A divan or diwan ( Persian : دیوان , dīvān ; from Sumerian dub , clay tablet ) was a high government ministry in various Islamic states , or its chief official (see dewan ).
76-559: Thanneermukkom is a village in Alappuzha district of Kerala , India. It is located at 9°38′24″N 76°21′35″E / 9.64000°N 76.35972°E / 9.64000; 76.35972 . a beautiful place in alappuzha. Thanneermukkom is on the banks of Lake Vembanad . There is a salt water barrier at Thanneermukkom, built across the lake, which connects it to Vechoor in Kottayam district . This barrier essentially divides
152-646: A number of companies under the command of a junior officer or Bey . The Janissaries quickly became the dominant force in Ottoman Libya. As a self-governing military guild answerable only to their own laws and protected by a Divan (in this context, a council of senior officers who advised the Pasha), the Janissaries soon reduced the Pasha to a largely ceremonial role. The Divan-ı Hümayun or Sublime Porte
228-549: A prominent role in the freedom struggle of Travancore . The campaign for the eradication of Untouchability was organized much earlier in this district by T.K. Madhavan , a journalist and in 1925 the approach roads to the temples, especially to the Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple , were thrown open to the Hindus of all castes. The district also witnessed the 'Nivarthana' movement which
304-591: A small portion in the northern Alappuzha were part of the Kottayam district of the Travancore Kingdom until 1957. when the modern Alappuzha district was formed. Alappuzha district was formed on 17 August 1957 and consisted initially of seven taluks , namely Cherthala , Ambalappuzha , Kuttanad , Chengannur , Karthikappally and Mavelikkara . The name Ᾱlappuzha is a toponym. ‘Ᾱlayam’ means ‘home’ and ‘puzha’, according to Dr. Herman Gundert's dictionary, means ‘watercourse’ or ‘river’. The name refers to
380-638: A statesman from the Thaqif tribe who was versed in Persian , is credited with establishing Basra's dīwān during his governorship (636–638), and the dīwān of the Caliphate's other garrison centers followed its organization. With the advent of the Umayyad Caliphate , the number of dīwāns increased. To the dīwān al-jund , the first Umayyad caliph, Mu'awiya (r. 661–680), added the bureau of
456-598: Is a state Highway that starts in Kalarcode , Alappuzha and ends in Perunna , Changanassery . The road is popularly known as AC road (Alappuzha Changanassery) road and it has 24.2 km length. It's an important busy road which connects Alappuzha city with Kottayam district . State Highway 40 (Kerala) is an interstate state highway in Alappuzha district which connects with Alappuzha town to Madurai , Tamil Nadu . It's
532-538: Is almost unknown, except that their treasury was located in their capital of Nishapur . Ya'qub al-Saffar (r. 867–879), the founder of the Saffarid dynasty who supplanted the Tahirids, is known to have had a bureau of the army ( dīwān al-ʿarḍ ) for keeping the lists and supervising the payment of the troops, at his capital Zarang . Under his successor Amr ibn al-Layth (r. 879–901) there were two further treasuries,
608-654: Is also one of the few places in the world where cultivation takes place below sea level. The district was home to the Communist -led Punnapra-Vayalar uprising against the Divan of the British Princely state of Travancore in the 1940s. Carved out of the erstwhile Kollam and Kottayam districts, most of the modern-day Alappuzha district was part of the Quilon district of the Travancore Kingdom , with
684-849: Is another State Highway that starts in Kayamkulam and ends at Pulimukku junction. The highway is 42.5 km long. State Highway 6 (Kerala) starts in Kayamkulam and ends in Thiruvalla . This highway has 30.8 km length. State Highway 10 (Kerala) is a State Highway that starts in Mavelikkara and ends in Kozhencherry. The highway is 28.7 km long. State Highway 12 (Kerala) that starts in Ambalappuzha and ends in Thiruvalla and has 27.2 km length. Following are
760-477: Is believed to be one of the seven churches founded by St. Thomas the Apostle , one of the twelve disciples of Jesus Christ according to the oral traditions. The picturesque CSI Christ Church in Alappuzha town was built in 1816 by the first CMS ( Church Missionary Society ) missionary to India, Rev. Thomas Norton. It was the first Anglican Church to be established in the erstwhile state of Travancore . It
836-428: Is divided into two revenue divisions which together incorporate six Taluks within them. Alappuzha district is divided into 93 revenue villages for the ease and decentralisation of its revenue administration. They are further incorporated into 6 taluks as eludicated below. List of Collectors of Alappuzha District according to length of tenure in descending order. The longest serving District Collector of Alappuzha
