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139-471: While the exact source of the thumb gesture is obscure, several origins have been proposed. Carleton S. Coon , having observed Barbary apes in Gibraltar using the gesture, hypothesised in the anthropological classic The Story of Man that it is a mutual celebration of having opposable thumbs. Critics have suggested, however, that the apes may be simply imitating humans. The Latin phrase pollice verso

278-674: A cover for an arms-smuggling operation in German-occupied Morocco. He was awarded the Legion of Merit and after the war he retained ties to the military and the OSS' successor the Central Intelligence Agency . He wrote about his wartime experiences in his book, A North Africa Story: The Anthropologist as OSS Agent (1980). Coon's early work in physical anthropology , such as The Races of Europe (1939),

417-455: A forum , products in a store , or even other people's reviews of movies, books, products, etc., by choosing to click either a thumbs-up or thumbs-down button. In the aggregate, this serves as an evaluation system. Other users may then see the total number of thumbs up and thumbs down given to an item or the number produced by subtracting thumbs down from thumbs up. In the latter case, an item that received exactly ten of each would read as having

556-604: A prenuptial agreement that kept most of her family's assets under her name; they kept their finances separate and filed separate income tax returns . McCain decided to leave the Navy. It was doubtful whether he would ever be promoted to the rank of full admiral , as he had poor annual physicals and had not been given a major sea command. His chances of being promoted to rear admiral were better, but he declined that prospect, as he had already made plans to run for Congress and said he could "do more good there." McCain retired from

695-576: A 1989 article, noted that Coon's research was "still regarded as a valuable source of data". In 2001, John P. Jackson, Jr. researched Coon's papers to review the controversy around the reception of The Origin of Races , stating in the article abstract: Segregationists in the United States used Coon's work as proof that African Americans were "junior" to white Americans, and thus unfit for full participation in American society. The paper examines

834-714: A Baptist. Following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, McCain entered the United States Naval Academy , where he was a friend and informal leader for many of his classmates and sometimes stood up for targets of bullying . He also fought as a lightweight boxer . He earned the nickname "John Wayne" "for his attitude and popularity with the opposite sex." McCain did well in academic subjects that interested him, such as literature and history, but studied only enough to pass subjects that gave him difficulty, such as mathematics. He came into conflict with higher-ranking personnel and did not always obey

973-509: A Republican for an open seat in Arizona's 1st congressional district , which was being vacated by 30-year incumbent Republican John Jacob Rhodes . A newcomer to the state, McCain was termed a carpetbagger . McCain responded to a voter making that charge with what a Phoenix Gazette columnist later described as "the most devastating response to a potentially troublesome political issue I've ever heard": Listen, pal. I spent 22 years in

1112-629: A course with Earnest Hooton , inspired by his lectures on the Berbers of the Moroccan Rif . Coon obtained his bachelor's degree from Harvard in 1925 and immediately embarked on graduate studies in anthropology. He conducted his dissertation fieldwork in the Rif in 1925, which was politically unsettled after a rebellion of the local populace against the Spanish, and was awarded his PhD in 1928. Coon

1251-701: A daughter, Sidney. The same year, he was a one-day champion on the game show Jeopardy ! McCain requested a combat assignment, and was assigned to the aircraft carrier USS  Forrestal flying A-4 Skyhawks . His combat duty began in mid-1967, when Forrestal was assigned to a bombing campaign, Operation Rolling Thunder , during the Vietnam War . Stationed in the Gulf of Tonkin , McCain and his fellow pilots became frustrated by micromanagement from Washington; he later wrote, "In all candor, we thought our civilian commanders were complete idiots who didn't have

1390-451: A defeated gladiator should be condemned to death ; "thumbs up", that he should be spared. It has been suggested that 'thumbs up' was a signal from English archers preparing for battle that all is well with their bow and they are ready to fight. Before use, the fistmele (or the "brace height") was checked, that being the distance between the string and the bow on an English longbow . This fistmele should be about 7 inches (18 cm), which

1529-464: A desire to stop diving and to ascend. The diving signal for approval is the A-ok sign. In basketball , when a held ball occurs, an official will jerk both thumbs in the air, signalling that a jump ball is in order. In baseball , umpires will sometimes jerk a thumbs-up over their shoulder as an " out " signal Amusement park rides such as roller coasters are usually cleared for departure using

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1668-550: A fascinating history of a remarkable military family." McCain announced his candidacy for president on September 27, 1999, in Nashua, New Hampshire , saying he was staging "a fight to take our government back from the power brokers and special interests, and return it to the people and the noble cause of freedom it was created to serve". The frontrunner for the Republican nomination was Texas Governor George W. Bush , who had

1807-581: A generally positive connotation in English-speaking countries. However, its perceived meaning varies significantly from culture to culture. The sign has been said to have a pejorative meaning in Iran . In recent years however, the negative meaning of the gesture has generally disappeared. This is largely due to increased exposure to Western culture, especially the use of the thumbs-up symbol in social media. In Germany , France , Hungary and Finland

1946-497: A half years, until his release on March 14, 1973, along with 108 other prisoners of war. His wartime injuries left him permanently incapable of raising his arms above his head. After the war, McCain, accompanied by his family, returned to the site on a few occasions. McCain was reunited with his family when he returned to the United States. His wife Carol had been severely injured by an automobile accident in December 1969. She

2085-692: A large beer distributorship . They began dating, and he urged his wife, Carol, to grant him a divorce, which she did in February 1980; the uncontested divorce took effect in April 1980. The settlement included two houses and financial support for her ongoing medical treatments due to her 1969 car accident; they remained on good terms. McCain and Hensley were married on May 17, 1980, with Senators William Cohen and Gary Hart attending as groomsmen . McCain's children did not attend, and several years passed before they reconciled. John and Cindy McCain entered into

2224-514: A lawyer, writing: "Why have you done this? When are you going to stop?" Washburn was a fellow student of Earnest Hooton at Harvard, and Coon saw his subsequent repudiation of biological race as an "oedipal" betrayal of their mentor. Garn, Coon's former student and coauthor of Races , helped draft the AAPA motion condemning Putnam, which also disappointed Coon. Coon stopped referencing Montagu and then Washburn in his work after they each publicly rejected

2363-489: A leg when he ejected from the aircraft, and nearly drowned after he parachuted into Trúc Bạch Lake . Some North Vietnamese pulled him ashore, then others crushed his shoulder with a rifle butt and bayoneted him. McCain was then transported to Hanoi's main Hỏa Lò Prison , nicknamed the "Hanoi Hilton". Although McCain was seriously wounded and injured, his captors refused to treat him. They beat and interrogated him and he

