An economist is a professional and practitioner in the social science discipline of economics .
64-506: The American Mercury was an American magazine published from 1924 to 1981. It was founded as the brainchild of H. L. Mencken and drama critic George Jean Nathan . The magazine featured writing by some of the most important writers in the United States through the 1920s and 1930s. After a change in ownership in the 1940s, the magazine attracted conservative writers, including William F. Buckley . A second change in ownership in
128-553: A professional association . Professional magazines may derive revenue from advertisement placements or advertorials by companies selling products and services to a specific professional audience. Examples include Advertising Age , Automotive News , Broadcast , The Bookseller , and The Stage . Being on the cover of certain magazines is considered an honor or distinction. Examples include Time , Rolling Stone , Vogue and Sports Illustrated . See, for example: See also cover art . The magazine cover indicator
192-487: A 3:1 ratio. Focusing more narrowly, MediaFinder.com found that 93 new magazines were launched during the first six months of 2014, while only 30 closed in that time frame. The category which produced the most new publications was "Regional interest", of which six new magazines were launched, including 12th & Broad and Craft Beer & Brewing . However, two magazines had to change their print schedules. Johnson Publishing 's Jet stopped printing regular issues, making
256-434: A conservative magazine. William F. Buckley Jr. , whose God and Man at Yale was a best seller, worked for Huie's Mercury , as a young staffer. In 1955, Buckley founded the longer-living conservative National Review . Buckley would succeed at what Huie was unable to realize: a periodical that brought together the nascent but differing strands of this new conservative movement. Huie faced financial difficulties sustaining
320-450: A female audience, emphasizing the traditional gender roles of the 19th century. Harper's Bazaar was the first to focus exclusively on couture fashion , fashion accessories and textiles. The inclusion of didactic content about housekeeping may have increased the appeal of the magazine for a broader audience of women and men concerned about the frivolity of a fashion magazine. In the 1920s, new magazines appealed to young German women with
384-453: A forum for public arguments by scholars and critical observers. The early periodical predecessors to magazines started to evolve to modern definition in the late 1800s. Works slowly became more specialized and the general discussion or cultural periodicals were forced to adapt to a consumer market which yearned for more localization of issues and events. Mass-circulation magazines became much more common after 1900, some with circulations in
448-405: A journal in the technical sense; The Wall Street Journal is actually a newspaper . The word "magazine" derives from Arabic makhāzin ( مخازن ), the broken plural of makhzan ( مخزن ) meaning "depot, storehouse" (originally military storehouse); that comes to English via Middle French magasin and Italian magazzino . In its original sense, the word "magazine" referred to
512-441: A long tradition. One of the earliest satirical magazines was Diyojen which was launched in 1869. There are around 20 satirical magazines; the leading ones are Penguen (70,000 weekly circulation), LeMan (50,000) and Uykusuz . Historical examples include Oğuz Aral 's magazine Gırgır (which reached a circulation of 500,000 in the 1970s) and Marko Paşa (launched 1946). Others include L-Manyak and Lombak . Publishing
576-506: A member of the trade (and likelihood of buying, for example, likelihood of having corporate purchasing authority, as determined from job title). This allows a high level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertiser's target audience, and it avoids wasted printing and distribution expenses. This latter model was widely used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in
640-485: A monthly record of current events along with entertaining stories, poems, and pictures. The first periodicals to branch out from news were Harper's and The Atlantic , which focused on fostering the arts. Both Harper's and The Atlantic persist to this day, with Harper's being a cultural magazine and The Atlantic focusing mainly on world events. Early publications of Harper's even held famous works such as early publications of Moby Dick or famous events such as
704-500: A much-imitated feature. Mencken spiced the package with aphorisms printed in the magazine's margins whenever space allowed. Mencken retired as editor of the magazine at the end of 1933. His chosen successor was economist and literary critic Henry Hazlitt . Differences with the publisher, Alfred A. Knopf Sr. , however, led Hazlitt to resign after four months. The American Mercury was next edited by Mencken's former assistant Charles Angoff . In January 1935, The American Mercury
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#1732772896574768-643: A new understanding of church-state relationships and the source of political authority. The Moniteur Ottoman was a gazette written in French and first published in 1831 on the order of Mahmud II . It was the first official gazette of the Ottoman Empire , edited by Alexandre Blacque at the expense of the Sublime Porte . Its name perhaps referred to the French newspaper Le Moniteur Universel . It
832-529: A sensuous image and advertisements for the appropriate clothes and accessories they would want to purchase. The glossy pages of Die Dame and Das Blatt der Hausfrau displayed the "Neue Frauen", "New Girl" – what Americans called the flapper. This ideal young woman was chic, financially independent, and an eager consumer of the latest fashions. Magazines kept her up to date on fashion, arts, sports, and modern technology such as automobiles and telephones. The first women's magazine targeted toward wives and mothers
