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72-528: The story takes place at Los Alamos, New Mexico , where a nuclear physicist (Barry) lives and works. Terrorists kidnap his son and demand that the physicist turn over the H-bomb formula. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Writing (Story and Screenplay) , Sydney Boehm being the nominee. Frank and Martha Addison live in Los Alamos , where he does top-secret work as a physicist. They have

144-490: A chloroplast . When abundant in the leaf's cells , as during the growing season, the chlorophyll's green color dominates and masks out the colors of any other pigments that may be present in the leaf. Thus, the leaves of summer are characteristically green. Chlorophyll has a vital function: it captures solar rays and uses the resulting energy in the manufacture of the plant's food – simple sugars which are produced from water and carbon dioxide . These sugars are

216-447: A bachelor's degree or higher was estimated to be 50.6% of the population. 22.8% of the population was under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 97.6 males. The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that

288-568: A cost to the production of red leaves linked to a greater need for reduced aphid infestation. Consistent with red-leaved trees providing reduced survival for aphids , tree species with bright leaves tend to select for more specialist aphid pests than do trees lacking bright leaves (autumn colors are useful only in those species coevolving with insect pests in autumn). One study found that simulating insect herbivory (leaf-eating damage) on maple trees showed earlier red coloration than trees that were not damaged. The coevolution theory of autumn colors

360-460: A memorandum instructing them to travel to Santa Fe and report to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers office at 109 East Palace Avenue. At that location, Dorothy McKibbin provided newcomers with the necessary documentation to get through security checkpoints (initially, letters signed by J. Robert Oppenheimer himself, and later, security passes), along with specific directions to the Hill. The project

432-470: A phone call saying to stay silent. Ellen's boyfriend is an FBI agent, Russ Farley, and she passes along her concerns. Farley and partner Harold Mann begin tailing the Addisons. When a kidnapper instructs Frank to steal a file from the atomic lab and mail it to a Los Angeles hotel, he wants to inform the authorities, but Martha fears for their boy. A small-time thief, David Rogers, collects an envelope with

504-591: A physicist. He studies the file Addison mailed and determines it to be a fake. Rassett orders the boy killed, but Tommy has escaped and is hiding in a cave. The son of the Fentons finds the raffle ticket at the ruins, and back in Santa Fe tries to exchange it for the raffle prize. The area is being watched by the FBI, and they ask where the ticket came from, receiving the vital clue to Tommy's whereabouts. FBI agents rush to

576-413: A young son, Tommy, who goes with school mates to Santa Fe for a carnival with their teacher, Ellen Haskell. During a puppet show , he disappears. This is not noticed until his name is announced as the winner of a raffle for a bicycle at the end of the show. They await a phone call as they fear something has happened. They receive a ransom note assembled from words from different newspapers. They also get

648-530: Is 93.3%, in comparison to New Mexico's 76.9% rate and America's average rate of 85%. The University of New Mexico also has a branch campus in Los Alamos. Los Alamos is the fifth-fastest-growing city in New Mexico, after Albuquerque , Rio Rancho , Las Cruces , and Ruidoso . The median household income in Los Alamos is $ 98,458, and per capita income is $ 54,067. Income is significantly higher than

720-554: Is a phenomenon that affects the normally green leaves of many deciduous trees and shrubs by which they take on, during a few weeks in the autumn season, various shades of yellow, orange, red, purple, and brown. The phenomenon is commonly called autumn colours or autumn foliage in British English and fall colors , fall foliage , or simply foliage in American English . In some areas of Canada and

792-650: Is an extensive system of trails within the canyons and into the mountains above the town, catering to all skill levels of running, hiking and mountain biking . The Aquatic Center is an indoor, Olympic-length public swimming pool with a therapy pool and lazy river, and a public 18-hole golf course (par 72, 6500 yards) has existed since 1947. Winter sports include skiing at the community-owned Pajarito Mountain Ski Area on 10,440 ft. Pajarito Mountain between November and April. The county maintains New Mexico's only refrigerated, NHL regulation, outdoor ice skating rink on

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864-560: Is demographically unique compared to its surrounding counties and the state as a whole. Over 35% of the population of surrounding counties ( Rio Arriba , Santa Fe , and Sandoval ) and the state of New Mexico are Hispanic or Latino, while only about 20% of Los Alamosans are Hispanic or Latino. The white and especially the Asian populations of Los Alamos are significantly higher than the rest of New Mexico. The geography of Los Alamos lends itself to several sports and recreational activities. There

