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109-666: Download coordinates as: Thursday Island , colloquially known as TI , or in the Kawrareg dialect, Waiben or Waibene , is an island of the Torres Strait Islands , an archipelago of at least 274 small islands in the Torres Strait . TI is located approximately 39 kilometres (24 miles) north of Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland , Australia. Thursday Island is also the name of

218-546: A "cross-roads of the Pacific — a racial and geographic link connecting Oceania, Southeast Asia and Indonesia ." Debate exists over whether or not the Philippines should be categorized with Pacific Islands of shared Austronesian origin or with the mainland nations of Asia. The islands of the Philippines do not have oceanic geology, and instead sit on the continental shelf of Asia. As such, they are sometimes deemed as

327-703: A Japanese-based fleet which did not use local resources or personnel. In the 1950s plastic buttons imitating pearl supplanted much of the demand for shell. Before the decline, pearl fishing was taken by the island-based fleet to the Aru Islands in what was then the Dutch East Indies . The Thursday Island Customs House opened in 1938 at 2 Victoria Parade ( 10°35′05″S 142°13′15″E  /  10.5848°S 142.2209°E  / -10.5848; 142.2209  ( Thursday Island Customs House (1938) ) ). During World War II , Thursday Island became

436-574: A Polynesian race. Beyond her own sphere of association, New Zealand's trading influence is prominent in Tonga, Fiji and other areas of the Pacific with Commonwealth affiliations." Regarding Australia, he further wrote, "Australia plays a leading economic role in the south-west Pacific area — commonly known as Melanesia. Fiji, the New Hebrides , the Solomons, even French-controlled New Caledonia have

545-566: A deep-level relationship dating back to before the flooding of Torres Strait at the end of the last age, as claimed by Mitchell or they could point to genetic inheritance and subsequent language contact, as discussed by Alpher, Bowern, and O'Grady 2009. A comparison of the Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Meriam Mìr, Kiwai and Uradhi personal pronouns show similarities and differences in typology . In comparison to Uradhi, Kalaw Lagaw Ya has an archaic typology — or, rather, Uradhi has innovated, having lost

654-469: A few hundred years after their discoveries, and initially were sometimes used as prisons for convicts. Today only a small number of them are inhabited, mainly by Spanish -speaking mainlanders of mestizo or White Latin American origin. These individuals are not considered Pacific Islanders under the standard ethnically based definition. In a broad sense, they could still possibly be seen as encompassing

763-827: A geological extension of Asia. In his 2012 book Encyclopedia of Diversity in Education , American author James A. Banks claimed that, "although islands such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia , Taiwan, Japan and the Aleutian Islands are located in the Pacific Ocean, islanders from these locales are not typically considered Pacific Islanders. They are usually considered Asian, with Aleuts considered Alaskan natives." Thus, because proximity does not determine ethnicity, only through defined connections such as Maori(Polynesian) and Rapa Nui natives(Polynesian) it has to be evident that "islands" although nearby to Oceana,

872-728: A hydrographic survey of the area was conducted by Captain Owen Stanley of the Royal Navy , the commander of HMS Rattlesnake . He named this island Friday Island and another island Thursday Island (presumably reflecting the day of the week on which he named them). However, in June 1855 Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort of the Royal Navy (the Admiralty Hydrographer) decided to switch the names around, likely to preserve

981-598: A long period of time, the Austronesians being culturally a superstratum , however not in a position to impose their language. He presented folk history evidence that a few Austronesian traders (men) settled at Parema (north-east of Daru) and married local [Proto–Trans Fly speaking] women. To avoid further miscegenation, they soon moved and settled in Torres Strait, first to the Eastern Islands, then to

1090-479: A major trade connection with Australia. The thriving little republic of Nauru was administered by Australia before its recent independence. Further afield, in western Polynesia, Australia provides economic and technical aid in Tonga and Western Samoa. Much of Fiji's tourist trade comes from 'down under'. Among the oceanic islands which are part of the Commonwealth of Australia are Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island,

1199-440: A significant number, mainly men, who spoke a South-East Papuan Austronesian language, accompanied by their Papuan wives and their perhaps bilingual children. Over time, the core structure of the local mothers' language dominated, with retention of the newcomers' Papuo-Austronesian content in the appropriate cultural subsystems. In essence this would have been a 'replay' of the original settlement by Austronesian traders at Parema, with

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1308-590: A small Spanish-speaking segment of Oceania , along with the Easter Island inhabitants, who were eventually colonized by Chileans . The 1996 book Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas notes that Spanish was once commonly spoken in the Pacific on the colonial-era Philippines , further stating, "at the present time, the Spanish language is not widely used in

1417-546: Is Yagar Yagar , from the word yagar ( yá 'speech, etc.' + gár 'sympathy clitic' ('dear', 'please', etc.), often used by Western and Central Islanders in speech to show a sympathetic or nostalgic frame of mind. In literature on the language the abbreviations KLY (Kalaw Lagaw Ya), KKY (Kalau Kawau Ya), KulY (Kulkalgau Ya), MY (Muwalgau Ya) and KY (Kaiwaligau Ya) are often used as abbreviations. The name Mabuiag /mabujaɡ/ , in English pronounced / ˈ m oʊ b i æ ɡ / ,

1526-538: Is 1,781.2 mm (70.13 in), with a late summer maximum. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 37.9 °C (100.2 °F) on 8 December 2002 to 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) on 8 September 2019. Climate data was sourced from Horn Island, which is 8.7 km ENE of Thursday Island. Torres Strait Creole is the dominant language spoken on Thursday Island by the Islanders, followed by Kalaw Lagaw Ya , commonly called Mabuiag (pronounced Mobyag) by many, although English