2502-450: A rating of zero, rather than one of +10/-10. Often, users may view a list of items in order of popularity , as ranked by this metric. Hitchhikers in the West traditionally use a thumb gesture to solicit rides from oncoming vehicles. However, in this presentation, the arm is generally outstretched with the palm and closed fingers facing the motorist. The gesture is usually performed with

2641-630: A representative because he was interested in current events, was ready for a new challenge, and had developed political ambitions. Living in Phoenix, he went to work for his new father-in-law's large Anheuser-Busch beer distributorship. As vice president of public relations at the distributorship, he gained political support among the local business community, meeting powerful figures such as banker Charles Keating Jr. , real estate developer Fife Symington III (later Governor of Arizona) and newspaper publisher Darrow "Duke" Tully . In 1982, McCain ran as

2780-551: A reputation as a "maverick" for his willingness to break from his party on certain issues, including LGBT rights , gun regulations , and campaign finance reform where his stances were more moderate than those of the party's base. McCain was investigated and largely exonerated in a political influence scandal of the 1980s as one of the Keating Five ; he then made regulating the financing of political campaigns one of his signature concerns, which eventually resulted in passage of

2919-500: A reputation as a man who partied. He completed flight school in 1960, and became a naval pilot of ground-attack aircraft ; he was assigned to A-1 Skyraider squadrons aboard the aircraft carriers USS  Intrepid and USS  Enterprise in the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas . McCain began as a sub-par flier who was at times careless and reckless; during the early to mid-1960s, two of his flight missions crashed, and

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3058-520: A reputation for independence during the 1990s. He took pride in challenging party leadership and establishment forces, becoming difficult to categorize politically. As a member of the 1991–1993 Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs , chaired by fellow Vietnam War veteran and Democrat, John Kerry , McCain investigated the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue , to determine the fate of U.S. service personnel listed as missing in action during

3197-479: A senator—and as a lifelong gambler with close ties to the gambling industry —McCain was one of the main authors of the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act , which codified rules regarding Native American gambling enterprises . McCain was also a strong supporter of the Gramm–Rudman legislation that enforced automatic spending cuts in the case of budget deficits. McCain soon gained national visibility. He delivered

3336-459: A sequel, so the two would jointly fulfill the goals of the original project. (He indeed published The Living Races of Man in 1965.) The book asserted that the human species divided into five races before it had evolved into Homo sapiens . Further, he suggested that the races evolved into Homo sapiens at different times. It was not well received. The field of anthropology was moving rapidly from theories of race typology, and The Origin of Races

3475-688: A series of archaeological excavations of Stone Age cave sites in Iran, Afghanistan and Syria. These included Bisitun Cave , where he discovered traces of the Neanderthals , and Hotu cave , which he claimed showed evidence of early agriculture , though subsequent excavations proved this false. He was also a lifelong proponent of the existence of cryptid 'Wild Men' such as the Sasquatch and Yeti , which he believed were relict populations of human-like apes that, when found, would support his theory of

3614-525: A sign of respect. During World War II, pilots on US aircraft carriers adopted the thumbs up gesture to alert the deck crew that they were ready to go and that the wheel chocks could be removed. On modern US carriers, specific deck crew hold a thumb up to signal to the pilot and control tower that their station is OK for take-off. American GIs are reputed to have picked up on the thumb gesture and spread it throughout Europe as they marched toward Berlin . According to Luís da Câmara Cascudo, Brazilians adopted

3753-401: A successful example of "retail politics", and he used free media to compensate for his lack of funds. One reporter later recounted that, "McCain talked all day long with reporters on his Straight Talk Express bus; he talked so much that sometimes he said things that he shouldn't have, and that's why the media loved him." On February 1, 2000, he won New Hampshire's primary with 49 percent of

3892-411: A third mission collided with power lines, but he received no major injuries. His aviation skills improved over time, and he was seen as a good pilot, albeit one who tended to " push the envelope " in his flying. On July 3, 1965, McCain was 28 when he married Carol Shepp , who had worked as a runway model and secretary. McCain adopted her two young children, Douglas and Andrew. He and Carol then had

4031-542: A thumbs-up signal from the workers after inspection that all safety precautions have been taken. Texas A&M University uses a thumbs-up as their Gig 'em hand signal, as it represents the action of gigging . The gesture and corresponding slogan "Gig 'em, Aggies!" were popularized in the early 20th century, becoming the first hand sign of the Southwest Conference . Unicode code points related to thumb signals include: Many keyboard emoticons utilize

4170-640: A well-received speech at the 1988 Republican National Convention , was mentioned by the press as a short list vice-presidential running mate for Republican nominee George H. W. Bush , and was named chairman of Veterans for Bush. McCain became embroiled in a scandal during the 1980s, as one of five United States senators comprising the so-called Keating Five . Between 1982 and 1987, McCain had received $ 112,000 in lawful political contributions from Charles Keating Jr. and his associates at Lincoln Savings and Loan Association , along with trips on Keating's jets that McCain belatedly repaid, in 1989. In 1987, McCain

4309-575: A younger brother, Joe . At that time, the Panama Canal was under U.S. control, and he was granted U.S. citizenship at the age of eleven months. His father and his paternal grandfather, John S. McCain Sr. , were also Naval Academy graduates and both became four-star admirals in the United States Navy . The McCain family moved with their father as he took various naval postings in

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4448-493: Is about the same as a fist with a thumb extended. The term fistmele is a Saxon word that refers to that measurement. Desmond Morris in Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution traces the practice back to a medieval custom used to seal business transactions, suggesting that over time, the mere sight of an upraised thumb came to symbolize harmony and kind feelings. For example in the seventeenth century, see

4587-431: Is used in the context of gladiatorial combat for a hand gesture used by Ancient Roman crowds to pass judgment on a defeated gladiator. Now they give shows of their own. Thumbs up! Thumbs down! And the killers, spare or slay, and then go back to concessions for private privies. While it is clear that the thumb was involved, the precise type of gesture described by the phrase pollice verso and its meaning are unclear in

4726-491: The American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) passed a resolution condemning it. Coon, who had corresponded with Putnam about the book as he was writing it, and chaired the meeting of the AAPA in which the resolution was passed, resigned in protest, criticizing the resolution as scientifically irresponsible and a violation of free speech. Later, he claimed to have asked how many of those present at

4865-783: The American Health Care Act of 2017 , which would have partially repealed the ACA. After being diagnosed with glioblastoma in 2017, he reduced his role in the Senate to focus on treatment, dying from the disease in 2018. John Sidney McCain III was born on August 29, 1936, at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone , to naval officer John S. McCain Jr. and Roberta Wright McCain . He had an older sister, Sandy, and