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#1732780016632912-512: Is first attested in Middle Persian spelled as dpywʾn and dywʾn , itself hearkening back, via Old Persian , Elamite and Akkadian , ultimately to Sumerian dub , clay tablet. The word was borrowed into Armenian as well as divan ; on linguistic grounds this is placed after the 3rd century, which helps establish the original Middle Persian (and eventually New Persian ) form was dīvān , not dēvān , despite later legends that traced
988-467: Is one of the 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala . It was formed as Alleppey district on 17 August 1957, the name of the district being changed to Alappuzha in 1990. Alappuzha is the smallest district of Kerala. Alleppey town, the district headquarters, was renamed Alappuzha in 2012. A town with canals , backwaters , beaches , and lagoons , Alappuzha was described by George Curzon ,
1064-590: The Alappuzha Bypass , to route the national highway around city centers between Kommady and Kalarkode , is completed; and the highway was opened on 28 January 2021. Alappuzha is also well connected by road. There is a plan to upgrade State Highway 11 (Kerala) to national highway status which helps to connect Alappuzha to Kodaikanal as part of promoting coastal-hill tourism project. There are eight state highways in Alappuzha district and three of them originates from Alappuzha town. State Highway 11 (Kerala)
1140-820: The Ancient Egypt during the Sangam period in the early centuries of the Common Era . The ancient port town of Barace which is recorded as an important centre of the Indian Ocean trade in the ancient Greco-Roman travelogues such as the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (written around 50 CE) is often identified with the modern-day coastal town of Purakkad on the mouth of the Pamba River in
1216-651: The British Governor-General of India in the beginning of the 20th century CE, as the " Venice of the Eastern world ." The district is best known for its picturesque Kerala Backwaters , by which it is well connected to other parts of Kerala , including the tourist destination of Kumarakom , the district being a well known tourist destination in India. It is also known for its coir factories, as most of Kerala's coir industries are situated in and around
1292-755: The Manimala , the Pamba , and the Achankovil ; their branches and tributaries flow through Alappuzha and empty into the Vembanad lake. The most important lake is Vembanad . Alappuzha was the only district in Kerala without public forest land. But that changed in 2013, when 14.5 acres (5.9 ha) of land at Veeyapuram was declared as reserved forest by the Forest and Wildlife Department. Pathiramanal island on
1368-475: The dīwān al-barīd in charge of the postal service ; the bureau of expenditure ( dīwān al-nafaqāt ), which most likely indicates the survival of a Byzantine institution; the dīwān al-ṣadaqa was a new foundation with the task of estimating the zakāt and ʿushr levies; the dīwān al-mustaghallāt administered state property in cities; the dīwān al-ṭirāz controlled the government workshops that made official banners, costumes and some furniture. Aside from
1444-508: The dīwān al-kharāj now included all land taxes ( kharāj , zakāt , and jizya , both in money and in kind), while another department, the dīwān al-ṣadaqa , dealt with assessing the zakāt of cattle. The correspondence of the dīwān al-kharāj was checked by another department, the dīwān al-khātam . As in Umayyad times, miniature copies of the dīwān al-kharāj , the dīwān al-jund and the dīwān al-rasāʾil existed in every province, but by
1520-617: The dīwān al-sawād , which oversaw the rich lands of lower Iraq, was moved from Baghdad to Shiraz . In addition, a dīwān al-khilāfa was established to oversee the affairs of the Abbasid caliphs, who continued to reside in Baghdad as puppets of the Buyid emirs. The Great Seljuks tended to cherish their nomadic origins, with their sultans leading a peripatetic court to their various capitals. Coupled with their frequent absence on campaign,
1596-432: The mustawfī al-mamālik , a fiscal oversight office ( dīwān al-ishrāf or dīwān al-muʿāmalāt ) under the mushrif al-mamālik , and the army department ( dīwān al-ʿarḍ or dīwān al-jaysh ) under the ʿariḍ (further divided into the recruitment and supply bureau, dīwān al-rawātib , and the salary and land grants bureau, dīwān al-iqṭāʾ ). A number of lesser departments is also attested, although they may not have existed at
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#17327800166321672-475: The māl-e khāṣṣa , and an unnamed bureau under the chief secretary corresponding to a chancery ( dīwān al-rasāʾil or dīwān al-inshāʾ ). The Buyids , who took over Baghdad and the remains of the Abbasid Caliphate in 946, drew partly on the established Abbasid practice, but was adapted to suit the nature of the rather decentralized Buyid "confederation" of autonomous emirates. The Buyid bureaucracy