1635-560: Is Australian in both form and grammar — though a certain amount of the grammar is common to Trans-Fly and Paman languages in the first place. Some semantic categories, verb number morphology, and some other morphology are non-Australian in origin. Potentially 80% of its vocabulary is non-Australian. The interplay of the above within the subsystems of Kalaw Lagaw Ya lexicon, phonology and grammar points more to mixing through shift and borrowing rather than pidginisation and creolisation. The language also has some vocabulary from languages outside

1744-400: Is Austronesian. Kalaw Lagaw Ya has only 6% cognation with its closest Australian neighbour, Urradhi , with a further 5% 'common' vocabulary (loans of various origins) — and about 40% common vocabulary with its Papuan neighbour, Meriam Mìr . Of 279 Proto- Paman forms only 18.9% have definite realisations in Kalaw Lagaw Ya, with a further 2.5% which may be present. One word that illustrates

1853-636: Is also spoken. The indigenous language is Kaiwaligau Ya, another dialect of Kalaw Lagaw Ya, otherwise known as Kowrareg, (or more correctly Kauraraigau Ya, the name used by the people in the mid to late 1800s). Thursday Island has number of services open to the community, including a sporting complex, gym, public library as well as ANZAC park and Ken Brown Oval. There is a community pharmacy, general store, butcher, bank and many other essential services. The Shire of Torres operates Ngulaig Meta Municipal public library at 121 Douglas Street. The current library facility opened in 2015. Sacred Heart Catholic Church

1962-634: Is also the administrative and commercial centre of the local government area of Torres Strait Island Region despite not being part of that local government area. The island has been populated for thousands of years by the Torres Strait Islanders , though archeological evidence on Badu , further north in Torres Strait, suggests that the area has been inhabited from before the end of the last Ice Age. The archaeology from Badu, Pulu, Saibai and Mer shows that Melanesian occupation started around 2,600 years ago (see Kalaw Lagaw Ya ). In 1848

2071-689: Is at 21 Aplin Road ( 10°34′39″S 142°12′50″E  /  10.5774°S 142.2138°E  / -10.5774; 142.2138  ( Tagai State College - Thursday Island Secondary ) ) In 2017, the school across all location had a total enrolment of 1,554 students with 168 teachers (165 full-time equivalent) and 198 non-teaching staff (142 full-time equivalent). The school includes a special education program at Summers Street ( 10°34′48″S 142°13′20″E  /  10.5800°S 142.2222°E  / -10.5800; 142.2222  ( Tagai State College - Special Education Program ) ). Our Lady of

2180-527: Is fairly widespread as a name for the language, this having been established by the Cambridge Expedition to Torres Strait, whose main research on the language was with Mabuiag material. Though the preferred term in English in Academia for some time was Kala Lagaw Ya , according to Ober, the form was always regarded as "colloquial" by native speakers. In a High Court decision on 7 August 2013,

2289-836: Is in Douglas Street. It is within the Thursday Island Parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns . Tagai State College is a government primary and secondary (Early Childhood-12) school for boys and girls that operates 17 campuses throughout the Torres Strait, including two on Thursday Island. The Thursday Island primary school campus (Early Childhood-6) is at 31 Hargrave Street ( 10°34′54″S 142°13′16″E  /  10.5817°S 142.2212°E  / -10.5817; 142.2212  ( Tagai State College - Thursday Island Primary Campus ) ). The Thursday Island secondary school campus (7-12)

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2398-643: Is now commonly spoken in a bilingual manner, with some having race-mixed with Mestizo Chilean settlers. However, the inhabitants consider their island and its culture to be Polynesian, and do not view themselves as South Americans. The population of the Pacific Islands is concentrated in Papua New Guinea , New Zealand (which has a majority of people of European descent ), Hawaii, Fiji, and Solomon Islands . Most Pacific Islands are densely populated, and habitation tends to be concentrated along

2507-575: Is one of the only other habitable oceanic islands to have had no contact with humans prior to European discovery. The island is currently administered by Australia, and Its residents are primarily European Australians who originated from the mainland, with a small number also being Asian Australians . Like with the Spanish-speaking islanders in the southeastern Pacific, they would not normally be considered Pacific Islanders under an ethnically based definition. Remote and uninhabitable islands in

2616-430: Is only in part self-sufficient for water, some being piped from the adjacent island. It has two wind turbines which generate some of its electricity requirement. The economy of the island is dependent on its role as an administrative centre and is supported by pearling and fishing, as well as a fast-developing tourism industry, with perhaps the most famous tourists being novelist Somerset Maugham and Banjo Paterson , and

2725-507: Is some folk history evidence that the language was spoken as a first language in a few villages neighbouring Torres Strait in Papua. It was also formerly spoken by the Hiámo (Hiámu, Hiáma) of Daru (Dhaaru) to the north-east of Torres Strait, who were originally settlers from Yama [Yam Island] in Torres Strait, Hiámu/Hiámo/Hiáma being a Kiwai pronunciation of Yama. The main body of the Hiámo moved to

2834-537: Is the last in the following table, which is commonly used instead of the traditional words imi 'spouse's opposite-sex sibling', 'opposite sex sibling's spouse' and ngaubath 'spouse's same-sex sibling', 'same-sex sibling's spouse'. These have also similarly been replaced in common usage by the English loan woman (pronounced [woman] ) in the meaning of 'sister/daughter-in-law'. Other biblical loans are from Ancient Greek , Latin and Biblical Hebrew : Two early English loans of interest show back formation from what in