5004-785: The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 , and voted to override President Reagan's veto of that legislation the following March. Senator McCain became a member of the Armed Services Committee , with which he had formerly done his Navy liaison work; he also joined the Commerce Committee and the Indian Affairs Committee . He continued to support the Native American agenda. As first a House member and then

5143-637: The Clinton administration but opposed by the industry and most Republicans, the bill failed to gain cloture . In November 1998, McCain won re-election to a third Senate term in a landslide over his Democratic opponent, environmental lawyer Ed Ranger. In the February 1999 Senate trial following the impeachment of Bill Clinton , McCain voted to convict the president on both the perjury and obstruction of justice counts, saying Clinton had violated his sworn oath of office. In March 1999, McCain voted to approve

5282-588: The Diego Velázquez painting The Lunch . The Oxford English Dictionary cites the earliest written instance of "thumbs-up" (with a positive meaning) as being from Over the Top , a 1917 book written by Arthur Guy Empey . Empey was an American who served in the British armed forces during World War I . He wrote: "Thumbs up, Tommy ’s expression which means ‘everything is fine with me'." A visual example of

5421-587: The House Committee on Interior Affairs . Also that year, he opposed creation of a federal Martin Luther King Jr. Day , but admitted in 2008: "I was wrong and eventually realized that, in time to give full support [in 1990] for a state holiday in Arizona." At this point, McCain's politics were mainly in line with those of President Ronald Reagan ; this included support for Reaganomics , and he

5560-542: The McCain–Feingold Act in 2002. He was also known for his work in the 1990s to restore diplomatic relations with Vietnam . McCain chaired the Senate Commerce Committee from 1997 to 2001 and 2003 to 2005, where he opposed pork barrel spending and earmarks . He belonged to the bipartisan " Gang of 14 ", which played a key role in alleviating a crisis over judicial nominations. McCain entered

5699-530: The Mongoloid race and the Caucasoid race had individuals who had adapted to crowding through evolution of the endocrine system, which made them more successful in the modern world of civilization. This can be found after page 370, in the illustrative serie of number XXXII of The Origin of Races. Coon contrasted a picture of an Indigenous Australian with one of a Chinese professor. His caption "The Alpha and

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5838-790: The NATO bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , saying that the ongoing genocide of the Kosovo War must be stopped and criticizing past Clinton administration inaction. Later in 1999, McCain shared the Profile in Courage Award with Feingold for their work in trying to enact their campaign finance reform, although the bill was still failing repeated attempts to gain cloture. In August 1999, McCain's memoir Faith of My Fathers , co-authored with Mark Salter ,

5977-690: The Obama administration , especially with regard to foreign policy matters. In 2015, he became Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee . He refused to support then-Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election and later became a vocal critic of the Trump administration . While McCain opposed the Obama-era Affordable Care Act (ACA), he cast the deciding vote against

6116-951: The Rif Berbers of Morocco. Returning to Harvard as a lecturer, he conducted further fieldwork in the Balkans, North Africa, and the Middle East. In 1948 he was appointed a professor of anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania and remained there until his retirement in 1963, also serving as the Curator of Ethnology at the Penn Museum . During the Second World War , he was an agent for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), where he used his anthropological fieldwork as

6255-544: The U.S. Naval Academy in 1958 and received a commission in the U.S. Navy. McCain became a naval aviator and flew ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers . During the Vietnam War , he almost died in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire . While on a bombing mission during Operation Rolling Thunder over Hanoi in October 1967, McCain was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese . He

6394-694: The USS ; Oriskany , another carrier employed in Operation Rolling Thunder. There, he was awarded the Navy Commendation Medal and the Bronze Star Medal for missions flown over North Vietnam. McCain was taken prisoner of war on October 26, 1967. He was flying his 23rd bombing mission over North Vietnam when his A-4E Skyhawk was shot down by a missile over Hanoi . McCain fractured both arms and

6533-403: The modern synthesis in biology and population genetics . In addition, they were influenced by Franz Boas , who had moved away from typological racial thinking. Rather than supporting Coon's theories, they and other contemporary researchers viewed the human species as a continuous serial progression of populations and heavily criticized Coon's Origin of Races . In a New York Times' obituary he

6672-593: The modern synthesis of biological evolution and population genetics . For some anthropologists, including Ashley Montagu and later Washburn himself, the new physical anthropology necessitated the wholesale rejection of race as a scientific category. In contrast, in Races: A Study in the Problem of Race Formation in Man (1950), Coon, together with his former student Stanley Garn and Joseph Birdsell , attempted to reconcile

6811-572: The "maximum survival" of the European racial type was increased by the replacement of the indigenous peoples of the New World. He stated the history of the White race to have involved "racial survivals" of White subraces. Coon first modified Franz Weidenreich 's polycentric (or multiregional) theory of the origin of races. The Weidenreich Theory states that human races have evolved independently in

6950-658: The 1950s, he sometimes appeared on the television program called What in the World? , a game-show produced by the Penn Museum , and hosted by its director, Froelich Rainey , in which a panel of experts tried to identify an object in the museum's collection. He was awarded the Legion of Merit for his wartime services and the Viking Medal in Physical Anthropology in 1952. He was also named a Membre D'Honneur of

7089-579: The 1960s and changing social attitudes challenged racial theories like Coon's that had been used by segregationists to justify discrimination and depriving people of civil rights. In 1961, Coon's cousin Carleton Putnam , wrote Race and Reason: A Yankee View , arguing a scientific basis for white supremacy and the continuation of racial segregation in the United States . After the book was made required reading for high school students in Louisiana,

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7228-588: The Association de la Libération française du 8 novembre 1942. From 1948 to the early 1960s, he was the Curator of Ethnology at the University Museum of Philadelphia. Coon wrote widely for a general audience like his mentor Earnest Hooton . Coon published The Riffians , Flesh of the Wild Ox , Measuring Ethiopia , and A North Africa Story: The Anthropologist as OSS Agent . A North Africa Story

7367-449: The British use of "thumbs up" having a positive meaning (or, " okay ") from the 1920s can be seen 19 minutes into the British-made silent 1927 film The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog , where the younger man examines some paper money for the older man and declares it "good" (not counterfeit) with a "thumbs up" using both hands. Popularization in the United States is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots , who used