1748-582: The "kingdom of Kayamkulam " or known by the name "Onattukara"), which was later invaded by the Travancorean forces in the year 1746. It was a branch of the ancient Ay kingdom . It was also known as the Chirava Swaroopam , where the word Chirava derives from the combination of two Malayalam words, Cheru and Aayi , which means "a smaller branch of the Ay kingdom ". It included some parts of
1824-595: The 2011 Indian Census, the Hindu population is 68.64%, Christian (Orthodox, Marthoma, Pentecostal and Latin Catholic are majority) 20.45, and Muslim 10.55. National Highway 66 (India) is one of the longest national highways in India. It connects Panvel to Kanyakumari passes through the city and allow to connect other major cities like Mumbai , Goa , Udupi , Mangalore , Kannur , Kozhikode , Guruvayur , Ernakulam , Kollam , and Trivandrum . The construction of
1900-803: The Alappuzha district. This river is also the third-longest river in Kerala only after to the Periyar river and the Bharathappuzha river. Early members of the Chera dynasty had their home in Kuttanad and were sometimes known as the Kuttuvans . However the regions south of the Pamba River was ruled by the Ay kingdom during the ancient period. Pamba is mentioned as Baris in the ancient Greco-Roman travelogues. There are archaeological evidences of
1976-485: The Alappuzha town. The Vembanad lake , which lies below the sea level, is the longest lake in the Indian peninsula , and the district of Alappuzha lies between this lake and the Arabian Sea . Kuttanad region of the Alappuzha district, which lies below the sea level, is the point of least elevation in the entire India . Kuttanad , also known as The Rice Bowl of Kerala , has the lowest altitude in India , and
2052-527: The Caliph ( dīwān al-riḳāʿ ). Caliph al-Mahdi (r. 775–785) created a parallel dīwān al-zimām (control bureau) for every one of the existing dīwāns , as well as a central control bureau ( zimām al-azimma ). These acted as comptrollers as well as coordinators between the various bureaus, or between individual dīwāns and the vizier. In addition, a dīwān al-maẓālim was created, staffed by judges, to hear complaints against government officials. The remit of
2128-544: The Vembanad lake of Alappuzha district is famous for rare migrating birds. Alappuzha city is the administrative headquarters of the Alappuzha district. The district is divided into two revenue divisions-Alappuzha and Chengannur. There are 6 municipal towns in the district. They are: There are two Lok Sabha constituencies in Alappuzha: Alappuzha and Mavelikara . There are nine Kerala Legislative Assembly seats in Alappuzha district. The district
2204-415: The capital into a new department, the dīwān al-dār (bureau of the palace) or dīwān al-dār al-kabīr (great bureau of the palace), where " al-dār " probably meant the vizier's palace. At the same time, the various zimām bureaux were combined into a single dīwān al-zimām which re-checked all assessments, payments and receipts against its own records and, according to the 11th-century scholar al-Mawardi ,
2280-505: The central government, there was a local branch of the dīwān al-kharāj , the dīwān al-jund and the dīwān al-rasāʾil in every province. Under Caliph Abd al-Malik ( r. 685–705 ), the practices of the various departments began to be standardized and Arabized: instead of the local languages ( Greek in Syria , Coptic and Greek in Egypt , Persian in the former Sasanian lands) and
2356-651: The city is reserved for government uses. Snake boat races are the most significant traditional event in Alleppey. These regattas are usually held between August and October, and involve long thin boats powered by up to 120 oarsmen. One such snake boat race is the Nehru Trophy Boat Race . Divan The word, recorded in English since 1586, meaning "Oriental council of a state", comes from Turkish divan , from Persian دیوان ( dêvân ). It
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2432-533: The confiscated properties of the Umayyads after his victory in the Abbasid Revolution . This was probably the antecedent of the later dīwān al-ḍiyāʿ , administering the caliph's personal domains. Similarly, under al-Mansur (r. 754–775) there was a bureau of confiscations ( dīwān al-muṣādara ), as well as a dīwān al-aḥshām , probably in charge of palace service personnel, and a bureau of petitions to
2508-411: The development of Alappuzha is worth mentioning. In the 19th century the district attained progress in all spheres. Kayamkulam Kochunni was a heroic outlaw from Kayamkulam who lived during the 19th century CE. The 19th century social reformer Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker hails from the modern-day district of Alappuzha. The first modern factory for the manufacture of Coir mats and mattings