2943-818: Is unknown. It also has a 'light' (simplified/foreigner) form, as well as a pidginised form. The simplified form is fairly prevalent on Badu and neighbouring Moa . The language is known by several names besides Kalaw Lagaw Ya , most of which (including Kalaw Lagaw Ya ) are names of dialects, spelling variants, dialect variants and the like — and include translations of the English terms, Western Island Language and Central Island Language : Kalaw Lagaw Ya / Kalau Lagau Ya / Kala Lagaw Ya Kalaw Kawaw Ya / Kalau Kawau Ya Kala Lagaw Langgus / Kala Lagau Langgus / Kalaw Lagaw Langgus / Kalau Lagau Langgus Langgus Linggo Westen West Torres Western Torres Strait Dhadhalagau Ya Sentral / Central Islands One term used by Eastern Islanders and neighbouring Papuans for Kala Lagaw Ya

3052-440: Is used to refer to speaking in a language, e.g. KKY markaidh muliz 'speak [in] English', zapanisadh muliz 'speak [in] Japanese', dhaudhalgadh muliz 'speak [in] Papuan', mœyamadh muliz 'speak [in] Meriam Mìr', thanamudh muliz 'speak like them, speak [in] their language'. It is otherwise common for speakers to use nominal phrases like KLY/KulY ngalpun ya , MY-KY ngalpun/ngalpan ya , KKY ngalpan ya 'our language' to refer to

3161-466: The 2021 census , the locality of Thursday Island had a population of 2,805 people. Thursday Island has an area of about 3.5 square kilometres (1.4 square miles). The highest point on Thursday Island, standing at 104 metres (341 feet) above sea level , is Milman Hill, a World War II defence facility. While Thursday Island is within the Shire of Torres and is the administrative centre for that shire, it

3270-1006: The Coral Sea Islands , the Desventuradas Islands , Guadalupe Island , the Juan Fernández Islands, the Revillagigedo Islands, Salas y Gómez Island and the Torres Strait Islands . He notes that the terms are sometimes taken to include Australia, New Zealand and the non-oceanic Papua New Guinea, however he does not consider them to encompass the Japanese archipelago , the Ryukyu Islands , Taiwan , Russia's Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island or countries associated with Maritime Southeast Asia . The Philippines according to him are at

3379-822: The Louisiade Archipelago , the Admiralty Islands , Bougainville Island , Papua New Guinea , Western New Guinea (part of Indonesia ), Maluku Island , Aru Islands , Kei Islands , the Santa Cruz Islands (part of the Solomon Islands), Loyalty Islands (part of New Caledonia) and various smaller islands. East Timor , while considered to be geographically Southeast Asian , is still generally accepted as being ethnoculturally part of Melanesia. The Torres Strait Islands are politically part of nearby Queensland , Australia, although

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3488-642: The Māori , are Polynesians, and thus considered Pacific Islanders. Australia's Indigenous population are loosely related to Melanesians and the United States Census categorize them under the Pacific Islander American umbrella. In Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama (1974), Ian Todd states that, "New Zealand is uniquely gifted in its role as a Polynesian associate. A large section of its own indigenous population consists of Māori —

3597-544: The New Zealand Māori (New Zealand), Native Hawaiians (Hawaii), Rapa Nui ( Easter Island ), Samoans ( Samoa and American Samoa ), Tahitians (Tahiti), Tokelauans ( Tokelau ), Niueans ( Niue ), Cook Islands Māori ( Cook Islands ), Tongans ( Tonga ), Wallisians, and Futunans ( Wallis and Futuna ). The term Pasifika was first used in New Zealand to designate the non-indigenous ethnic groups arriving from

3706-507: The New Zealand Māori , who are also Polynesian but are indigenous to New Zealand. In the 2013 New Zealand census , 7.4% of the New Zealand population identified with one or more Pacific ethnic groups, although 62.3% of these were born in New Zealand. Those with a Samoan background make up the largest proportion, followed by Cook Islands Māori , Tongan , and Niuean . Some smaller island populations such as Niue and Tokelau have

3815-538: The Quetta Memorial Church on the island was the cathedral church of the large Diocese of Carpentaria which included North Queensland, the Islands of the Torres Strait and, to 1968, Northern Territory. In the 2011 census , the locality of Thursday Island had a population of 2,610 people. In the 2016 census , the locality of Thursday Island had a population of 2,938 people. In the 2021 census ,

3924-724: The Roman Catholic Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown (now the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cairns) was established in 1884. On 25 August 1887, The Paterson (Cape York) Telegraph Station on the West Coast of Cape York was opened. It connected the Cape York Telegraph Line with Thursday Island, via an undersea cable. In the late-19th and early-20th centuries Thursday Island was a regular stop for vessels trading between

4033-716: The United States Minor Outlying Islands , Vanuatu and Wallis and Futuna . The 1982 edition of the South Pacific Handbook , by David Stanley, groups Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island and the islands of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia under the more restrictive label of the "South Pacific Islands", even though Hawaii and most islands in Micronesia technically lie in the North Pacific. He additionally includes

4142-523: The 16th century up until the end of World War II . Several of the island groups have since developed financially crucial political alignments with the United States. Nauru's main political partner since World War I has been Australia, excluding a brief period of Japanese occupation in World War II. The Polynesian islands are scattered across a triangle covering the east-central region of

4251-576: The 1980s, the United States Census Bureau grouped persons of Asian ancestry and created the category " Asian-Pacific Islander ," which continued in the 1990s census. In 2000, " Asian " and " Pacific Islander " became two separate racial categories. According to the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program (PEP), a " Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander " is, A person having origins in any of