936-467: Is located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and it is composed of an apoprotein along with several ligands , the most important of which are chlorophylls a and b. In the autumn, this complex is broken down. Chlorophyll degradation is thought to occur first. Research suggests that the beginning of chlorophyll degradation is catalyzed by chlorophyll b reductase, which reduces chlorophyll b to 7‑hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a, which

1008-504: Is located on four mesas of the Pajarito Plateau , and had a population of about 13,200 as of 2020. It is the county seat and one of two population centers in the county known as census-designated places (CDPs); the other is White Rock . Los Alamos is a Spanish place name that typically refers to poplar or cottonwood trees . Alternatively, Los Alamos could refer to the large groves of quaking aspen that intersperse

1080-405: Is the area's largest employer with approximately 10,500 employees, and is foundational to the economy of Los Alamos, with an annual budget of about $ 2.45 billion. Approximately 40% of the laboratory's employees live in Los Alamos, while the remainder commute from Santa Fe, Española, Taos, and Albuquerque. About 66% of the people who work in the national laboratories commute daily to the lab; some take

1152-452: Is the only hospital in Los Alamos and is a LifePoint Health hospital. The hospital provides "complete medical, surgical, obstetrical, pediatric, emergency, and diagnostic services" and employs about 300 Northern New Mexicans. Medical Associates of Northern New Mexico (MANNM) is a group of medical providers that offers family medicine, internal medicine, cardiology, nephrology, radiology, and endocrinology among its many services. During

1224-551: Is then reduced to chlorophyll a. This is believed to destabilize the complex, at which point breakdown of the apoprotein occurs. An important enzyme in the breakdown of the apoprotein is FtsH6, which belongs to the FtsH family of proteases . Chlorophylls degrade into colorless tetrapyrroles known as nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites. As the chlorophylls degrade, the hidden pigments of yellow xanthophylls and orange beta-carotene are revealed. Carotenoids are present in

1296-551: The Caucasus region of Russia near the Black Sea , and Eastern Asia (including much of northern and eastern China , and as well as Korea and Japan ). In the southern hemisphere, colorful autumn foliage can be observed in southern and central Argentina , the south and southeast regions of Brazil , eastern and southeastern Australia (including South Australia and Tasmania ) and most of New Zealand , particularly

1368-587: The Cold War , workers at LANL were in contact with radiation and other toxins, causing many of these individuals illness. A non-profit organization called Cold War Patriots provides these individuals and their families with information about the healthcare benefits available to them. The radio telescope located in Los Alamos is one of ten dishes composing the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). Autumn leaf color Autumn leaf color

1440-707: The South Island . Compared to Western Europe (excluding Southern Europe), North America provides many more tree species (more than 800 species and about 70 oaks, compared to 51 and three, respectively, in Western Europe) which adds many more different colors to the spectacle. The main reason is the different effect of the Ice ages  – while in North America, species were protected in more southern regions along north–south ranging mountains, this

1512-631: The United States , " leaf peeping " tourism is a major contribution to economic activity. This tourist activity occurs between the beginning of color changes and the onset of leaf fall , usually around September to November in the Northern Hemisphere and March to May in the Southern Hemisphere . A green leaf is green because of the presence of a pigment known as chlorophyll , which is inside an organelle called

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1584-517: The attacks of September 11, 2001 , Pajarito Road has been restricted to LANL badge holders for security reasons. Los Alamos County Airport , located on the eastern edge of Los Alamos, is the only airport in the county. The main source of activity is from small private aircraft, with intermittent commercial commuter service. Albuquerque International Sunport is a 100-mile drive south of Los Alamos, and serves most national destinations. The 47-bed acute-care facility known as Los Alamos Medical Center

1656-458: The veins that carry fluids into and out of the leaf are gradually closed off as a layer of special cork cells forms at the base of each leaf. As this cork layer develops, water and mineral intake into the leaf is reduced, slowly at first, and then more rapidly. During this time, the amount of chlorophyll in the leaf begins to decrease. Often, the veins are still green after the tissues between them have almost completely changed color. Chlorophyll

1728-566: The Atomic City Transit, Rail Runner Express, use the Park and Ride, or carpool with other employees. Other major employers in Los Alamos include Los Alamos County , Los Alamos Public Schools , Los Alamos Medical Center , Smith's Food and Drug , Enterprise Bank & Trust, and Del Norte Credit Union. Los Alamos provides several transportation services: Los Alamos is relatively isolated, and can only be accessed from NM 4 from