2584-410: The district of Alappuzha had an important position in the classical Malayalam literature . Kuttanad , the rice bowl of Kerala, was well known from the early Sangam period itself. History records that the region which now constitutes the modern-day district of Alappuzha had trade relations with the ancient Greece , the ancient Rome , the ancient Levant , the ancient Arabian peninsula , and
2660-478: The early period of this district, including ancient fossils, stone inscriptions and monuments, in the archeological sites like the excavation sites, the caves, the temples, etc. The literary works of the Sangam period also help to take a look into the ancient period of the district. Alappuzha district was once a prominent centre of Buddhism in South India prior to the arrival of Nambudiri Brahmins into
2736-797: The eastern region of district and that is Chengannur railway station and Mavelikara railway station . The city is accessible by air, rail, road and water. Cochin International Airport , which is 78 kilometres (48 mi) to the North, is the closest airport. Thiruvananthapuram International Airport , 159 kilometres (99 mi) to the South, is the other airport that links the district with other countries. International tourists use this facility to reach Alappuzha. The other nearest airports are at Kozhikode (236 kilometres (147 mi)) and Coimbatore (254 kilometres (158 mi)). A helipad in
2812-482: The existence of a dīwān al-ḥaram , which supervised the women's quarters of the palace. As the Abbasid Caliphate began to fragment in the mid 9th century, its administrative machinery was copied by the emergent successor dynasties, with the already extant local dīwān branches likely providing the base on which the new administrations were formed. The administrative machinery of the Tahirid governors of Khurasan
2888-503: The holy war against the Byzantine Empire . Under Caliph al-Mutawakkil (r. 847–861), a bureau of servants and pages ( dīwān al-mawālī wa ’l-ghilmān ), possibly an evolution of the dīwān al-aḥshām , existed for the huge number of slaves and other attendants of the palace. In addition, the dīwān al-khātam , now also known as the dīwān al-sirr (bureau of confidential affairs) grew in importance. Miskawayh also mentions
2964-413: The idol of Lord Krishna installed during that time. Chempakassery was ruled by Brahmin monarchs during the medieval period. It is believed that Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri , Kumaran Namboothiri, and Neelakanta Deekshithar were eminent scholars who patronized his court. The southern regions of the modern-day Alappuzha district once formed part of the erstwhile "kingdom of Odanad " (also known as
3040-485: The lake into two parts - one with brackish water perennially and the other half with fresh water fed by the rivers draining into the lake. Bus services connect Thanneermukkom to Kottayam town, Alappuzha town and Cherthala . There are a few bus services to Ernakulam also. This barrier has helped the farmers in Kuttanad - where farming is done below sea level. It has however also created ecological problems, primarily,
3116-478: The land tax ( dīwān al-kharāj ) in Damascus , which became the main dīwān , as well as the bureau of correspondence ( dīwān al-rasāʾil ), which drafted the caliph's letters and official documents, and the bureau of the seal ( dīwān al-khātam ), which checked and kept copies of all correspondence before sealing and dispatching it. A number of more specialist departments were also established, probably by Mu'awiya:
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3192-481: The mid-9th century each province also maintained a branch of its dīwān al-kharāj in the capital. The treasury department ( bayt al-māl or dīwān al-sāmī ) kept the records of revenue and expenditure, both in money and in kind, with specialized dīwāns for each category of the latter (e.g. cereals, cloth, etc.). Its secretary had to mark all orders of payment to make them valid, and it drew up monthly and yearly balance sheets. The dīwān al-jahbad̲ha , responsible for
3268-472: The modern-day Taluks of Chengannur , Mavelikara , Karthikappally , and Karunagappally . The northernmost region of the district, which curresponds to the present-day Taluk of Cherthala , was ruled by the "Kingdom of Karappuram" prior to the 1762 treaty that was signed between the kingdom of Travancore and the Kingdom of Cochin . Karappuram was a tributary of the Kingdom of Cochin until 1762 when it
