccardo Corbò, Pasquale Martello and Alfredo Trenca. It deals with the multimedia content of the header. It cares for the site that offers the ability to see the Tg3 live while working on
10388-663: The young people of Catholic associations, in particular of the University Federation. On 10 July 1943, the Allies landed in Sicily in Operation Husky . On 25 July 1943, Victor Emmanuel III revoked Mussolini's mandate as prime minister and had him arrested, entrusting the government to Marshal Pietro Badoglio . The new government contacted the Allies to reach an armistice. When the Armistice of Cassibile
10494-528: Was announced on 8 September 1943, the Germans reacted by placing under their control all the part of Italian territory that still escaped the Allied advance and by disarming the Italian Royal Army . Victor Emmanuel III and Badoglio's government fled Rome and reached Brindisi , in southern Italy . The war continued, but was also accompanied by the Italian Civil War , with the creation by Mussolini of
10600-488: Was elected and, on 17 March 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of Italy . From 1861 to 1946, Italy was a constitutional monarchy founded on the Albertine Statute , named after the king who promulgated it in 1848, Charles Albert of Sardinia . The parliament included a Senate , whose members were appointed by the king, and a Chamber of Deputies , elected by census vote. In 1861 only 2% of Italians had
10706-684: Was formed on 29 March 1927 in Paris, the " Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana ", which brought together the Italian Republican Party , the Italian Socialist Party , the Socialist Unitary Party of Italian Workers , the Italian League for Human Rights and the foreign representation of the Italian General Confederation of Labour . Some movements remained outside, including the Italian Communist Party ,
10812-472: Was held by universal suffrage in the Kingdom of Italy on 2 June 1946, a key event of contemporary Italian history . Until 1946, Italy was a kingdom ruled by the House of Savoy , reigning since the unification of Italy in 1861 and previously rulers of the Kingdom of Sardinia . In 1922, the rise of Benito Mussolini and the creation of the Fascist regime in Italy , which eventually resulted in engaging
10918-544: Was less compromised than his father in Mussolini's rise to power and in coexistence with the fascist forces. It is also possible that the command of the allied forces present on Italian territory encouraged the sovereign to abdicate in favor of his son. The former king immediately left Italy for Alexandria in Egypt . Umberto II confirmed his promise to respect the popular decision regarding the referendum. The representatives of
11024-606: Was named T3 (Telegiornale 3) from 1999 to 2000. Note: the names highlighted in blue concern the directors who, in addition to directing the TG3, also directed the TGR . The programme is generally presented by a single newsreader Most items will be made up of reports and are generally preceded and followed by the correspondent reporting live from the scene of the report. They are also other features with TG3 brand, all on Rai 3 : The Undersecretary to Communications Paolo Romani , member of The People of Freedom , in an interview with
11130-420: Was not held in the Julian March , in the province of Zara or the province of Bolzano , which were still under occupation by Allied forces pending a final settlement of the status of the territories. The distribution of votes is as follows: At first glance, the referendum seemed to simply divide Italy in two, between North and South, but the situation was more complex. For example, the districts located to
11236-705: Was thus recognized, after the vain attempts made in 1881 and 1907 by women of the various parties. The Bonomi governments ( II then III ) were succeeded by the Parri government in June 1945, then by the First De Gasperi government in December 1945. The question of the future form of the state, monarchy or republic, absorbed the minds of political circles. The majority of Christian Democratic activists, especially young people, increasingly distanced themselves from
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