1800-526: The FBI spots a hot-dog vendor who is actually Donald Clark, a man with Communist ties. The FBI bring him in but are limited in what they can extract. However, Dr. Addison is left in an adjoining room alone. He beats up Clark to ascertain where his son is... in Santa Fe. Tommy is moved by kidnappers to the Puye Cliff Dwellings in New Mexico, where they briefly encounter the Fentons, a family of tourists. The mastermind turns out to be Dr. Rassett,

1872-469: The Ranch School and all remaining homesteads in the area so that the relatively isolated location could be used for the secretive Manhattan Project , which ultimately developed the world's first nuclear weapons. Facilities for research and development were quickly built and scientists and engineers from all over the world were assigned to the project; however, all information about the town and project

1944-599: The Rio Grande and the eastern rim of the Valles Caldera on the Pajarito Plateau, approximately 35 mi (56 km) to the northwest of Santa Fe . The elevation at the post office is 7,320 feet (2,230 m) and total land area is 11.14 square miles (28.9 km ). The Los Alamos Townsite and White Rock are located on flat mesa tops separated by steep canyons, known as potreros . This location

2016-445: The age of 18 and 3.6% of those ages 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States census , there were 12,019 people with a population density of 1,078.7 inhabitants per square mile (416.5/km ). The median age is 40 years. 24.8% of the people are under the age of 18, 4.8% are ages 18 to 24, 29.2% are ages 25 to 44, 28.2% are ages 45 to 64, and 12.9% are ages 65 years or older. For every 100 females, there were 101.3 males. Los Alamos

2088-632: The area. "Over 200 species of birds have been reported" in the Pajarito Ornithological Survey conducted by LANL. Among these are broad-tailed hummingbirds , hairy woodpeckers , zone-tailed hawks , common ravens , western bluebirds , and great horned owls . Wildfires have affected the county, but the most destructive to the townsite was the Cerro Grande Fire of May 2000, which caused an estimated $ 1 billion in damages and destroyed more than 400 homes. The CDP

2160-434: The basis of the plant's nourishment – the sole source of the carbohydrates needed for growth and development. In their food-manufacturing process, the chlorophylls break down, thus are continually "used up". During the growing season, however, the plant replenishes the chlorophyll so that the supply remains high and the leaves stay green. In late summer, with daylight hours shortening and temperatures cooling,

2232-521: The birds' manure. Poison ivy is particularly notable for having bright-red foliage drawing birds to its off-white seeds (which are edible for birds, but not most mammals). The brilliant red autumn color of some species of maple is created by processes separate from those in chlorophyll breakdown. When the tree is struggling to cope with the energy demands of a changing and challenging season, maple trees are involved in an additional metabolic expenditure to create anthocyanins. These anthocyanins, which create

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2304-403: The chlorophylls) in the leaf's cells begin to show through. These are carotenoids and they provide colorations of yellow, brown, orange, and the many hues in between. The carotenoids occur, along with the chlorophyll pigments, in tiny structures called plastids , within the cells of leaves. Sometimes, they are in such abundance in the leaf that they give a plant a yellow-green color, even during

2376-440: The coniferous forest on the mountainsides above the townsite, where they are distinctly visible during the autumn months due to their spectacular autumn colors . The ruins of Puebloan settlements, such as those located in nearby Bandelier National Monument and Tsankawi , and numerous other sites such as cliff dwellings indicate that the area has been inhabited during various eras since around 1150 AD. The first settlers on

2448-514: The county, and are primarily (but not exclusively) on DOE property. Contaminated sites vary widely in significance. Corrective action and environmental restoration has been deemed necessary for certain areas; LANL takes part in this process. Some residents have voiced concern about a lack of public participation and opportunity to comment on the cleanup schedule and funding. The 2020 United States census counted 13,179 people, 5,653 households, and 3,522 families in Los Alamos. The population density

2520-600: The dominant pigment in coloration of about 15–30% of tree species. Autumn leaf color is a phenomenon that affects the normally green leaves of many deciduous trees and shrubs by which they take on, during a few weeks in the autumn season, various shades of yellow, orange, red, purple, and brown. The phenomenon is commonly called autumn colours or autumn foliage in British English and fall colors, fall foliage, or simply foliage in American English. The reds,

2592-449: The edges of some of the very young leaves as they unfold from the buds in early spring. They also give the familiar color to such common fruits as cranberries , red apples , blueberries , cherries , strawberries , and plums . Anthocyanins are present in about 10% of tree species in temperate regions, although in certain areas – most famously northern New England – up to 70% of tree species may produce