3344-646: The modern-day Taluk of Karthikappally. The southernmost portion of the district had been once part of the erstwhile feudal kingdom of Karunagappally , which had been subordinate to the Chirava Swaroopam ( Kayamkulam ) at times. In the 17th century the Portuguese power declined on the Malabar Coast and the Dutch Malabar gained a predominant position in the principalities of this district. The church located at Kokkamangalam or Kokkothamangalam
3420-466: The names of the warriors of Medina who participated in the Muslim conquests and their families, and was intended to facilitate the payment of salary ( ʿaṭāʾ , in coin or in rations) to them, according to their service and their relationship to Muhammad . This first army register ( dīwān al-jund ) was soon emulated in other provincial capitals like Basra , Kufa and Fustat . Al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba ,
3496-457: The nation of Namibia or the US state of New Mexico . This gives it a ranking of 216th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 1,504 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,900/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 0.88%. Alappuzha has a sex ratio of 1100 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 95.72%. 53.96% of
3572-420: The network of waterways and backwaters in Alappuzha and its surrounding areas. The district is bounded on the north by Kochi and Kanayannur taluks of Ernakulam district, on the east by Vaikom , Kottayam and Changanassery taluks of Kottayam district and Thiruvalla, Kozhencherry and Adoor taluks of Pathanamthitta district, on the South by Kunnathur and Karunagappally taluks of Kollam district and on
3648-688: The only interstate state highway in Alappuzha district. State Highway 66 (Kerala) is a state highway which originates from Alappuzha town and terminates at Thoppumpady , Ernakulam . Main Central Road is the arterial State Highway in the Travancore region of Kerala state. It is designated as SH 1 by the Kerala Public Works Department. It passes through Chengannur town of Alappuzha district and helps it to connect with other parts of Kerala . State Highway 5 (Kerala)
3724-467: The orders of Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi , governor of Iraq, in 741/42. Under the Abbasid Caliphate the administration, partly under the increasing influence of Iranian culture, became more elaborate and complex. As part of this process, the dīwāns increased in number and sophistication, reaching their apogee in the 9th–10th centuries. At the same time, the office of vizier ( wazīr )
3800-503: The origin of the word to the latter form. The variant pronunciation dēvān however did exist, and is the form surviving to this day in Tajiki Persian . In Arabic, the term was first used for the army registers, then generalized to any register, and by metonymy applied to specific government departments. The sense of the word evolved to "custom house" and "council chamber", then to "long, cushioned seat", such as are found along
3876-530: The period. Indeed, at the turn of the 11th century, there were two ʿariḍs , one for the Turks and one for the Daylamites, hence the department was often called "department of the two armies" ( dīwān al-jayshayn ). A number of junior departments, like the dīwān al-zimām , the dīwān al-ḍiyāʿ , or the dīwān al-barīd were directly inherited from the Abbasid government. Under Adud al-Dawla (r. 978–983), however,
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#17327800166323952-423: The population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 9.46% and 0.31% of the population respectively. Malayalam is the predominant language, spoken by 99.00% of the population. There is a small minority of Konkani speakers in urban areas. It has the highest population density among all districts of the state. It is 29.46% urbanized, and is the smallest district in Kerala . In
4028-477: The rampant propagation of the Water Hyacinth in fresh water. The backwaters which were abundant with fish and part of the staple food of the people of the region require a small amount of salt water for their breeding. The salt water barrier has caused deterioration of the catch of fish in the region and the fishermen are opposed to the bund as of 2005. The salt water barrier has also disrupted the harmony of
4104-413: The region. Sri Mulavasam was then a prominent Buddhist pilgrimage centre in the Indian peninsula . Numerous remnants of once flourished Buddhism have been found from the taluks of Ambalappuzha and Mavelikara . The regions included in the district had a prominent position in the medieval Malayalam literary works such as Unnuneeli Sandesam . One among the famous literary works of this period
4180-421: The same time: the office charged with the redress of grievances ( dīwān al-maẓālim ), the state treasury ( bayt al-māl ) and the sultan's private treasury ( bayt al-māl al-khaṣṣ ), confiscations ( dīwān al-muṣādara ), the land tax office ( dīwān al-kharāj ) and the department of religious endowments or waqfs ( dīwān al-awqāf ). A postal department ( dīwān al-barīd ) also existed but fell into disuse. The system
