76-636: Thakurpukur Maheshtala is a community development block that forms an administrative division in the Alipore Sadar subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal . Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block is located at 22°30′31″N 88°15′12″E / 22.5086210°N 88.2532182°E / 22.5086210; 88.2532182 . It has an average elevation of 9 metres (30 ft). The Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block
152-441: A Community development block (CD block) or simply Block is a sub-division of Tehsil , administratively earmarked for planning and development. In tribal areas, similar sub-divisions are called tribal development blocks (TD blocks). The area is administered by a Block Development Officer (BDO), supported by several technical specialists and village-level workers. A community development block covers several gram panchayats ,
228-413: A CD Block, which is a subdivision of a district , exclusively for rural development. The concept of the community development block was first suggested by Grow More Food (GMF) Enquiry Committee in 1952 to address the challenge of multiple rural development agencies working without a sense of common objectives. Based on the committee's recommendations, the community development programme was launched on
304-461: A community health centre, 2 villages had primary health centres, 10 villages had primary health subcentres, 2 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 12 villages had medicine shops and out of the 33 inhabited villages 9 villages had no medical facilities. Sarsuna Block Primary Health Centre at Sarsuna , with 15 beds is the major government medical facility for Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block. Community development block In India ,
380-417: A large low-lying plain got exposed. Both tidal inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural levees and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing brackish water wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture
456-729: A particular social context (even if that context is "school"), and, after print acquisition, every instance of reading or writing will be for a specific purpose and occasion with particular readers and writers in mind. Reading and writing, therefore, are never separable from social and cultural elements. A corollary point made by David Barton and Rosalind Ivanić , among others, is that the cognitive and societal effects of acquiring literacy are not easily predictable, since, as Brian Street has argued, "the ways in which people address reading and writing are themselves rooted in conceptions of knowledge, identity, and being." Consequently, as Jack Goody has documented, historically, literacy has included
532-416: A pilot basis in 1952 to provide for a substantial increase in the country's agricultural programme , and for improvements in systems of communication, in rural health and hygiene, and in rural education and also to initiate and direct a process of integrated culture change aimed at transforming the social and economic life of villagers. The community development programme was rapidly implemented. In 1956, by
608-632: A resurgence as a result, and by the 15th century, paper was widespread. The Reformation stressed the importance of literacy and being able to read the Bible. The Protestant countries were the first to attain full literacy. In a more secular context, inspired by the Enlightenment , Sweden implemented programs in 1723 aimed at making the population fully literate. Other countries implemented similar measures at this time. These included Denmark in 1739, Poland in 1783, and France in 1794/5. Literacy
684-604: A significant role in the Tebhaga movement launched by the Communist Party of India in 1946. Subsequently, Operation Barga was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In the Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block 98.96 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 19.20 acres or 19.40% of the vested land was distributed. The total number of patta (document) holders was 47. According to
760-549: Is monsoon dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish. The Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block has an area of 63.08 km. It has 1 panchayat samity , 4 gram panchayats , 80 gram sansads (village councils), 39 mouzas and 33 inhabited villages, as per the District Statistical Handbook, South Twenty-four Parganas . Maheshtala , Bishnupur and Rabindranagar police stations serve this CD Block. Headquarters of this CD block
836-453: Is also gaining momentum. The traditional concept of literacy widened as a consensus emerged among researchers in composition studies , education research , and anthropological linguistics that it makes little sense to speak of reading or writing outside of a specific context, with linguist James Paul Gee describing it as "simply incoherent." For example, even the extremely early stages of acquiring mastery over symbol shapes take place in
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#1732794286805912-463: Is at Behala . Gram panchayats of Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block/ panchayat samiti are: Asuti-I, Asuti-II, Chatta and Rasapunja. According to the 2011 Census of India , Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block had a total population of 176,203, of which 90,180 were rural and 86,023 were urban. There were 89,152 (51%) males and 87,051 (49%) females. There were 18,079 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The Scheduled Castes numbered 60,372 (34.26%) and
988-568: Is bounded by the Kolkata district in the north and east, the Bishnupur I and Bishnupur II CD blocks in the south and the Budge Budge I CD block in the west. The South 24 Parganas district is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent geological period ,