4360-483: The Australian phonology and syntax profoundly. The contrast of Australian laminal nh/ny and lh/ly and apical n and l has been lost, voicing has become phonemic and s , z , t , d , o and òò have developed. This also affected the phonology of Australian vocabulary, where these 'foreign' sounds also occur. The non-Australian content appears to be mainly lexicon (including verbs), particularly dealing with

4469-508: The Central Islands, then to Moa , Badu and Mabuiag . At Mabuiag, Badu and Moa they found Aboriginal people, killed the men and kept the women (and presumably the children). Some moved on up to Saibai, Dœwan and Bœigu to avoid this new miscegenation, hence the lighter colour of many Saibai, Dœwan and Bœigu people. Bœigu folk history collected by Laade also shows direct East Austronesian genetic influence on Bœigu. The social context

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4578-551: The Common Australian 1, 2 and 3 plurals. Kiwai does not have 1–2 pronouns, while Meriam Mìr does not have a dual and trial/paucal set of pronouns which correspond to its verb system. The Kalaw Lagaw Ya system, like that of Uradhi, is Australian: Note that except for Meriam Mìr, the Trans Fly languages also have two-gender masculine-feminine systems, though not marked on the pronouns themselves. However, even though

4687-485: The Cook Islands, Niue, and French Polynesia in the 20th and 21st centuries. The umbrella terms Pacific Islands and Pacific Islanders may also take on several other meanings. At times, the term Pacific Islands only refers to islands within the cultural regions of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia, and to tropical islands with oceanic geology in general, such as Clipperton Island . In some common uses,

4796-682: The Fijians (Fiji), Kanaks ( New Caledonia ), Ni-Vanuatu ( Vanuatu ), Papua New Guineans ( Papua New Guinea ), Solomon Islanders ( Solomon Islands ), West Papuans (Indonesia's West Papua ) and Moluccans (Indonesia's Maluku Islands ). Micronesians include the Carolinians ( Caroline Islands ), Chamorros ( Guam and Northern Mariana Islands ), Chuukese ( Chuuk ), I-Kiribati ( Kiribati ), Kosraeans ( Kosrae ), Marshallese ( Marshall Islands ), Palauans ( Palau ), Pohnpeians ( Pohnpei ), and Yapese ( Yap ). Polynesians include

4905-535: The Galápagos Islands in his definition of the South Pacific, but does not include any other islands located within the southeastern Pacific area, aside from Easter Island which is considered part of Polynesia. Ian Todd's 1974 book Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama considers Oceania and the term "Pacific Islands" to also encompass the non-tropical Aleutian Islands , as well as Clipperton Island,

5014-632: The Pacific Islands Forum, as they are primarily inhabited by Polynesian peoples. Japan and Malay Archipelago countries such as East Timor, Indonesia and the Philippines are dialogue partners of the Pacific Islands Forum, with East Timor having observer status, but none are full members. The nations of the Malay Archipelago have their own regional governing organization called ASEAN , which includes mainland Southeast Asian nations such as Vietnam and Thailand . In July 2019, at

5123-830: The Pacific Ocean. The triangle is bound by the Hawaiian Islands in the north, New Zealand in the west, and Easter Island in the east. The rest of Polynesia includes the Samoan islands ( American Samoa and Samoa [formerly Western Samoa]); Cook Islands ; French Polynesia (the Society Islands [ Tahiti ], Marquesas Islands , Austral Islands , and Tuamotu ); Niue Island ; Tokelau and Tuvalu ; Tonga ; Wallis and Futuna ; Rotuma Island ; Pitcairn Island ; Nukuoro ; and Kapingamarangi . The majority of island groups are most closely aligned to New Zealand /Australia, with others being politically aligned to France or

5232-501: The Papuan coast). Some basic vocabulary, terminology dealing with agriculture, canoes, the weather, the sky and the sea, some abstract nouns, some verbs. Possibly some grammar in the form of function words, such as waadh (KKY waaza ) 'existential emphasis' (i.e. 'it is true that ... '), Proto Oceanic Austronesian *waDa 'existential'. The Australian word forms and structure found in Kalaw Lagaw Ya appear to be retentions, i.e. inherited;

5341-514: The Sacred Heart School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Normanby Street ( 10°34′59″S 142°12′57″E  /  10.5830°S 142.2157°E  / -10.5830; 142.2157  ( Our Lady of the Sacred Heart School ) ). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 103 students with 12 teachers (9 full-time equivalent) and 13 non-teaching staff (9 full-time equivalent). The Torres Strait Campus of

5450-609: The South Pacific, being unknown outside of a handful of places. Spanish is spoken by a resident population only on the Ecuadorian Galápagos Islands, the Chilean possessions of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Juan Fernández Islands and a few other tiny islands. Most Pacific insular possessions of Latin American nations are either unpopulated or used as military outposts, staffed by natives of the mainland." Lord Howe Island , located between Australia and New Zealand,

5559-457: The Straits and down to Cairns. This is a necessary service because navigation through the area is tricky due to the extensive reef systems. The island has the area hospital and courts, is the regional centre for higher education, a centre for some research organisations and is the administrative base for the local, state and federal governments. Banking and phones are available. Thursday Island

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5668-700: The Thursday Island group to escape the Kiwai colonisation of Daru some centuries ago. The language is classified as being part of the Pama–Nyungan languages . Mitchell regard it as a mixed language with an Australian core (Pama–Nyungan) and Papuan and Austronesian overlays, while Capell and Dixon classify it among the Papuan languages . The personal pronouns are typically Australian, most kin terms are Papuan, and significant sea/canoe and agricultural vocabulary