7506-470: The Caucasoid and Mongoloid races had evolved more in their separate areas after they had left Africa in a primitive form. He also believed, "The earliest Homo sapiens known, as represented by several examples from Europe and Africa, was an ancestral long-headed white man of short stature and moderately great brain size." Coon's understanding of racial typology and diversity within the Indian sub-continent changed over time. In The Races of Europe , he regarded

7645-454: The Dravidian peoples of Southern India were simply Caucasoid, and that the north of the sub-continent was also Caucasoid. In short, the Indian sub-continent (North and South) is "the easternmost outpost of the Caucasoid racial region". Underlying all of this was Coon's typological view of human history and biological variation, a way of thinking that is not taken seriously today by most anthropologists/biologists. The Civil Rights Movement of

7784-604: The Middle East (1957). Bisitun remained the only fully-published Palaeolithic site from Iran for several decades. Coon followed up his 1949 expedition with excavations at Hotu Cave in 1951. He interpreted the site, together with Belt Cave, as the first traces of a " Mesolithic " in Iran and claimed that they showed evidence of early agriculture . Other archaeologists questioned the basis for these claims and subsequent excavations at sites such as Ganj Dareh clarified that Coon had probably conflated separate Epipalaeolithic hunter-gatherer and Neolithic farmer occupations at

7923-452: The Navy as a captain on April 1, 1981. He was designated as disabled and awarded a disability pension . Upon leaving the military, he moved to Arizona. His numerous military decorations and awards include: the Silver Star , two Legion of Merits , Distinguished Flying Cross , three Bronze Star Medals, two Purple Hearts , two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals , and the Prisoner of War Medal . McCain set his sights on becoming

8062-460: The Navy's liaison to the U.S. Senate beginning in 1977. In retrospect, he said that this represented his "real entry into the world of politics, and the beginning of my second career as a public servant." His key behind-the-scenes role gained congressional financing for a new supercarrier against the wishes of the Carter administration . In April 1979, McCain met Cindy Lou Hensley , a teacher from Phoenix, Arizona , whose father had founded

8201-413: The Navy. My father was in the Navy. My grandfather was in the Navy. We in the military service tend to move a lot. We have to live in all parts of the country, all parts of the world. I wish I could have had the luxury, like you, of growing up and living and spending my entire life in a nice place like the First District of Arizona, but I was doing other things. As a matter of fact, when I think about it now,

8340-407: The North Vietnamese a propaganda victory. From late 1969, treatment of McCain and many of the other POWs became more tolerable, while McCain continued to resist the camp authorities. McCain and other prisoners cheered the U.S. "Christmas Bombing" campaign of December 1972, viewing it as a forceful measure to push North Vietnam to terms. McCain was a prisoner of war in North Vietnam for five and

8479-463: The Old World from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens sapiens, while at the same time there was gene flow between the various populations. Coon held a similar belief that modern humans, Homo sapiens , arose separately in five different places from Homo erectus , "as each subspecies, living in its own territory, passed a critical threshold from a more brutal to a more sapient state", but unlike Weidenreich stressed gene flow far less. Coon's modified form of

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8618-422: The Omega" was used to demonstrate his research that brain size was positively correlated with intelligence. Wherever Homo arose, and Africa is at present the most likely continent, he soon dispersed, in a very primitive form, throughout the warm regions of the Old World....If Africa was the cradle of mankind, it was only an indifferent kindergarten. Europe and Asia were our principal schools. By this he meant that

8757-433: The Rif Berber; studied Albanians from 1920 to 1930; traveled to Ethiopia in 1933; and in worked in Arabia, North Africa and the Balkans from 1925 to 1939. Coon left Harvard to take up a position at the University of Pennsylvania in 1948. Throughout the 1950s he produced academic papers, as well as many popular books for the general reader, the most notable being The Story of Man (1954). During his years at Penn in

8896-539: The U.S. from a Bangladeshi orphanage run by Mother Teresa . The McCains decided to adopt her and named her Bridget. McCain's Senate career began in January 1987, after he defeated his Democratic opponent, former state legislator Richard Kimball , by 20 percentage points in the 1986 election. McCain succeeded Arizona native, conservative icon, and the 1964 Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater upon Goldwater's retirement as U.S. senator from Arizona for 30 years. In January 1988, McCain voted in favor of

9035-434: The United States and in the Pacific. As a result, the younger McCain attended a total of about 20 schools. In 1951, the family settled in Northern Virginia , and McCain attended Episcopal High School , a private preparatory boarding school in Alexandria . He excelled at wrestling and graduated in 1954. He referred to himself as an Episcopalian as recently as June 2007, after which date he said he came to identify as

9174-472: The United States should continue the use of wartime intelligence agencies to maintain an "Invisible Empire" in the postwar period. In 1956–57, he worked for the Air Force as a photographer. Before World War II, Coon's work on race "fit comfortably into the old physical anthropology", describing the racial types supposedly present in human populations based on visible physical characteristics. He explicitly rejected any specific definition of race and used

9313-477: The Vietnam War. The committee's unanimous report stated there was "no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia." Helped by McCain's efforts, in 1995 the U.S. normalized diplomatic relations with Vietnam. McCain was vilified by some POW/MIA activists who, despite the committee's unanimous report, believed many Americans were still held against their will in Southeast Asia. From January 1993 until his death, McCain

9452-414: The Weidenreich Theory is referred to as the Candelabra Hypothesis (parallel evolution or polygenism ) that minimizes gene flow. In his 1962 book, The Origin of Races , Coon theorized that some races reached the Homo sapiens stage in evolution before others, resulting in the higher degree of civilization among some races. He had continued his theory of five races. He considered both what he called

9591-503: The Yeti expeditions that Coon was involved with were cover for American espionage in Nepal and Tibet, since both he and Slick had links to US intelligence agencies, and Byrne was allegedly involved in the extraction of the 14th Dalai Lama from Tibet by the CIA in 1959. Coon's views on cryptids were a major influence on Grover Krantz , and the two were close friends in his later life. Coon's published magnum opus, The Origin of Races (1962), received mixed reactions from scientists of

9730-422: The brutality of American politics". A variety of interest groups, which McCain had challenged in the past, ran negative ads. Bush borrowed McCain's earlier language of reform, and declined to dissociate himself from a veterans activist who accused McCain (in Bush's presence) of having "abandoned the veterans" on POW/MIA and Agent Orange issues. Incensed, McCain ran ads accusing Bush of lying and comparing

9869-443: The concept of race. Nevertheless, historian Peter Sachs Collopy has noted that Coon was able to maintain cordial relationships with many of those he had disagreements with, rooted in his belief in the importance of academic collegiality . Although some of these interpersonal conflicts faded over time—Coon wrote that he had "buried the now-rusty hatchet" with Dobzhansky in a letter to him in 1975—the animosity between Coon and Montagu