4256-507: The sea with the backwaters and has caused problems not foreseen before the salt water barrier like the omnipresence of the water weeds. Earlier the salt water tends to cleanse the backwaters but this does not happen any more leading to the pollution of the backwaters and the entire land nearby. Thanneermukkom is an important destination in the backwater tourism map. A number of resorts dot the area. Alappuzha district Alappuzha district ( Malayalam: [ɐːlɐpːuɻɐ] ),
4332-760: The traditional practices of book-keeping, seals and time-keeping, only Arabic and the Islamic calendar were to be used henceforth. The process of Arabization was gradual: in Iraq, the transition was carried out by Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman under the auspices of the governor al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf in 697, in Syria by Sulayman ibn Sa'd al-Khushani in 700, in Egypt under Caliph al-Walid I 's governor Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik in 706, and in Khurasan by Ishaq ibn Tulayq al-Nahshali on
4408-420: The treasury's balance sheets, was eventually branched off from it, while the treasury domains were placed under the dīwān al-ḍiyāʿ , of which there appear at times to have been several. In addition, a department of confiscated property ( dīwān al-musādarīn ) and confiscated estates ( dīwān al-ḍiyāʿ al-maqbūḍa ) existed. Caliph al-Mu'tadid (r. 892–902) grouped the branches of the provincial dīwāns present in
4484-789: The vehicle registrations in Alappuzha District: Old structure:- Following are the old registration numbers in Alappuzha District:- The presence of a lot of backwaters and canals makes water transport a common means of transport. National Waterway 3 passes through Alappuzha. There is an SWTD boat jetty in the city that lies opposite to the KSRTC bus stand. It is served by boat services to towns like Kottayam , Kollam and Changanassery besides to other small towns and jetties. Alappuzha district has two railway lines. Ernakulam–Kayamkulam coastal railway line primarily links with Haripad railway station , Alappuzha railway station , Cherthala railway station and Kayamkulam Junction railway station , Whereas Ernakulam - Kottayam - Kayamkulam line connects
4560-405: The vizier assumed an even greater prominence, concentrating the direction of civil, military and religious affairs in his own bureau, the "supreme dīwān" ( dīwān al-aʿlā ). The dīwān al-aʿlā was further subdivided into a chancery ( dīwān al-inshāʾ wa’l-ṭughrā , also called dīwān al-rasāʾil ) under the ṭughrāʾī or munshī al-mamālik , an accounting department ( dīwān al-zimām wa’l-istīfāʾ ) under
4636-432: The walls in Middle-Eastern council chambers. The latter is the sense that entered European languages as divan (furniture) . The modern French, Dutch, Spanish, and Italian words douane , aduana , and dogana , respectively (meaning " customs house "), also come from diwan . The first dīwān was created under Caliph Umar ( r. 634–644 CE) in 15 A.H. (636/7 CE) or, more likely, 20 A.H. (641 CE). It comprised
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#17327800166324712-409: The west by Laccadive Sea. Present-day Alappuzha district comprises six taluks, namely Cherthala, Ambalappuzha, Kuttanad, Karthikappally, Chengannur and Mavelikkara. The area of the district is 1,414 km (546 sq mi). Its headquarters is located at Alappuzha. The present-day town of Alappuzha owes its existence to Raja Kesavadas during the second half of the 18th century CE. However
4788-469: The western provinces ( dīwān al-maghrib ), and of the Iraq ( dīwān al-sawād ), although under al-Muqtadir (r. 908–932) the dīwān al-dār still existed, with the three territorial departments considered sections of the latter. In 913/4, the vizier Ali ibn Isa established a new department for charitable endowments ( dīwān al-birr ), whose revenue went to the upkeep of holy places, the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina , and on volunteers fighting in
4864-404: Was K. Balakrishna Kurup and the shortest serving District Collector was Sriram Venkitaraman . K. Balakrishna Kurup served for 1146 days from 2 June 1980 to 23 July 1983, but from July 26, 2022, to August 2, 2022, Sriram Venkitaraman served for only 7 days from 26 July 2022 to 2 August 2022. According to the 2011 census , Alappuzha district has a population of 2,127,789, roughly equal to
4940-401: Was also created to coordinate government. The administrative history of the Abbasid dīwāns is complex, since many were short-lived, temporary establishments for specific needs, while at times the sections of larger dīwān might also be termed dīwāns , and often a single individual was placed in charge of more than one department. Caliph al-Saffah (r. 749–754) established a department for