5777-726: The Thursday Islanders became an issue in the 1970s, when Papua New Guinea sought to include some of the Torres Strait Islands within its borders. The Torres Strait Islanders insisted that they were Australians, however, and after considerable diplomatic discussion and political disputation between the Queensland and the Federal Governments, all of the Torres Strait islands, including Thursday Island, remained part of Australia. From 1900 to 1996

5886-554: The Torres Strait Islands, the Willis Group and Coringa Islands ." The Pacific islands consist of three main traditional regions. Melanesia is the great arc of islands located north and east of Australia and south of the Equator. The name derives the Greek words melas ('black') and nēsos ('island') for the predominantly dark-skinned peoples of New Guinea island, the Bismarck Archipelago , Solomon Islands , Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides ), New Caledonia , and Fiji . In addition those places listed above, Melanesia includes

5995-454: The Torres Strait area, from the Indonesian , Malay , Philippine, English and other 'outsiders'. Where loan words from the Western Austronesian (Indonesian, etc.) loans are concerned, it is possible that some such came into the language in pre-European contact days, with the Makassans and similar fishermen/traders who visited northern Australia and Torres Strait. Examples of post-European contact Western Austronesian loan words: Some words in

6104-400: The Trans-Fly languages; the forms in Kalaw Lagaw Ya are clearly Australian. Some basic and abstract vocabulary, some verbs. Some grammar, such as verb number and different stems for different number forms of some verbs. Use of state/movement verbs as existential and stative 'be' verbs. Two non-personal pronominals: naag/naga 'how', namuith 'when' (both in KKY, the dialect of the islands off

6213-403: The Tropical North Queensland TAFE Institute is located on the island next to the Tagai State College. Notable people who are from or who have lived on Thursday Island include: Kalaw Lagaw Ya Kalau Lagau Ya , Kalaw Lagaw Ya , Kala Lagaw Ya ( [kala(u) laɡau ja] ), or the Western Torres Strait language (also several other names, see below ) is the language indigenous to

6322-469: The United Kingdom, with the United States having had little impact on the region. Micronesia includes Kiribati , Nauru , the Marianas ( Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ), the Republic of the Marshall Islands , Palau , and the Federated States of Micronesia ( Yap , Chuuk , Pohnpei , and Kosrae , all in the Caroline Islands ). The islands were under the influence of colonial powers such as Germany, Spain and Japan from

6431-433: The United States. Hawaii is geographically isolated from Polynesia, and is situated in the North Pacific, unlike the rest of Polynesia, which is in the South Pacific. They are still a part of the subregion for ethnocultural reasons. Easter Island is located in a remote part of the Pacific which is thousands of kilometers removed from both Polynesia and the South American continent. It was annexed by Chile in 1888, and Spanish

6540-459: The aforementioned Pacific nations, excluding New Zealand itself; this term, when used in New Zealand, does not encompass the indigenous Māori people . Auckland in New Zealand has the world's largest concentration of urban Pacific Islanders living outside of their own countries, and is sometimes referred to as the "Polynesian capital of the world." This came as result of a steady stream of immigration from Polynesian countries such as Samoa, Tonga,

6649-399: The ancestors of the Kowrareg (the Hiámo) originally came from Dharu (Daru, to the north east of Torres Strait) — and who had previously settled on Dharu from Yama in Central Torres Strait. They cut down a big tree earlier today to make a canoe. Underlying form: Thana+∅ They PL + NOM kayiba∅ today kœi big puuRi+∅ Pacific Islanders Melanesians include

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6758-424: The burial place of many Japanese pearl shell divers, or possibly the Japanese thinking there were still Japanese residents on the island. However, neighbouring Horn Island was extensively bombed. There was an airbase there, used by the Allies to attack parts of New Guinea . At the end of the war, the island tradition of a no-footwear policy was reinstated out of respect for the ancient spirits believed to reside on

6867-400: The central Pacific such as Baker Island were also generally isolated from humans prior to European discovery. However, Pacific Islanders are believed to have possibly visited some of these locations, including Wake Island . In the case of Howland Island , there may have even been a brief attempt at settlement. The Official Journal of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS) considers

6976-528: The central and western Torres Strait Islands , Queensland , Australia . On some islands, it has now largely been replaced by Torres Strait Creole . Before colonization in the 1870s–1880s, the language was the major lingua franca of the Torres Strait cultural area of Northern Cape York Australia , Torres Strait and along the coast of the Western Province/ Papua New Guinea . It is still fairly widely spoken by neighbouring Papuans and by some Aboriginal Australians . How many non-first language speakers it has

7085-425: The coasts. Melanesians constitute over three quarters of the total indigenous population of the Pacific Islands; Polynesians account for more than one-sixth; and Micronesians make up about one-twentieth. Several hundred distinct languages are spoken in the Pacific Islands. In ethnolinguistic terms, the Pacific islanders of Oceania are divided into two different ethnic classifications : In Australia ,

7194-619: The decision was taken to officially term the language Kalau Lagau Ya , using the formal form. When speaking to each other, speakers generally refer to the language as Langgus 'language' or use phrases such as KLY/KulY ngalpudh muli , MY-KY ngalpudh/ngalpadh muli , KKY ngalpadh muliz "speak(s) our language", e.g. KLY/KulY ngalpudh muuli, thanamunungu tidailai! , MY-KY ngalpudh/ngalpadh muuli, thanamuningu tidailai! , KKY ngalpadh muli, thanamulngu tidaile! 'Speak in our language so they don't understand!'. Ngalpudh/ngalpadh literally means 'like us'. The construction X-dh mula+i- 'speak X-like'