2664-421: The experiments over two years were too brief to indicate how mature forests may be affected over time. Other studies using 150 years of herbarium specimens found more than a one-month delay in the onset of autumn since the 19th century, and found that insect , viral , and drought stress can also affect the timing of fall coloration in maple trees. Also, other factors, such as increasing ozone levels close to

2736-449: The file at a post office, but they alert the FBI who follow him. He goes to a baseball game, followed by the FBI's agents who ask the TV cameras to zoom into him. After the match they are surprised when his car explodes, killing the man. However Rogers no longer has the envelope. The FBI watch the film footage as they presume he has passed the file to someone at the game. Watching the film footage

2808-485: The high costs involved in their maintenance would outweigh the benefits from photosynthesis during the winter period of low light availability and cold temperatures. In many cases, this turned out to be oversimplistic – other factors involved include insect predation, water loss, and damage from high winds or snowfall. Anthocyanins, responsible for red-purple coloration, are actively produced in autumn, but not involved in leaf-drop. A number of hypotheses on

2880-572: The homesteaders later moved down to the warmer Rio Grande Valley. In 1917, homesteader Harold H. Brook sold part of his land and buildings to Ashley Pond II, a businessman from Detroit who founded the Los Alamos Ranch School . The area was used to teach young men basic ranching and other outdoor survival skills. In 1943, during World War II , the United States Department of War exercised eminent domain over

2952-575: The insects will avoid red leaves and increase their fitness; at the same time, trees with red leaves have an advantage because they reduce their parasite load. This has been shown in the case of apple trees where some domesticated apple varieties, unlike wild ones , lack red leaves in the autumn. A greater proportion of aphids that avoid apple trees with red leaves manage to grow and develop compared to those that do not. A trade-off, moreover, exists between fruit size, leaf color, and aphids resistance as varieties with red leaves have smaller fruits, suggesting

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3024-621: The laboratory buildings (from a distance). Filming was also done at the Puye Cliff Dwellings . Los Alamos, New Mexico Los Alamos ( Spanish : Los Álamos , meaning The Cottonwoods ) is a census-designated place in Los Alamos County, New Mexico , United States, that is recognized as one of the development and creation places of the atomic bomb —the primary objective of the Manhattan Project by Los Alamos National Laboratory during World War II . The town

3096-421: The laboratory itself and opened up the town for visits by the general public. The first visitor to enter the town that year without a permit from the federal government was New Mexico Governor Edwin L. Mechem . The AEC was later succeeded by the U.S. Department of Energy . Los Alamos became the shooting location and setting for the 2023 film Oppenheimer . Los Alamos is located in northern New Mexico between

3168-422: The leaves throughout the year, but their orange-yellow colors are usually masked by green chlorophyll. As autumn approaches, certain influences both inside and outside the plant cause the chlorophylls to be replaced at a slower rate than they are being used up. During this period, with the total supply of chlorophylls gradually dwindling, the "masking" effect slowly fades away. Then other pigments present (along with

3240-423: The median household income was $ 114,034 (with a margin of error of +/- $ 9,349) and the median family income was $ 139,184 (+/- $ 15,168). Males had a median income of $ 83,875 (+/- $ 7,095) versus $ 57,000 (+/- $ 11,331) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $ 72,606 (+/- $ 8,291). Approximately, 3.2% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 4.2% of those under

3312-447: The median value of owner-occupied housing units is $ 281,500. Median gross rent is $ 921. 31.4% of households have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% are married couples living together, 6.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% are non-families. 29.8% of all households are made up of individuals, and 7.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. Los Alamos National Laboratory

3384-403: The pigment. In autumn forests, they appear vivid in the maples , oaks , sourwood , sweetgums , dogwoods , tupelos , cherry trees , and persimmons . These same pigments often combine with the carotenoids' colors to create the deeper orange, fiery reds, and bronzes typical of many hardwood species. Deciduous plants were traditionally believed to shed their leaves in autumn primarily because

3456-405: The plant. Their formation depends on the breakdown of sugars in the presence of bright light as the level of phosphate in the leaf is reduced. During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll, but in autumn, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of

3528-420: The plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop. Anthocyanins temporarily color