10008-566: The concept to describe both highly specific groupings of people and continent-spanning racial types. In The Races of Europe (1939), for example, an update of William Z. Ripley 's 1899 book of the same title , he distinguished between at least four racial types and sub-types of Jewish people , but also maintained that there existed a single, primordial Jewish race, characterised by a Jewish nose and other physical features that together form "a quality of looking Jewish". In these early works Coon alluded to essential, "pure" racial types that produced

10147-485: The corrupting influence of large political contributions—from corporations, labor unions, other organizations, and wealthy individuals—and he made this his signature issue. Starting in 1994, he worked with Democratic Wisconsin Senator Russ Feingold on campaign finance reform ; their McCain–Feingold bill attempted to put limits on " soft money ". The efforts of McCain and Feingold were opposed by some of

10286-410: The emerging understanding of human genetics negated race as a scientific category. In The Origins of Races (1962), Coon set forth his theory that there were five distinct subspecies of Homo sapiens that evolved in parallel in different parts of the world, and that some had evolved further than others. The book was widely castigated upon its publication and marked a decisive break between Coon and

10425-482: The era. Ernst Mayr praised the work for its synthesis as having an "invigorating freshness that will reinforce the current revitalization of physical anthropology". A book review by Stanley Marion Garn criticised Coon's parallel view of the origin of the races with little gene flow but praised the work for its racial taxonomy and concluded: "an overall favorable report on the now famous Origin of Races". Sherwood Washburn and Ashley Montagu were heavily influenced by

10564-514: The gesture can simply indicate the number one, in the right context. The thumbs up gesture is used on the logo of Thums Up , a popular brand of cola from India . Starting in 2007, the thumbs-up also appeared on India's one-rupee coin . On the Internet, and most particularly on the social media site Facebook , the thumbs up gesture is shown as an icon and is associated with the term "like"—which within that context means to follow or subscribe to

10703-455: The governor to Bill Clinton , which Bush said was "about as low a blow as you can give in a Republican primary". An anonymous smear campaign began against McCain, delivered by push polls , faxes, e-mails, flyers, and audience plants . The smears claimed that McCain had fathered a black child out of wedlock (the McCains' dark-skinned daughter was adopted from Bangladesh), that his wife Cindy

10842-554: The hand nearest the motorist and points down the road, indicating the hopeful destination. A hitchhiker may wave the hand, emphasizing the directional meaning. This is similar to the "thumb towards the door" gesture, for "get out of here!" In scuba diving , the thumbs-up gesture is a specific diving signal given underwater, in which the diver indicates that he or she is about to stop his or her dive and ascend. This occasionally confuses new divers, who might automatically gesture thumbs-up when trying to indicate approval—actually indicating

10981-399: The historical and literary record. According to Anthony Corbeill , a classical studies professor who has extensively researched the practice, thumbs up signalled killing the gladiator while "a closed fist with a wraparound thumb" meant sparing him. In modern popular culture, necessarily without a historical basis from Ancient Rome, it is wrongly presumed that "thumbs down" was the signal that

11120-674: The human body, such as crania and nose sizes) as a means asserting racial types and categories. This was Lloyd Cabot Briggs, author of Living Races of the Sahara Desert (1958) and later of No More for Ever: A Saharan Jewish Town (1962) about the Jews of the Mzab region of the Algerian Sahara, which he wrote with Norina Lami Guède (née Maria Esterina Giovanni). The historian Sarah Abreyava Stein (who argued that Guede had done most of

11259-410: The interactions among Coon, segregationist Carleton Putnam , geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky , and anthropologist Sherwood Washburn . The paper concludes that Coon actively aided the segregationist cause in violation of his own standards for scientific objectivity. Jackson found in the archived Coon papers records of repeated efforts by Coon to aid Putnam's efforts to provide intellectual support to

11398-532: The late 1950s, he was approached by Life magazine about either joining Tom Slick and Peter Byrne's expedition to the Himalayas to search for evidence of Yeti, or organising his own expedition. Although Coon spent some time planning the logistics, in the end neither materialised. Coon believed that cryptid "Wild Men" were relict populations of Pleistocene apes and that, if their existence could be proved scientifically, they would lend support to his theory of

11537-561: The least notion of what it took to win the war." On July 29, 1967, McCain was a lieutenant commander when he was near the center of the USS Forrestal fire . He escaped from his burning jet and was trying to help another pilot escape when a bomb exploded; McCain was struck in the legs and chest by fragments. The ensuing fire killed 134 sailors. With the Forrestal out of commission, McCain volunteered for assignment with

11676-444: The meeting had read the book, and that only one hand was raised. Coon published The Origin of Races in 1962. In its "Introduction", he described the book as part of the outcome of his project he conceived (in light of his work on The Races of Europe ) around the end of 1956, for a work to be titled along the lines of Races of the World . He said that since 1959 he had proceeded with the intention to follow The Origin of Races with

11815-428: The moneyed interests targeted, by incumbents in both parties, by those who felt spending limits impinged on free political speech and might be unconstitutional as well, and by those who wanted to counterbalance the power of what they saw as media bias . Despite sympathetic coverage in the media, initial versions of the McCain–Feingold Act were filibustered and never came to a vote. The term " maverick Republican"

11954-468: The ongoing resistance to racial integration, but cautioned Putnam against statements that could identify Coon as an active ally (Jackson also noted that both men had become aware that they had General Israel Putnam as a common ancestor, making them (at least distant) cousins, but Jackson indicated neither when either learned of the family relationship nor whether they had a more recent common ancestor). Alan H. Goodman (2000) has said that Coon's main legacy

12093-748: The outskirts of Hanoi. In December 1967, McCain was placed in a cell with two other Americans, who did not expect him to live more than a week. In March 1968, McCain was placed in solitary confinement , where he remained for two years. In mid-1968, his father John S. McCain Jr. was named commander of all U.S. forces in the Vietnam theater, and the North Vietnamese offered McCain early release because they wanted to appear merciful for propaganda purposes, and also to show other POWs that elite prisoners were willing to be treated preferentially. McCain refused repatriation unless every man taken in before him

12232-710: The page, posts, or profile of another individual or company; and on YouTube , individual videos may be voted on positively or negatively by clicking the thumbs-up or thumbs-down icons respectively (which in some previous versions of the site, used to be accompanied by "Like" and "Dislike" labels, and are still referred as such nowadays), and in the case of a thumbs-up, the video gets added to the user's "Liked videos" playlist. See like button . In underwater diving signals, thumb up means "let's go up". More recently, these gestures are associated with film reviews , having been popularized by critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert on their televised review show Siskel & Ebert ;