7303-532: The east coast of Australia and Southeast Asia . A shipping disaster to a vessel in this service occurred in 1890 when RMS  Quetta struck an uncharted reef in the Strait and sank in five minutes with the loss of over 130 lives. The Anglican Church on Thursday Island built shortly afterwards was named the Quetta All Souls Memorial Cathedral in memory of the event. Today the church is called All Souls and St Bartholomew Church . Cyclone Mahina , which hit Bathurst Bay, southeast of Thursday Island in 1899, wrecked

7412-436: The east-west naming sequence with the present-day Friday Island and the nearby Wednesday Island. The original place of permanent European settlement in Torres Strait was Somerset , south-east of the tip of Cape York Peninsula , established in 1864. However, the channel between Albany Island and Somerset proved to be hazardous for a port and in 1875 it was jointly decided by the Queensland and British governments to transfer

7521-437: The easternmost oceanic island with any human inhabitation was Easter Island , settled by the Polynesian Rapa Nui people. Oceanic islands beyond that which neighbor Central America and South America ( Galápagos , Revillagigedo , Juan Fernández Islands etc.) are among the last inhabitable places on earth to have been discovered by humans. All of these islands (excluding Clipperton ) were annexed by Latin American nations

7630-449: The fathers' language, particularly in areas that were culturally important for the fathers. These people then shifted to Torres Strait — maintaining established ties with Papua as well as with Austronesian speakers further east (this latter being suggested by various characteristics of the Austronesian content in Kalau Lagaw Ya) — and overlaid an Australian population in such a way that the majority of women spoke an Australian language, with

7739-427: The following 'trade' words in Torres Strait area languages. However, the question of external relationships of Kalaw Lagaw Ya is also complicated by resemblances between both the Paman ( Pama-Nyungan , Australian languages ) and the Trans-Fly (Papuan) languages. Though few, these may be significant, and include forms such as those noted below, not all of which appear in Kalaw Lagaw Ya. Such resemblances could point to

7848-420: The harvesting of pearl shell, which was used mainly to make shirt buttons. The local pearl oyster is Golden Lip Oyster, Pinctada maxima . Trochus shell was also gathered using specialized boats. Most shell was exported as the raw material—to a London-based market. Pearls themselves were rare and a bonus for the owner or crew. The boats used were very graceful two-masted luggers . In shallow water free diving

7957-598: The inaugural Indonesian Exposition held in Auckland , Indonesia launched its 'Pacific Elevation' program, which would encompass a new era of elevated engagement with the region, with the country also using the event to lay claim that Indonesia is culturally and ethnically linked to the Pacific islands. The event was attended by dignitaries from Australia, New Zealand and some Pacific island countries. Australia and New Zealand have been described as both continental landmasses and as Pacific Islands. New Zealand's native population,

8066-609: The inhabitants are considered to be Melanesians rather than Indigenous Australians . This is not the case with other Australian islands that were inhabited by Indigenous peoples prior to European discovery, such as Fraser Island , Great Palm Island and the Tiwi Islands . The Torres Strait Islands could be seen as a Melanesian territory in Australasia , similar to how East Timor is a Melanesian territory in Asia. Norfolk Island

8175-789: The inhabitants though distantly connected by similarities in language and practices similar to Melanesians, Micronesians and Polynesians are to be considered Southeast Asian, such as the Philippines. The Pacific Islands Forum is the major governing organization for the Pacific Islands, and has been labelled as the " EU of the Pacific region". Up until 2021, its member nations and associate members were American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Wallis and Futuna. Additionally, there have been pushes for Easter Island and Hawaii to join

8284-536: The island by the Queensland Government and by 1883 over 200 pearling vessels were based on the island. A lucrative pearling industry was founded on the island in 1884, attracting workers from around Asia , including Japan , Malaya and India , seeking their fortune. The Japanese community was in part indentured divers and boat hands who returned to Japan after a period of service and some longer term residents who were active in boat building and in

8393-460: The island. After the war, an airline service was set up by Ansett Airlines from Cairns to TI twice a week, using de Havilland Dragon Rapides and later DC3s . Passengers disembarked on Horn Island and caught a ferry-boat over to TI, as they still do. The island was also served by a ship, the Elsana , which made the journey once a month. For a short period after the war Okinawan divers were used on

8502-594: The islands of New Zealand situated in the Pacific Ocean beyond the Commonwealth [of Australia] as constituted at the commencement of this Act. Despite this, Pacific Islanders were generally held in a much higher regard than Indigenous Australians were during the early 20th century. In 2008, a "Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme" was announced as a three-year pilot experiment . It provides visas for workers from Kiribati , Tonga , Vanuatu , and Papua New Guinea to work in Australia. Aside from Papua New Guinea,

8611-457: The language appeared to be a plural. Most nouns (a) form the plural with an -l suffix, and (b) in the nominative-accusative singular elide the stem final vowel, thus tukuyapa- 'same-sex sibling', plural tukuyapal , nominative-accusative tukuyap . Under this model 'custard-apple' became katitap , plural katitapal , and 'mammy-apple' (pawpaw/papaya) became mamiyap , plural mamiyapal . There are four main dialects, two of which are on probably