1064-489: Is concentrated among younger people," along with increased rates among rural populations and women. This evidence indicates that illiteracy is a complex phenomenon with multiple factors impacting rates of illiteracy and the type of illiteracy one may experience. Literacy has rapidly spread in several regions in the last twenty-five years, and the United Nations's global initiative with Sustainable Development Goal 4
1140-462: Is distinguished from primary illiteracy (i.e., the inability to read and write a short, simple statement concerning one's own everyday life) and learning difficulties (e.g., dyslexia ). These categories have been contested—as has the concept of "illiteracy" itself—for being predicated on narrow assumptions, primarily derived from school-based contexts, about what counts as reading and writing (e.g., comprehending and following instructions). Script
1216-597: Is more consistent with an early form of Canaanite that was used c. 1100 BCE . While the earliest Greek inscriptions are dated circa 8th century BCE, epigraphical comparisons to Proto-Canaanite suggest that the Greeks may have adopted the consonantal alphabet as early as 1100 BCE and later "added in five characters to represent vowels". Phoenician, which is considered to contain the first linear alphabet, rapidly spread to Mediterranean port cities in northern Canaan. Some archeologists believe that Phoenician influenced
1292-638: Is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act . Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on. There are 33 inhabited villages in
1368-554: Is thought that they wrote from right to left and that the script is logographic . Because it has not been deciphered, linguists disagree on whether it is a complete and independent writing system; however, it is generally thought to be an independent writing system that emerged in the Harappa culture. Existing evidence suggests that most early acts of literacy were, in some areas (such as Egypt), closely tied to power and chiefly used for management practices, and probably less than 1% of
1444-512: Is thought to have developed independently at least five times in human history: in Mesopotamia , Egypt , the Indus civilization , lowland Mesoamerica , and China . Between 3500 BCE and 3000 BCE, in southern Mesopotamia, the ancient Sumerians invented writing . During this era, literacy was "a largely functional matter, propelled by the need to manage the new quantities of information and
1520-723: The 2011 Census of India , Hindus numbered 118,615 and formed 67.32% of the population in Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block. Muslims numbered 46,945 and formed 26.64% of the population. Others numbered 10,643 and formed 6.04% of the population. Amongst the others, Christians numbered 9,954. In 2001, Hindus were 66.09% of the population, while Muslims and Christians were 28.46% and 5.25% of the population respectively. The proportion of Hindus in South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during
1596-645: The District Human Development Report , agriculture is an important source of livelihood in the South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity. As per the District Census Handbook ,
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#17327942868051672-552: The Scheduled Tribes numbered 505 (0.29%). According to the 2001 Census of India , Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block had a total population of 136,866, out of which 70,420 were males and 66,446 were females. The Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block registered a population growth of 35.09 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the South 24 Parganas district was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in West Bengal
1748-625: The Shang dynasty in 1200 BCE. These systematic notations, inscribed on bones, recorded sacrifices made, tributes received, and animals hunted, which were activities of the elite. These oracle-bone inscriptions were the early ancestors of modern Chinese script and contained logosyllabic script and numerals. By the time of the consolidation of the Chinese Empire during the Qin and Han dynasties ( c. 200 BCE ), written documents were central to
1824-685: The South 24 Parganas district was 77.51 Literacy in West Bengal was 77.08% in 2011. Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%. According to the 2001 Census of India , the Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD Block had a total literacy of 74.80 per cent. While male literacy was 82.00 per cent female literacy was 67.10 per cent. South 24 Parganas district had a total literacy of 69.40 per cent, male literacy being 79.20 per cent and female literacy being 59.00 per cent. See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate In
1900-578: The Sub Divisional Magistrate (SDM). This article about government in India is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Literacy#Gender disparities Literacy is the ability to read and write. Some researchers suggest that the study of "literacy" as a concept can be divided into two periods: the period before 1950, when literacy was understood solely as alphabetical literacy (word and letter recognition); and
1976-438: The 2011 census, the total number of literates in the Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block was 132,097 (83.54% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 70,300 (87.95% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 61,797 (79.03% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 8.92%. According to the 2011 Census of India , literacy in