12371-513: The partial displacement of racial types. He asserted that Europe was the refined product of a long history of racial progression. He also posited that historically "different strains in one population have showed differential survival values and often one has reemerged at the expense of others (in Europeans)", in The Races of Europe, The White Race and the New World (1939). Coon suggested that

12510-414: The place I lived longest in my life was Hanoi. McCain won a highly contested primary election with the assistance of local political endorsements, his Washington connections, and money that his wife lent to his campaign. He then easily won the general election in the heavily Republican district. In 1983, McCain was elected to lead the incoming group of Republican representatives, and was assigned to

12649-538: The political and financial support of most of the party establishment, whereas McCain was supported by many moderate Republicans and some conservative Republicans. McCain focused on the New Hampshire primary , where his message appealed to independents. He traveled on a campaign bus called the Straight Talk Express. He held many town hall meetings , answering every question voters asked, in

12788-545: The powerful Senate Commerce Committee; he was criticized for accepting funds from corporations and businesses under the committee's purview, but in response said the small contributions he received were not part of the big-money nature of the campaign finance problem. McCain took on the tobacco industry in 1998, proposing legislation to increase cigarette taxes to fund anti-smoking campaigns, discourage teenage smokers, increase money for health research studies, and help states pay for smoking-related health care costs. Supported by

12927-488: The publication of The Origin of Races was personal as well as academic. Coon had known Ashley Montagu and Dobzhansky for decades and the three men often corresponded and wrote positive reviews of each other's work before 1962. Their vociferous criticism of Origins severed their friendship and affected Coon on a personal and emotional level. In a letter to Dobzhansky shortly after its publication, Coon advised him that he considered his critiques defamatory and had consulted

13066-550: The race concept with the new physical anthropology's emphasis on genetics and adaptation. This was followed by Coon's magnum opus , The Origin of Races (1962), which put forward a theory of the origins of essential racial types, however distinct from what is described by the model of multiregional evolution (MRE) as it drastically understates the role played by gene flow (whereas MRE requires it). Coon concluded that sometimes different racial types annihilated other types, while in other instances warfare and/or settlement led to

13205-405: The race for the 2000 Republican presidential nomination , but lost a heated primary season contest to George W. Bush . He secured the 2008 Republican presidential nomination , beating fellow candidates Mitt Romney and Mike Huckabee , though he lost the general election to Barack Obama . McCain subsequently adopted more orthodox conservative stances and attitudes and largely opposed actions of

13344-537: The research) noted that Briggs and Coon corresponded during the writing of No More for Ever , joking, for example, about the genital depilation customs of Jewish women in Ghardaïa . After the war, Coon returned to Harvard, but retained ties to the OSS and its successor the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He was a scientific consultant to the CIA from 1948 to 1950, and in 1945 wrote an influential paper that argued that

13483-419: The rules. "He collected demerits the way some people collect stamps." His class rank (894 of 899) was not indicative of his intelligence nor his IQ , which had been tested to be 128 and 133. McCain graduated in 1958. McCain began his early military career when he was commissioned as an ensign , and started two and a half years of training at Pensacola to become a naval aviator. While there, he earned

13622-531: The scientific mainstream. He resigned the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in 1961, after it voted to condemn a white supremacist book written by Coon's cousin Carleton Putnam . Though Coon continued to defend his theories until his death and rejected the accusations that he was a racist, they were quickly excluded from the scientific consensus as "outmoded [...], typological and racist". Aside from physical anthropology, Coon conducted

13761-461: The separate origins of human races. Cultural historian Colin Dickey has argued that the search for Sasquatch and Yeti are inextricably linked to racism: "For an anthropologist like Coon, invested in finding some sort of scientific basis to justify his racism, Wild Men lore offered a compelling narrative, a chance to prove a scientific basis for his white supremacy." It has also been speculated that

13900-577: The separate origins of human races. He was involved in planning 'Yeti-hunting' expeditions to Nepal and Tibet, though it has also been speculated that these were cover for espionage. Coon was married twice, first to Mary Goodale and then to Lisa Dougherty Geddes. He had two sons, including Carleton S. Coon Jr. , a diplomat who served as the American Ambassador to Nepal. He died in Gloucester, Massachusetts in 1981. Carleton Stevens Coon

14039-504: The shapes of lowercase "b" and "d" to represent a thumbs-up sign. Simple versions incorporate a dash for the wrist: -b or =b (right hand) and d- or d= (left hand). Many Japanese kaomoji icons place the thumbs beside a face constructed from punctuation marks, such as d(＾＾)ｂ or b(~_^)d . Various instant messaging services use (y) and (n) as a shortcut for thumbs up and thumbs down emoji . Carleton S. Coon Carleton Stevens Coon (June 23, 1904 – June 3, 1981)

14178-406: The sites. Coon was, up to his death, a proponent of the existence of bipedal cryptids , including Sasquatch and Yeti . His 1954 book The Story of Man included a chapter on "Giant Apes and Snowmen" and a figure showing the purported footprints of an "Abominable Snowman" alongside those of extinct hominids, and near the end of his life he wrote a paper on "Why There Has to Be a Sasquatch". In

14317-747: The so-called "Veddoids" of India ("tribal" Indians, or "Adivasi") as closely related to other peoples in the South-Pacific ("Australoids"), and he also believed that this supposed human lineage (the "Australoids") was an important genetic substratum in Southern India. As for the north of the sub-continent, it was an extension of the Caucasoid range. By the time Coon coauthored The Living Races of Man , he thought that India's Adivasis were an ancient Caucasoid-Australoid mix who tended to be more Caucasoid than Australoid (with great variability), that

14456-536: The specific races he observed through hybridization , but did not attempt to explain how or where these types arose. The immediate post-war period marked a decisive break in Coon's work on race as the conventional, typological approach was challenged by the "new physical anthropology". Led by Coon's former classmate Sherwood Washburn , this was a movement to shift the field away from description and classification and towards an understanding of human variability grounded in

14595-418: The thumb up meaning a positive opinion of a film; the thumb down meaning a negative one. The trademarked phrase " two thumbs up ", originally meaning a positive review from both reviewers, has come to be used as an indication of very high quality or unanimity of praise. By extension from the film review usage, many websites (including Facebook) allow users to approve or disapprove of items, such as comments in