3600-522: The plateau are thought to be Keres speaking Native Americans around the 10th century. Around 1300, Tewa settlers immigrated from the Four Corners Region and built large cities but were driven out within 50 years by Navajo and Apache raids and by drought. In the late 19th century, homesteaders utilized the land for ranching. Most homesteaders built simple log cabins that they only lived in during warm weather to feed livestock. Many of

3672-428: The process of reabsorbing nutrients less efficient. By shielding the leaf with anthocyanins, according to photoprotection theory, the tree manages to reabsorb nutrients (especially nitrogen) more efficiently. According to the coevolution theory, the colors are warning signals to insects like aphids that use trees as a host for the winter. If the colors are linked to the amount of chemical defenses against insects, then

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3744-519: The public; being announced by the White House at 11 am on 6 August. A set of press releases were given out over three days. In the years after World War II, the laboratory was formally established as a research government facility under the civilian control of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission , and is now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory . In 1957, the AEC pulled back the security perimeter to

3816-467: The purples, and their blended combinations that decorate autumn foliage come from another group of pigments in the cells called anthocyanins . Unlike the carotenoids, these pigments are not present in the leaf throughout the growing season, but are actively produced towards the end of summer. They develop in late summer in the sap of the cells of the leaf, and this development is the result of complex interactions of many influences both inside and outside

3888-718: The region (in the valleys and at the base of the mountain). White Rock lies at the top of White Rock Canyon. Much of Los Alamos County is within the Española Ranger District of the Santa Fe National Forest . Los Alamos has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) with four distinct seasons. Summer days are moderately warm in the 70s°F (low 20s°C) and 70s°F (high 20s°C), but reach 90 °F (32 °C) on only 5 days per year on average. Los Alamos' geographical location causes its wildlife and vegetation to be diverse compared to surrounding areas in

3960-586: The rest of New Mexico. Los Alamos has the highest millionaire concentration of any US city, with 12.4 percent of households having at least $ 1 million in assets. This is a result of chemists, engineers, and physicists working at LANL since the Manhattan Project. Only 6.6% of people are below the poverty line; one-third the rate of New Mexico. As of January 2015, there were zero homeless individuals. There are 5,249 households and an average household size of 2.23 people. There are 5,863 housing units, and

4032-476: The role of pigment production in leaf-drop have been proposed, and generally fall into two categories: interaction with animals, and protection from nonbiological factors. According to the photoprotection theory, anthocyanins protect the leaf against the harmful effects of light at low temperatures. The leaves are about to fall, so protection is not of extreme importance for the tree. Photo-oxidation and photoinhibition, however, especially at low temperatures, make

4104-464: The same biochemical pathway that produces the chemical defenses against the insects). The change of leaf colors prior to fall have also been suggested as adaptations that may help to undermine the camouflage of herbivores. Many plants with berries attract birds with especially visible berry and/or leaf color, particularly bright red. The birds get a meal, while the shrub, vine, or typically small tree gets undigested seeds carried off and deposited with

4176-419: The site, where Rassett is arrested after killing his accomplices, and Tommy is saved. This was the film debut for star Gene Barry and director Jerry Hopper. This was the first feature film allowed to be filmed on location inside the city of Los Alamos, during the period that the entire community was still closed to the public at large. It includes views of the residential neighborhoods, main entrance gate, and of

4248-690: The south and NM 502 from the east. NM 502 sees significantly more traffic because it connects with US 84/285, which delivers access to several Pueblo communities between Española and Santa Fe. Approximately 10,000 commuters use NM 502 daily. NM 502 begins at Pojoaque , and traverses San Ildefonso Pueblo and the Rio Grande . Interstate 25 is the nearest major interstate highway, and passes through or near Santa Fe , Albuquerque and Denver . There are three access roads between White Rock and Los Alamos—Main Hill Road, Jemez Road and Pajarito Road. Since

4320-603: The state. "The variation in elevation creates precipitation and temperature gradients that support a wide diversity of plant communities..." There are six different plant communities within the county; each is home to unique flora and fauna . Ponderosa pine trees are the most common trees at the elevation of Los Alamos (7,000 and 8,000 feet (2,100 and 2,400 m)). Common shrubs in the area include sagebrush , Gambel oak , and wild rose . Black bears (brown-color variation), elk , mule deer , bobcats , gray foxes , skunks and chipmunks are examples of mammals living in

4392-553: The summer. Usually, however, they become prominent for the first time in autumn, when the leaves begin to lose their chlorophyll. Carotenoids are common in many living things, giving characteristic color to carrots , corn , canaries , and daffodils , as well as egg yolks , rutabagas , buttercups , and bananas . Their brilliant yellows and oranges tint the leaves of such hardwood species as hickories , ash , maple , yellow poplar , aspen , birch , black cherry , sycamore , cottonwood , sassafras , and alder . Carotenoids are