2052-578: The 4th and 5th centuries, the Church made efforts to ensure a better clergy, especially the bishops, who were expected to have a classical education—the hallmark of a socially acceptable person in higher society. Even after the remnants of the Western Roman Empire fell in the 470s, literacy continued to be a distinguishing mark of the elite, as communication skills were still important in political and church life (bishops were largely drawn from
2128-468: The Apostles' epistles or some other part of Scripture. And if he is illiterate he shall go at the first, third and sixth hours to someone who can teach and has been appointed for him. He shall stand before him and learn very studiously and with all gratitude. The fundamentals of a syllable, the verbs and nouns shall all be written for him and even if he does not want to he shall be compelled to read. During
2204-520: The CD block) had 2 general degree colleges with 1,855 students. See also – Education in India According to the 2011 census, in Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block, among the 33 inhabited villages, 2 villages did not have a school, 13 villages had two or more primary schools, 11 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 10 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. In 2014,
2280-467: The Canaanite goddess Asherah . In 1948, William F. Albright deciphered the text using new evidence, including a series of inscriptions from Ugarit . Discovered in 1929 by French archaeologist Claude F. A. Schaeffer , some of these inscriptions were mythological texts (written in an early Canaanite dialect) that consisted of a 30-letter cuneiform consonantal alphabet. Another significant discovery
2356-604: The Hebrew and Aramaic alphabets, as these languages evolved during the same time period, share similar features, and are commonly categorized into the same language group. When the Israelites migrated to Canaan between 1200 and 1000 BCE, they adopted a variation of the Canaanite alphabet. Baruch ben Neriah , Jeremiah's scribe, used this alphabet to create the later scripts of the Old Testament . The early Hebrew alphabet
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2432-711: The Kingdom of Nabataea, then to the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas, eventually making its way to Africa; and east, where it later influenced the development of the Brahmi script in India. Over the next few centuries, Imperial Aramaic script in Persia evolved into Pahlavi , "as well as for a range of alphabets used by early Turkish and Mongol tribes in Siberia , Mongolia and Turkestan ". During this period, literacy spread among
2508-731: The Late Bronze Age , successor alphabets appeared throughout the Mediterranean region and were used in Phoenician , Hebrew , and Aramaic . According to Goody, these cuneiform scripts may have influenced the development of the Greek alphabet several centuries later. Historically, the Greeks contended that their writing system was modeled after the Phoenicians. However, many Semitic scholars now believe that Ancient Greek
2584-787: The Pacific , as well as Latin America and the Caribbean , have adult literacy rates over 90%. In other regions, illiteracy persists at higher rates; as of 2013, the adult literacy rate in South Asia and North Africa was 67.55% and 59.76% in Sub-Saharan Africa . In much of the world, high youth literacy rates suggest that illiteracy will become less common as more educated younger generations replace less educated older ones. However, in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where
2660-605: The Sundarbans settlements. In 2013–14, the Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block had offices of 23 commercial banks and 8 gramin banks . The South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund . The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across
2736-418: The Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block had 1 block primary health centre and 7 private nursing homes with total 219 beds and 32 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 19 family welfare subcentres. 154 patients were treated indoor and 29,942 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block. According to the 2011 census, in Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block, 1 village had
2812-698: The Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block, as per the District Census Handbook, South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 32 villages (96.97%) have drinking water supply. 4 villages (12.12%) have post offices. 33 villages (100%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 20 villages (60.61%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 12 villages (36.36%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 1 village (3.03%) has an agricultural credit society and 5 villages (15.15%) have banks. The South 24 Parganas had played
2888-465: The Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block, in 2013–14, net area under effective pisciculture was 185 hectares, engaging 1,550 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 16,080 quintals. Pisciculture is an important source of employment in the South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in
2964-648: The benefits of literacy, some recent literature in economics, starting with the work of Kaushik Basu and James Foster, distinguishes between a "proximate illiterate" and an "isolated illiterate". A "proximate illiterate" lives in a household with literate members, while an "isolated illiterate" lives in a household where everyone is illiterate. Isolated illiteracy is more common among older populations in wealthier nations, where people are less likely to live in multigenerational households with potentially literate relatives. A 2018/2019 UNESCO report noted that "conversely, in low and lower middle income countries, isolated illiteracy