14734-546: The thumbs up from watching American pilots based in northern Brazil during World War II. Senator John McCain of Arizona, when he cast the deciding vote that derailed a Republican repeal of the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare") on July 28, 2017, used the thumbs down gesture. In 2023, a farmer in Canada was fined C$ 82,000 ($ USD 61,610), having used a thumbs-up emoji in response to a text message contract, which

14873-596: The thumbs up to communicate with ground crews before take-off. This custom may have originated with the China-based Flying Tigers , who were among the first American flyers involved in World War II. The appreciative Chinese would say ting hao de (挺好的) meaning "very good", and gesture with a thumbs up, which in Chinese means "you're number one". High officials in the Chinese government see it as

15012-721: The troops too late; in the interim, the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing killed hundreds. McCain won re-election to the House easily in 1984, and gained a spot on the House Foreign Affairs Committee . In 1985, he made his first return trip to Vietnam, and also traveled to Chile where he met with its military junta ruler, General Augusto Pinochet . In 1984, McCain and Cindy had their first child, daughter Meghan , followed two years later by son John IV and in 1988 by son James. In 1991, Cindy brought an abandoned three-month-old girl needing medical treatment to

15151-554: The vote to Bush's 30 percent. The Bush campaign and the Republican establishment feared that a McCain victory in the crucial South Carolina primary might give his campaign unstoppable momentum. The Arizona Republic wrote that the McCain–Bush primary contest in South Carolina "has entered national political lore as a low-water mark in presidential campaigns", while The New York Times called it "a painful symbol of

15290-481: Was 'amusing'." Coon continued to write and defend his work until his death, publishing two volumes of memoirs in 1980 and 1981. After taking up his position at Pennsylvania in 1948, Coon embarked on a series of archaeological expeditions to Iran, Afghanistan and Syria. His 1949 excavations at four cave sites in Iran ( Bisitun , Tamtama , Khunik and Belt ) were the first systematic investigations of Palaeolithic archaeology in Iran. The most significant of these

15429-462: Was Bisitun, which Coon called "Hunter's Cave", where he discovered evidence of the Mousterian industry and several human fossils that were later confirmed to belong to Neanderthals . Coon published the results of these excavations in a 1951 monograph, Cave Explorations in Iran, 1949 , and subsequently wrote a popular book about the expeditions, The Seven Caves: Archaeological Explorations in

15568-668: Was Chairman of the International Republican Institute , an organization that supports the emergence of political democracy worldwide. In 1993 and 1994, McCain voted to confirm President Clinton's nominees to the U.S. Supreme Court , Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer , whom he considered qualified. He later explained that "under our Constitution, it is the president's call to make." McCain had also voted to confirm nominees of presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, including Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas . McCain attacked what he saw as

15707-506: Was a prisoner of war until 1973. McCain experienced episodes of torture and refused an out-of-sequence early release . He sustained wounds that left him with lifelong physical disabilities. McCain retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona. In 1982, McCain was elected to the House of Representatives, where he served two terms. Four years later, he was elected to the Senate, where he served six terms. While generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain also gained

15846-689: Was a member of the Congregational Church . Coon retired from Pennsylvania in 1963, but retained an affiliation with the Peabody Museum and continued to write until the end of his life. He appeared on several episodes of television quiz show What in the World? between 1952 and 1957. Coon died in Gloucester, Massachusetts on June 3, 1981. Science: Fiction and memoir: John McCain John Sidney McCain III (August 29, 1936 – August 25, 2018)

15985-699: Was active on Indian Affairs bills. He supported most aspects of the foreign policy of the Reagan administration , including its hardline stance against the Soviet Union and policy towards Central American conflicts , such as backing the Contras in Nicaragua. McCain opposed keeping U.S. Marines deployed in Lebanon , citing unattainable objectives, and subsequently criticized President Reagan for pulling out

16124-491: Was again on the short list of possible vice-presidential picks, this time for Republican nominee Bob Dole . While Dole instead selected Jack Kemp , he chose McCain to deliver the nominating speech for him in the presidential roll call vote at the 1996 Republican National Convention . The following year, Time magazine named McCain as one of the "25 Most Influential People in America". In 1997, McCain became chairman of

16263-586: Was also released. Such early release was prohibited by the POWs' interpretation of the military Code of Conduct , which states in Article III: "I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy." To prevent the enemy from using prisoners for propaganda, officers were to agree to be released in the order in which they were captured. Beginning in August 1968, McCain was subjected to severe torture. He

16402-619: Was an American anthropologist and professor at the University of Pennsylvania . He is best known for his scientific racist theories concerning the parallel evolution of human races , which were widely disputed in his lifetime and are considered pseudoscientific by modern science. Born in Wakefield, Massachusetts , Coon became interested in anthropology after attending Earnest Hooton's lectures at Harvard University . He obtained his PhD in 1928 based on an ethnographic study of

16541-471: Was an American politician and United States Navy officer who served as a U.S. senator from Arizona from 1987 until his death in 2018. He previously served two terms in the U.S. House of Representatives and was the Republican Party 's nominee in the 2008 U.S. presidential election . McCain was a son of Admiral John S. McCain Jr. and grandson of Admiral John S. McCain Sr. He graduated from

16680-707: Was an account of his work in North Africa during World War II , which involved espionage and the smuggling of arms to French resistance groups in German-occupied Morocco under the guise of anthropological fieldwork. During that time, Coon was affiliated with the United States Office of Strategic Services , the forerunner to the Central Intelligence Agency . Coon served as a mentor to another Harvard-educated OSS agent and anthropologist who embraced anthropometry (measuring features of

16819-672: Was born in Wakefield, Massachusetts on June 23, 1904. His parents were John Lewis Coon, a cotton factor , and Bessie Carleton. His family had Cornish American roots and two of his ancestors fought in the American Civil War . As a child, he listened to his grandfather's stories of the war and of traveling in the Middle East , and accompanied his father on business trips to Egypt, inspiring an early interest in Egyptology . He initially attended Wakefield High School , but

16958-862: Was bound and beaten every two hours, and he was suffering from heat exhaustion and dysentery . Further injuries brought McCain to "the point of suicide", but his preparations were interrupted by guards. Eventually, McCain made an anti-U.S. propaganda "confession". He had always felt that his statement was dishonorable, but as he later wrote: "I had learned what we all learned over there: every man has his breaking point. I had reached mine." Many U.S. POWs were tortured and maltreated to extract "confessions" and propaganda statements; virtually all eventually yielded something. McCain received two to three beatings weekly because of his continued refusal to sign additional statements. McCain refused to meet various anti-war groups seeking peace in Hanoi, wanting to give neither them nor