8720-526: The language when speaking to each other. Kalau Lagau Ya is spoken on the western and central islands of Torres Strait , between Papua New Guinea ( Naigay Dœgam Dhaudhai "North-side Mainland/Continent", also called Mœgi Dhaudhai "Small Mainland/Continent", KKY Mœgina Dhaudhai ) and the Australian mainland ( Zey Dœgam Dhaudhai "South-side Mainland/Continent", also known as Kœi Dhaudhai "Big Mainland/Continent"), though on some islands it has now been largely replaced by Brokan ( Torres Strait Creole ). There

8829-479: The language, assuming that they are Western Austronesian loans, appear to be pre-contact words. This is suggested by form and use in the language and in neighbouring languages (some of these words may ultimately be from Arabic and Sanskrit ). Loans from modern Eastern Austronesian (Polynesian and Melanesian) into the language are mainly of religious or 'academic' use. In general, such words are terms for objects that are strictly speaking European goods. One exception

8938-469: The languages have significant Austronesian vocabulary content, including items such as the following: Some of the Austronesian content is clearly South-East Papuan Austronesian: The linguistic history of the Torres Strait area is complex, and interaction of well over 2500 years has led to many layers of relationship between the local languages, including many words that are obviously common, such as

9047-475: The locality of Thursday Island had a population of 2,805 people. Thursday Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: The Gab Titui Cultural Centre (2004) on Thursday Island showcases both heritage and contemporary Islander artworks. The Island is one of the two bases for the Torres Straits Pilots, a cooperative owned and run by qualified Master Mariners who pilot ships through

9156-492: The luggers but this was not a great success. In the 1950s, the CSIRO attempted to establish cultured pearl farms, but many were devastated by disease in the 1970s. The trigger is considered by some to be the use of dispersants on the 1970 oil spill from the tanker Oceanic Grandeur . This industry still exists around the island today. In the 1970s, there was also an attempt to farm green turtles. The Melanesian background of

9265-485: The luggers. Shell was usually opened on the mother vessels rather than on the luggers, in order to secure any pearls found. The waters of the Straits are murky and visibility was generally very poor. Even though dive depths were not great, except at the Darnley Deep (near Darnley or Erub Island ), which was 40 fathoms (240 feet), attacks of the bends were common and deaths frequent. The Thursday Island Parish of

9374-486: The majority of their nationals living in New Zealand. To celebrate the diverse Pacific island cultures, the Auckland Region hosts several Pacific island festivals. Two of the major ones are Polyfest, which showcases performances of the secondary school cultural groups in the region, and Pasifika , a festival that celebrates Pacific island heritage through traditional food, music, dance, and entertainment. By

9483-419: The military headquarters for the Torres Strait and was a base for Australian and United States forces. January 1942 saw the evacuation of civilians from the island. Residents of Japanese origin or descent were interned. The residents did not return until after the end of the war and many ethnic Japanese were forcibly repatriated. The island was spared from bombing in World War II, due, it was thought, to it being

9592-526: The most numerous being day-trippers from the cruise ships that call into the island each year. Thursday Island has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen: Aw), with a wet season from December to April and a dry season from May to November. Temperatures remain hot year-round, with average maxima ranging from 29.0 °C (84.2 °F) in July to 32.1 °C (89.8 °F) in November. Average annual rainfall

9701-464: The original Australian forms appear to be unchanged at the core level. This suggests that the language is not a pidgin / creole in origin, but an Australian language which has undergone strong external lexical and grammatical influence. The language appears to be a classic case of shift, whereby speakers of one language retained multilingualism over a long period of time, absorbing aspects of another language. The Austronesian and Papuan overlays modified

9810-588: The original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. Eight out of 10 Pacific Islanders in the United States are native to the United States. Polynesians make up the largest group, including Native Hawaiians, Samoans, Tahitians , and Tongans . Micronesians make up the second largest, including primarily Chamoru from Guam; as well as other Chamoru, Carolinian from the Northern Mariana Islands , Marshallese , Palauans , and various others. Among Melanesians, Fijian Americans are

9919-460: The original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific islands. It includes people who indicate their race as ' Native Hawaiian ', ' Guamanian or Chamorro', ' Samoan ', and 'Other Pacific Islander' or provide other detailed Pacific Islander responses. According to the Office of Management and Budget , " Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander " refers to a person having origins in any of

10028-441: The ownership of luggers for hire—which was illegal but bypassed by leases through third parties back to other Japanese, a practice called "dummying". Additionally, many south Pacific Islanders worked in the industry, with some originally imported against their will, in a practice known as blackbirding . While the pearling industry has declined in importance, the mix of cultures is evident to this day. The pearling industry centred on

10137-592: The pearling fleet sheltering there, with huge losses of vessels and lives. The fear of Russian invasion as a result of the deterioration of relations between the Russian Empire and the British Empire led to a fort on Battery Point being built in 1892 to protect the island. The fort has not been in operation since 1927, but is today a heritage feature of the island. Local pearling declined steadily up to World War II , partly through competition from

10246-401: The port to the deep anchorage on the south side of Thursday Island. The new port was called Port Kennedy, after Edmund Kennedy , the explorer of Cape York Peninsula, and was established in 1867. The town that developed on the island was also called Port Kennedy, but on 1 June 1962 the town was renamed Thursday Island. In 1877, an administrative centre for the Torres Strait Islands was set up on