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4464-913: The sun-shaded floor of Los Alamos Canyon, almost beneath the Omega Bridge. Snowshoeing and cross-country skiing are possible at Valles Caldera National Preserve and other locations, weather permitting. Los Alamos is host to several sporting events: On November 10, 2015, the National Park Service and the U.S. Department of Energy announced the establishment of Manhattan Project National Historical Park in Los Alamos, along with units in Hanford, Washington and Oak Ridge, Tennessee . Los Alamos Public Schools provides public Kindergarten through High School education (5 elementary schools, 1 middle school, and 1 high school: Los Alamos High School ). The graduation rate, as of March 6, 2021,

4536-428: The visual red hues, have been found to aid in interspecific competition by stunting the growth of nearby saplings ( allelopathy ). Although some autumn coloration occurs wherever deciduous trees are found, the most brightly colored autumn foliage is found in the northern hemisphere, including most of southern mainland Canada , some areas of the northern United States , Northern and Western Europe , Northern Italy ,

4608-524: Was 1,186.4 inhabitants per square mile (458.1/km ). There were 6,026 housing units at an average density of 542.5 per square mile (209.5/km ). The racial makeup was 73.15% (9,640) white or European American (67.79% non-Hispanic white ), 0.99% (131) black or African-American , 0.74% (98) Native American or Alaska Native , 7.96% (1,049) Asian , 0.09% (12) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian , 3.95% (520) from other races , and 13.12% (1,729) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race

4680-429: Was 17.35% (2,287) of the population. Of the 5,653 households, 30.6% had children under the age of 18; 50.4% were married couples living together; 22.0% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 32.4% of households consisted of individuals and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.2 and the average family size was 2.9. The percent of those with

4752-419: Was chosen for its relative inaccessibility to help protect the secret activities of the Manhattan Project. The town of Los Alamos was built on four potreros—Barranca Mesa, North Mesa, Los Alamos Mesa and South Mesa—along with the connecting communities at the base of the mountain. Los Alamos National Laboratory occupies half of South Mesa, Two Mile Mesa, Frijoles Mesa, Mesita de Buey and several nearby areas in

4824-444: Was evacuated for eight days. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) built temporary housing on North Mesa for those who were displaced by the fire. Though there was no loss of life, other effects include damage to LANL facilities ( nuclear material was not affected), flash-flooding, and erosion. The Las Conchas Fire of June 26, 2011 burned about three times as many acres and also prompted evacuation of Los Alamos, but there

4896-427: Was further concealed by designating its mailing address as PO Box 1663, Santa Fe, N.M. All incoming truckloads were falsely labeled as common items in order to conceal the true nature of their contents, and any outbound correspondence by those working and living in Los Alamos was censored by military officials. Not until after the bombing of Hiroshima in 1945 was information about the Manhattan Project released to

4968-419: Was held secret from the public. Los Alamos was referred to under the code name " Site Y " by military personnel, and was known only as "The Hill" by many in nearby Santa Fe. Los Alamos was originally built as a closed city accessible from the outside world through only two gates. The specific location of the project was a tightly guarded secret. All employees recruited to work at the Los Alamos site were given

5040-507: Was no damage to property in Los Alamos. It was the biggest wildfire New Mexico had endured until the Calf Canyon-Hermits Peak fire in 2022. Wildfires have altered plant communities in the area. Plant species are migrating to cover burn areas. Over two thousand sites in the area have been determined to have been impacted as a result of past activities at LANL. The location of these sites have been identified throughout

5112-591: Was not the case in much of Europe. Global warming and rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere may delay the usual autumn spectacle of changing colors and falling leaves in northern hardwood forests in the future, and increase forest productivity. Specifically, higher autumn temperatures in the Northeastern United States is delaying the color change. Experiments with poplar trees showed that they stayed greener longer with higher CO 2 levels, independent of temperature changes. However,

5184-464: Was proposed by W. D. Hamilton in 2001 as an example of evolutionary signalling theory . With biological signals such as red leaves, it is argued that because they are costly to produce, they are usually honest, so signal the true quality of the signaller with low-quality individuals being unable to fake them and cheat. Autumn colors would be a signal if they were costly to produce, or be impossible to fake (for example if autumn pigments were produced by

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