17097-402: Was expelled after breaking a water pipe and flooding the school's basement, after which he went to Phillips Academy . Coon was a precocious student, learning to read Egyptian hieroglyphs at an early age and excelling at Ancient Greek . Wakefield was an affluent and almost exclusively white town. Coon's biographer, William W. Howells , noted that his "only apparent awareness of ethnicity"

17236-607: Was frequently applied to McCain, and he also used it himself. In 1993, McCain opposed military operations in Somalia . Another target of his was pork barrel spending by Congress, and he actively supported the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 , which gave the president power to veto individual spending items but was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1998. In the 1996 presidential election , McCain

17375-401: Was given medical care only when the North Vietnamese discovered that his father was an admiral. His status as a prisoner of war (POW) made the front pages of major American newspapers. McCain spent six weeks in the hospital, where he received marginal care. He had lost 50 pounds (23 kg), he was in a chest cast, and his gray hair had turned white. McCain was sent to a different camp on

17514-463: Was hailed for "important contributions to most of the major subdivisions of modern anthropology", "pioneering contributions to the study of human transition from the hunter-gatherer culture to the first agricultural communities." and "important early work in studying the physical adaptations of humans in such extreme environments as deserts, the Arctic and high altitudes." William W. Howells , writing in

17653-561: Was in childhood fights with his Irish American neighbours. Coon himself claimed that "both anti-Semitism and racism were unknown to me before I left home at the age of fifteen, and zero to fifteen are formative years." Intending to study Egyptology, Coon enrolled at Harvard University and was able to obtain a place on a graduate course with George Andrew Reisner based on his knowledge of hieroglyphic. He also studied Arabic and English composition under Charles Townsend Copeland . However he changed his focus to anthropology after taking

17792-534: Was motivated to study the Rif by the puzzle of the "light-skinned" Riffians' presence in Africa. Throughout much of his fieldwork, he relied on his local informant Mohammed Limnibhy, and even arranged for Limnibhy to live with him in Cambridge from 1928 to 1929. After obtaining his PhD, Coon returned to Harvard as a lecturer and later a professor. In 1931 he published his dissertation as the "definitive monograph" of

17931-544: Was not his "separate evolution of races (Coon 1962)," but his "molding of race into the new physical anthropology of adaptive and evolutionary processes (Coon et al. 1950)," since he attempted to "unify a typological model of human variation with an evolutionary perspective and explained racial differences with adaptivist arguments." Coon married Mary Goodale in 1926. They had two sons, one of whom, Carleton S. Coon Jr. went on to become Ambassador to Nepal. Coon and Goodale divorced and in 1945 he married Lisa Dougherty Geddes. He

18070-425: Was one of the five senators whom Keating contacted to prevent the government's seizure of Lincoln, and McCain met twice with federal regulators to discuss the government's investigation of Lincoln. In 1999, McCain said: "The appearance of it was wrong. It's a wrong appearance when a group of senators appear in a meeting with a group of regulators, because it conveys the impression of undue and improper influence. And it

18209-606: Was published; a reviewer observed that its appearance "seems to have been timed to the unfolding Presidential campaign." The most successful of his writings, it received positive reviews, became a bestseller, and was later made into a TV film . The book traces McCain's family background and childhood, covers his time at Annapolis and his service before and during the Vietnam War, concluding with his release from captivity in 1973. According to one reviewer, it describes "the kind of challenges that most of us can barely imagine. It's

18348-467: Was quoted as saying to a colleague, "You had Ashley Montagu in your office? And you didn't shoot him?" The enmity was reciprocated; in a 1974 letter to Stephen Jay Gould , Montagu wrote, "Coon… is a racist and an antisemite, as I know well, so when you describe Coon's letter to the editor of Natural History as 'amusing' I understand exactly what you mean—but it is so in exactly the same sense as Mein Kampf

18487-464: Was reinstated. In 1976, he became Commanding Officer of a training squadron stationed in Florida. He improved the unit's flight readiness and safety records, and won the squadron its first-ever Meritorious Unit Commendation . During this period in Florida, he had extramarital affairs, and his marriage began to falter, about which he later stated: "The blame was entirely mine". McCain served as

18626-421: Was ruled as a binding agreement. The farmer failed to fulfill the contract by not delivering the expected amount of flax, leading to the penalty. The judge considered the emoji's meaning of assent or approval, concluding that it can serve as a digital signature. The ruling recognized the use of non-traditional methods, like emojis, in confirming contracts in today's technological landscape. The thumbs up signal has

18765-660: Was severe and lasting. Before 1962, the two were on friendly terms, but represented rival schools of anthropology (Coon studied under Hooton at Harvard; Montagu under Boas at Columbia), and Coon privately disdained his work. After the publication of Origins , they engaged in a lengthy correspondence, published in Current Anthropology , that "consisted almost entirely of bickering over minutiae, name calling, and sarcasm". Privately, Coon suspected Montagu (a target of McCarthyism ) of communist sympathies and of turning Dobzhansky and others against him. As late as 1977, he

18904-621: Was the wrong thing to do." In the end, McCain was cleared by the Senate Ethics Committee of acting improperly or violating any law or Senate rule, but was mildly rebuked for exercising "poor judgment". In his 1992 re-election bid, the Keating Five affair was not a major issue, and he won handily, gaining 56 percent of the vote to defeat Democratic community and civil rights activist Claire Sargent and independent former governor, Evan Mecham . McCain developed

19043-545: Was then four inches shorter, in a wheelchair or on crutches, and substantially heavier than when he had last seen her. As a returned POW, he became a celebrity of sorts. McCain underwent treatment for his injuries that included months of physical therapy . He attended the National War College at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C., during 1973–1974. He was rehabilitated by late 1974, and his flight status

19182-417: Was typical of its time. He described the different racial 'types' supposedly present in human populations, but rejected a specific definition of 'race' and made no attempt to explain how these types arose. This changed after 1950, as Coon attempted to defend an essentialist concept of race against the new physical anthropology of contemporaries such as Sherwood Washburn and Ashley Montagu , who argued that

19321-607: Was widely castigated by his peers in anthropology as supporting racist ideas with outmoded theory and notions which had long since been repudiated by modern science. One of his harshest critics, Theodore Dobzhansky , scorned it as providing "grist for racist mills". Geneticist Dobzhansky's shot His bolt and really gone to pot. Things which now pass above his pate Cause him to fume and fulminate In ways unacademical And anything but oecumenical. Querulous cracks with venom spattered Tell of an ethos sadly shattered. Poem written by Coon around 1963 The dispute that followed

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