3040-508: The book and the register" and that "no one, either free or slave, could afford to be illiterate". Similarly, Dupont points out, "The written word was all around them, in both public and private life: laws, calendars, regulations at shrines, and funeral epitaphs were engraved in stone or bronze. The Republic amassed huge archives of reports on every aspect of public life." The imperial civilian administration produced masses of documentation used in judicial, fiscal, and administrative matters, as did
3116-717: The common people, both in town and country, are equally intense in their admiration. Frequently, have we seen the butcher-boy, with his tray on his shoulder, reading with the greatest avidity the last "Pickwick"; the footman (whose fopperies are so inimitably laid bare), the maidservant, the chimney sweep, all classes, in fact, read "Boz". From the mid-19th century onward, the Second Industrial Revolution saw technological improvements in paper production. The new distribution networks, enabled by improved roads and rail, resulted in an increased capacity to supply printed material. Social and educational changes increased
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3192-466: The competition of the world. In the late 19th century, gas and electric lighting were becoming more common in private homes, replacing candlelight and oil lamps, enabling reading after dark and increasing the appeal of literacy. Data published by UNESCO shows that the worldwide literacy rate among adults has increased, on average, by 5 percentage points every decade since 1950, from 55.7% in 1950 to 86.2% in 2015. Due to rapid population growth , while
3268-747: The country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal. Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block has 13 originating/ terminating bus routes. Santoshpur , Akra , Nangi and Budge Budge are stations on the Sealdah South section . In 2013–14, the Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block had 56 primary schools with 6,668 students, 1 middle school with 109 students, 7 high schools with 2,152 students and 11 higher secondary schools with 8,853 students. Thakupukur Maheshtala CD block had 1 technical/ professional institution with 948 students and 209 institutions for special and non-formal education with 10,292 students. Maheshtala municipal area (outside
3344-532: The demand for reading matter, as rising literacy rates, particularly among the middle and working classes, created a new mass market for printed material. Wider schooling helped increase literacy rates, which in turn helped lower the cost of publication. Unskilled labor forces were common in Western Europe, and, as British industry improved, more engineers and skilled workers who could handle technical instructions and complex situations were needed. Literacy
3420-488: The end of the first five-year plan period , there were 248 blocks, covering around a fifth of the population in the country. By the end the second five-year plan period , there were 3,000 blocks covering 70 per cent of the rural population. By 1964, the entire country was covered. In India, a Civil service officer of the rank of Block Development Officer (BDO) is the in-charge of a CD Block in India. BDO are usually officers of representative state-governments. BDO reports to
3496-420: The formation and policing of a hierarchical bureaucratic governance structure reinforced through law. Within this legal order, written records kept track of and controlled citizen movements, created records of misdeeds, and documented the actions and judgments of government officials. Indus script is largely pictorial and has not yet been deciphered; as such, it is unknown whether it includes abstract signs. It
3572-617: The iconography emphasized power among royals and other elites. The Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system was the first notation system to have phonetic values; these symbols are called phonograms . Writing in lowland Mesoamerica was first used by the Olmec and Zapotec civilizations in 900–400 BCE. These civilizations used glyphic writing and bar-and-dot numerical notation systems for purposes related to royal iconography and calendar systems. The earliest written notations in China date back to
3648-522: The importance of reading instruction that focuses on "alphabetic representations". However, these are not mutually exclusive , as children can become proficient in word-reading while engaging with multiliteracies. Word reading is fundamental for multiple forms of communication. Beginning in the 1940s, the term literacy has often been used to mean having knowledge or skill in a particular field, such as: Functional illiteracy relates to adults and has been defined in different ways: Functional illiteracy
3724-476: The intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place. Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share,
3800-506: The lack of a suitable writing medium, as when the Western Roman Empire collapsed, the import of papyrus to Europe ceased. Since papyrus perishes easily and does not last well in the wetter European climate, parchment was used, which was expensive and accessible only by the church and the wealthy. Paper was introduced into Europe via Spain in the 11th century and spread north slowly over the next four centuries. Literacy saw
3876-534: The local administrative units at the village level. A block is a rural subdivision and typically smaller than a tehsil. A tehsil is purely for revenue administration, whereas a block is for rural development purposes. In most states, a block is coterminous with the panchayat samiti area. The nomenclature varies from state to state, such as common terms like "block" and others including community development block , panchayat union block , panchayat block, panchayat samiti block , development block , etc. All denote