10355-732: The problems of 'may-be' relationship is kùlbai (KKY kùlba ) 'old', which may be a metathetic realisation of CA *bulgan 'big; old'. Potentially 80% of the vocabulary of the language is non-Australian, and includes Papuan and Austronesian items. Bouckaert, Bowern and Atkinson (2018) found that Kalaw Lagaw Ya had the highest number of 'unique' (that is, non-Pama-Nyungan) forms of any Australian language in their sample. Oral tradition and cultural evidence recorded by Haddon and Laade, backed by archaeological evidence and linguistic evidence, shows that Austronesian trade and settlement in South-West Papua, Torres Strait and Cape York occurred;

10464-409: The scheme includes one country each from Melanesia (Vanuatu), Polynesia (Tonga), and Micronesia (Kiribati)—countries that already send workers to New Zealand under its seasonal labour scheme. Local usage in New Zealand uses Pacific Islander (also called Pasifika , or formerly Pacific Polynesians , ) to distinguish those who have emigrated from one of these areas in modern times from

10573-477: The sea, farming, canoe and sky/weather/astrology, with possible some syntactic words. This presents a picture of a typically extensive borrowing situation with much lexical borrowing and some structural borrowing with a large amount of passive bilingualism and little active bilingualism. Laade's picture (1968) of Australian and Papuan settlement in Torres Strait supports the above scenario of Papuan and Austronesian speakers who shifted to an Australian language over

10682-510: The system has no real surprises for Australian linguistics, it is clear that Kalaw Lagaw Ya has innovated in the 1st and 2nd pronouns, which have the following CA origins: The 2nd person dual and plural pronouns are based on forms that literally mean 'you dual ' ( ngipel ) and 'you-they' ( ngitha[na] ), in much the same way as the demonstratives mark the dual and plural (see further below in Nominal Morphology). An examination of

10791-576: The term South Sea Islander was used to describe Australian descendants of people from the over-80 islands in the western Pacific who had been brought to Australia to work on the sugar fields of Queensland —these people were called Kanakas in the 19th century. The Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 was enacted to restrict entry of Pacific Islanders to Australia and to authorise their deportation. In this legislation, Pacific Islanders were defined as: "Pacific Island Labourer" includes all natives not of European extraction of any island except

10900-412: The term Pacific Islands to encompass American Samoa , Cook Islands , Easter Island, the Galápagos Islands, Federated States of Micronesia , Fiji , French Polynesia , Guam , Hawaii, Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Nauru , New Caledonia , Niue , Northern Mariana Islands , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Pitcairn Islands , Salas y Gómez Island , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu ,

11009-403: The term has been extended even further to include the large South Pacific landmass of Australia . In the North Pacific, non-tropical islands in and around Alaska , Japan , and Russia were inhabited by people related to Indigenous American and Far East Asian groups, with some Japanese ethnic groups also being theorized to be related to Indigenous Pacific groups. In the South Pacific,

11118-682: The term refers to the islands of the Pacific Ocean once colonized by the Portuguese , Spaniards , Dutch , British , French , Germans , Americans , Japanese , and Chinese . In other uses, it may refer to areas with Austronesian linguistic heritage like Taiwan, Indonesia , Micronesia, Polynesia and the Myanmar islands , which found their genesis in the Neolithic cultures of the island of Taiwan . In an often geopolitical context,

11227-446: The town in the south and west of the island, formerly known as Port Kennedy , and also the name of the locality which contains the island within the Shire of Torres . The town of Rose Hill (known as Abednego until 7 September 1991) is located on the north-eastern tip of the island ( 10°34′11″S 142°13′30″E  /  10.5698°S 142.2250°E  / -10.5698; 142.2250  ( Rose Hill, Queensland ) ). In

11336-409: The various sub-systems (vocabulary, syntax, morphology) suggests the following: Some basic and abstract vocabulary, all personal pronouns (inc. who and what/which ), some verbs. Some grammar, such as nominal and verb morphology (subject, agent, object, genitive, -l locative, -ka dative, perfective attainative, imperfective, -i/-iz(i) perfective active. These typological categories also exist in

11445-470: The verge of extinction, one (Kaiwaligau Ya) through convergence to the neighbouring Kalaw Lagaw Ya. Within the dialects there are two or more subdialects. The average mutual intelligibility rate, based on a Swadesh count, is around 97%. The Southern dialect has certain characteristics that link it closely to the northern dialect, and folk history dealing with the Muralag group and Mua reflects this, in that

11554-442: The women understanding the language of the men, but not really needing to speak it while retaining parts of their language for significant areas. The children then created a new language shift to an Australian language with a Papuan-Austronesian admixture. Kalaw Lagaw Ya is thus a mixed language in that a significant part of its lexicon, phonology and grammar is not Australian in origin. The core nominal, pronominal and verb morphology

11663-424: Was that of a few Austronesian men who settled on the outskirts of an East Trans-Fly group, intermarried, and whose children were either bilingual, or speakers of their mothers' language, with some knowledge of their fathers' language. The local people did not need to speak the traders' language, who in turn had to speak the local language. The children in turn would then speak the local language, with varying ability in

11772-537: Was uninhabited when discovered by Europeans, and later became politically integrated into Australia (and by extension, Australasia). The remote island is still sometimes considered to be in Melanesia, as it is close to the region, and has archeological evidence of prehistoric inhabitation. New Caledonia (and Vanuatu to a lesser extent) were under French colonial influence from the 19th century onward. Most islands however have historically had close ties to Australia and

11881-469: Was used while in deeper water diver's dress , or an abbreviated form of it, with a surface air supply was used. In good times there were three divers to a lugger, a stern diver, one midships, and one diver off the bow. A manual air compressor was used. It looked like a yard-wide cube with two large wheels mounted one on each side. For part of the fleet that operated further from Thursday Island, larger vessels, typically schooners were used as mother ships to

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