5016-449: Was also established in 1859 at Alappuzha. The Alappuzha Town Improvement Committee was set up in 1894. During the Travancorean administration , Cherthala taluk was included in the Northern division ( Kottayam division) while rest of the Taluks which together constitute the modern-day district of Alappuzha was placed under the Central division ( Kollam division) of the British Princely state of Travancore . This district played
5092-409: Was apparently partly copied in provincial centres as well. Following the Ottoman conquest of North Africa, the Maghreb was divided into three provinces, Algiers , Tunis , and Tripoli . After 1565, administrative authority in Tripoli was vested in a Pasha directly appointed by the Sultan in Constantinople. The sultan provided the pasha with a corps of Janissaries , which was in turn divided into
5168-474: Was constructed during his administrative period. He was known as the "Architect of the Modern Alleppey" and played a key role in making Alappuzha a premier port town of Travancore . During the reign of Balaramavarma Maharaja, Velu Thampi Dalava took keen interest in the development of the town and the port. He brought whole area of the Pathiramanal island into coconut cultivation and it's larger tracts into paddy cultivation. The role of Velu Thampi Dalava in
5244-426: Was during the mid-18th century CE that the Maharaja Marthanda Varma , popularly known as the ‘Architect of the Modern Travancore’, interfered in the political affairs of the smaller feudal principalities who ruled parts of the district. Marthandavarma Maharaja had a remarkable role in the internal progress of the district. The Krishnapuram Palace , which is now a protected monument of the State Archaeology Department,
5320-409: Was for many years the council of ministers of the Ottoman Empire . It consisted of the Grand Vizier , who presided, and the other viziers , the kadi'askers , the nisanci , and the defterdars . The Assemblies of the Danubian Principalities under Ottoman rule were also called "divan" ("Divanuri" in Romanian) (see Akkerman Convention , ad hoc Divan ). In Javanese and related languages,
5396-452: Was handed over to the kingdom of Travancore . The headquarters of the "Madathingal branch" of the Cochin Royal family was situated at Madathinkara in Karappuram. South of Karappuram lied the "Chempakassery kingdom" which was also known by the name the "Kingdom of Purakkad " prior to the Travancorean conquest of 1746. The kingdom of Chempakassery included the modern-day Taluks of Ambalappuzha and Kuttanad . The monarch of Chempakassery
5472-413: Was headed by three great departments: the dīwān al-wazīr , charged with finances, the dīwān al-rasāʾil as the state chancery, and the dīwān al-jaysh for the army. The Buyid regime was a military regime, its ruling caste composed of Turkish and Daylamite troops. As a result, the army department was of particular importance, and its head, the ʿariḍ al-jaysh , is frequently mentioned in the sources of
5548-606: Was known by the title "Chempakassery Deva Narayanan". Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Kunchan Nambiar , who originally hailed from the South Malabar region, were court poets of the Chempakassery kingdom at times. Karthikappally was a small feudal kingdom that lied between the feudal kingdoms of Odanad and Chempakassery until the Travancorean invasion of the mid-18th century CE, which curresponds to
5624-464: Was started as a protest against the constitutional repression in 1932. The first political strike in Kerala was held at Alappuzha in 1938. The district was home to the Communist -led Punnapra-Vayalar uprising against the Divan of the British Princely state of Travancore in the 1940s. Alappuzha is on a peninsular landmass between the Arabian Sea and the Vembanad lake. Major rivers are
5700-476: Was the Ascharya Choodamani , a Sanskrit drama written by Sakthibhadra who was a scholar from Chengannur . The feudal monarch of Chempakasseri was at its zenith during the reign of Pooradam Thirunal Devanarayanan, a great scholar and a poet who was also the author of the literary work Vedantha Ratnamala . It is said that Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna Temple , at Ambalappuzha , was constructed and
5776-443: Was the "guardian of the rights of bayt al-māl [the treasury] and the people". The dīwān al-nafaḳāt played a similar role with regards to expenses by the individual dīwāns , but by the end of the 9th century its role was mostly restricted to the finances of the caliphal palace. Under al-Muktafi (r. 902–908) the dīwān al-dār was broken up into three departments, the bureaux of the eastern provinces ( dīwān al-mashriq ), of
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