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#17327942868053952-420: The merchant classes, and 15-20% of the total population may have been literate. The Aramaic language declined with the spread of Islam , which was accompanied by the spread of Arabic . Until recently, it was thought that the majority of people were illiterate in the classical world, though recent work challenges this perception. Anthony DiRenzo asserts that Roman society was "a civilization based on
4028-498: The municipalities. The army kept extensive records relating to supply and duty rosters and submitted reports. Merchants, shippers, and landowners (and their personal staffs), especially of the larger enterprises, must have been literate. In the late fourth century, the Desert Father Pachomius would expect the literacy of a candidate for admission to his monasteries: They shall give him twenty Psalms or two of
4104-473: The new type of governance created by trade and large scale production". Early writing systems first emerged as a recording system in which people used tokens with impressed markings to manage trade and agricultural production. The token system served as a precursor to early cuneiform writing once people began recording information on clay tablets. Proto-Cuneiform texts exhibit not only numerical signs but also ideograms depicting objects being counted. Though
4180-489: The origin of the alphabet. Many classical scholars, such as historian Ignace Gelb , credit the Ancient Greeks for creating the first alphabetic system ( c. 750 BCE ) that used distinctive signs for consonants and vowels. Goody contests: The importance of Greek culture of the subsequent history of Western Europe has led to an over-emphasis, by classicists and others, on the addition of specific vowel signs to
4256-752: The percentage of adults who were illiterate decreased, the actual number of illiterate adults increased from 700 million in 1950 to 878 million in 1990, before starting to decrease and falling to 745 million by 2015. The number of illiterate adults remains higher than in 1950, "despite decades of universal education policies, literacy interventions and the spread of print material and information and communications technology (ICT)". Available global data indicates significant variations in literacy rates between world regions. North America, Europe, West Asia , and Central Asia have almost achieved full literacy for men and women aged 15 or older. Most countries in East Asia and
4332-466: The period after 1950, when literacy slowly began to be considered as a wider concept and process, including the social and cultural aspects of reading and writing and functional literacy . The range of definitions of literacy used by NGOs , think tanks , and advocacy groups since the 1990s suggests that this shift in understanding from "discrete skill" to "social practice" is both ongoing and uneven. Some definitions remain fairly closely aligned with
4408-484: The population in the BPL category. Livelihood in Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block In the Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 2,320 and formed 3.41%, agricultural labourers numbered 2,894 and formed 4.26%, household industry workers numbered 4,080 and formed 6.00% and other workers numbered 58,687 and formed 86.33%. Total workers numbered 67,981 and formed 38.58% of
4484-651: The population was literate, as it was confined to a very small group. Scholarship by others, such as Dominique Charpin and a project from the European Union , however, suggest that this was not the case in all ancient societies: both Charpin and the EU's emerging scholarship suggest that writing and literacy were far more widespread in Mesopotamia than scholars previously thought. According to social anthropologist Jack Goody , there are two interpretations regarding
4560-473: The saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop. In 2013–14, there were 8 fertiliser depots, 7 seed stores and 24 fair price shops in Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block| In 2013–14, Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block produced 1,018 tonnes of Aman paddy , the main winter crop from 624 hectares, 1,179 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 376 hectares. In
4636-477: The same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011. Languages of Thakurpukur Maheshtola block (2011) At the time of the 2011 census, 94.96% of the population spoke Bengali and 3.97% Hindi as their first language. As per the Human Development Report for the South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in the Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block the percentage of households below poverty line
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#17327942868054712-535: The senatorial class) in a new cultural synthesis that made "Christianity the Roman religion". However, these skills were less needed in the absence of a large imperial administrative apparatus whose middle and top echelons were dominated by the elite. Even so, in pre-modern times, it is unlikely that literacy was found in more than about 30–40% of the population. During the Dark Ages , the highest percentage of literacy
4788-608: The set of consonantal ones that had been developed earlier in Western Asia. Many scholars argue that the ancient Semitic-speaking peoples of northern Canaan invented the consonantal alphabet as early as 1500 BCE. Much of this theory's development is credited to English archeologist Flinders Petrie , who, in 1905, came across a series of Canaanite inscriptions in the turquoise mines of Serabit el-Khadem . Ten years later, English Egyptologist Alan Gardiner reasoned that these letters contain an alphabet as well as references to
4864-765: The seventh century BCE. In the Near East , it was common to record events on clay using the cuneiform script; however, writing Aramaic on leather parchments became common during the Neo-Assyrian empire. With the rise of the Persians in the 5th century BCE, Achaemenid rulers adopted Aramaic as the "diplomatic language". Darius the Great standardized Aramaic, which became the Imperial Aramaic script. This Imperial Aramaic alphabet rapidly spread: west, to
4940-480: The total population, and non-workers numbered 108,222 and formed 61.42% of the population. The District Human Development Report points out that in the blocks of region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarbans settlements, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In
5016-541: The traditional "ability to read and write" connotation, whereas others take a broader view: The concept of multiliteracies has gained currency, particularly in English Language Arts curricula, on the grounds that reading "is interactive and informative, and occurs in ever-increasingly technological settings where information is part of spatial, audio, and visual patterns (Rhodes & Robnolt, 2009)". Objections have been raised that this concept downplays
5092-537: The traditional view had been that cuneiform literacy was restricted to a class of scribes, assyriologists including Claus Wilcke and Dominique Charpin have argued that functional literacy was somewhat widespread by the Old Babylonian period. Nonetheless, professional scribes became central to law, finances, accounting, government, administration, medicine, magic, divination, literature, and prayers. Egyptian hieroglyphs emerged between 3300 BCE and 3100 BCE;
5168-479: The transformation of social systems that rely on literacy and the changing uses of literacy within those evolving systems. According to 2015 data collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics , about two-thirds (63%) of the world's illiterate adults are women. This disparity was even starker in previous decades, and from 1970 to 2000, the global gender gap in literacy decreased significantly. Around
5244-477: The vast majority of the world's illiterate youth live, lower school enrollment implies that illiteracy will persist to a greater degree. According to 2013 data, the youth literacy rate (ages 15 to 24) is 84% in South Asia and North Africa and 70% in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the distinction between literacy and illiteracy is not clear-cut. Given that having a literate person in the household confers many of
5320-590: Was 17.84 per cent. Census Towns in the Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Joka (9,302), Chata Kalikapur (24,985), Ganye Gangadharpur (5,210), Rameswarpur (7,200), Asuti (6,272), Hanspukuria (3,887), Kalua (15,735), Ramchandrapur (5,272) and Samali (7,180). Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the hakurpukur Maheshtala CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Khanberia (4,682), Rasapunja (8,036), Banagram (4,098), Chak Rajumolla (5,308), Sarsuna (5,563), Purba Barisha (5,965) and Chak Thakurani (5,891). According to
5396-489: Was 6.44%, the lowest amongst all the CD blocks in the district. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in the South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios. The poverty rates were very high in the Sundarbans settlements with all the thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of
5472-522: Was essential to be hired. A senior government official told Parliament in 1870: Upon the speedy provision of elementary education depends our industrial prosperity. It is of no use trying to give technical teaching to our citizens without elementary education; uneducated labourers—and many of our labourers are utterly uneducated—are, for the most part, unskilled labourers, and if we leave our work–folk any longer unskilled, notwithstanding their strong sinews and determined energy, they will become overmatched in
5548-471: Was found among the clergy and monks, as they made up much of the staff needed to administer the states of western Europe. An abundance of graffiti written in the Nabataean script dating back to the beginning of the first millennium CE has been taken to imply a relatively high degree of literacy among the general population in the ancient Arabic-speaking world. Post-Antiquity illiteracy was made worse by
5624-542: Was made in 1953 when three arrowheads were uncovered, each containing identical Canaanite inscriptions from 12th century BCE. According to Frank Moore Cross , these inscriptions consisted of alphabetic signs that originated during the transitional development from pictographic script to a linear alphabet. Moreover, he asserts, "These inscriptions also provided clues to extend the decipherment of earlier and later alphabetic texts". The Canaanite script's consonantal system inspired alphabetical developments in later systems. During
5700-530: Was prominent in the Mediterranean region until Neo-Babylonian rulers exiled the Jews to Babylon in the 6th century BCE. It was then that the new script ( Square Hebrew ) emerged, and the older one rapidly died out. The Aramaic alphabet also emerged sometime between 1200 and 1000 BCE. Although early examples are scarce, archeologists have uncovered a wide range of later Aramaic texts, written as early as
5776-676: Was well established in early 18th century England, when books geared towards children became far more common. Near the end of the century, as many as 50 were printed every year in major cities around England. In the 19th century, reading would become even more common in the United Kingdom. Public notes, broadsides, handbills, catchpennies and printed songs would have been usual street literature before newspapers became common. Other forms of popular reading material included advertising for events, theaters, and goods for sale. In his 1836/1837 Pickwick Papers Charles Dickens's said that: even
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