896-419: A storage space or device. In the case of written publication, it refers to a collection of written articles . This explains why magazine publications share the term with storage units for military equipment such as gunpowder , artillery and firearm magazines , and in French and Russian (adopted from French as магазин ), retailers such as department stores . Print magazines can be distributed through
960-427: A variety of major national and international firms in the financial and commercial sectors, and in manufacturing, retailing and IT, as well as in the public sector – for example, in the health and education sectors, or in government and politics . Some graduates go on to undertake postgraduate studies , either in economics, research, teacher training or further qualifications in specialist areas. Unlike most nations,
1024-478: A year after the magazine started.) Simeon Strunsky in The New York Times observed that, "The dead hand of the yokelry on the instinct for beauty cannot be so heavy if the handsome green and black cover of The American Mercury exists." The quote was used on the subscription form for the magazine during its heyday. The January 1924 issue sold more than 15,000 copies, and by the end of the first year
1088-696: Is The Scots Magazine , which was first published in 1739, though multiple changes in ownership and gaps in publication totalling over 90 years weaken that claim. Lloyd's List was founded in Edward Lloyd's England coffee shop in 1734; and though its online platform is still updated daily it has not been published as a magazine since 2013 after 274 years. Under the Ancien Régime , the most prominent magazines were Mercure de France , Journal des sçavans , founded in 1665 for scientists, and Gazette de France , founded in 1631. Jean Loret
1152-524: Is a formalized role. Professionals here are employed (or engaged as consultants ) to conduct research, prepare reports, or formulate plans and strategies to address economic problems. Here, as outlined, the analyst provides forecasts, analysis and advice, based upon observed trends and economic principles; this entails also collecting and processing economic and statistical data using econometric methods and statistical techniques. In contrast to regulated professions such as engineering, law or medicine, there
1216-479: Is a magazine, but the Journal of Business Communication , which continues the same sequence of pagination throughout the coterminous year, is a journal. Some professional or trade publications are also peer-reviewed , for example the Journal of Accountancy . Non-peer-reviewed academic or professional publications are generally professional magazines . That a publication calls itself a journal does not make it
1280-746: Is a not-too-serious economic indicator that is sometimes taken seriously by technical analysts. Economist The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy . Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad philosophical theories to the focused study of minutiae within specific markets , macroeconomic analysis, microeconomic analysis or financial statement analysis , involving analytical methods and tools such as econometrics , statistics , economics computational models , financial economics , regulatory impact analysis and mathematical economics . Economists work in many fields including academia, government and in
1344-557: Is not a legally required educational requirement or license for economists. In academia, most economists have a Ph.D. degree in Economics . In the U.S. Government, on the other hand, a person can be hired as an economist provided that they have a degree that included or was supplemented by 21 semester hours in economics and three hours in statistics, accounting, or calculus. In fact, a professional working inside of one of many fields of economics or having an academic degree in this subject
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#17327728965741408-401: Is often considered to be an economist; see Bachelor of Economics and Master of Economics . Economics graduates are employed in varying degrees depending on the regional economic scenario and labour market conditions at the time for a given country. Apart from the specific understanding of the subject, employers value the skills of numeracy and analysis, the ability to communicate and
1472-718: The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle . The Pennsylvania Magazine , edited by Thomas Paine , ran only for a short time but was a very influential publication during the Revolutionary War . The final issue containing the text of the Declaration of Independence was published in 1776. In the mid-19th century, monthly magazines gained popularity. They were general interest to begin, containing some news, vignettes, poems, history, political events, and social discussion. Unlike newspapers, they were more of
1536-468: The Hearst Corporation . The sale to Maguire spelled the end of The American Mercury as a mainstream magazine. It survived, steadily declining, for nearly 30 more years. Maguire's anti-semitism led to controversy and the resignation of the magazine's top editors after he took control of the editorial process in 1955. In 1956, George Lincoln Rockwell was hired as a writer, and later became
1600-777: The Mercury in this new direction. In August 1952, he sold it to an occasional financial contributor, Russell Maguire, owner of the Auto-Ordnance Corporation (original producers of the Thompson submachine gun ). Rather than turn over editorial control to Maguire, Huie stepped down as editor after the January 1953 issue. He was replaced by John A. Clements, a former reporter for the New York Journal and Daily Mirror , then director of public relations for
1664-510: The Pioneer Fund . A 1978 article praised Adolf Hitler as the "greatest Spenglerian " and lamented his death. Another new ownership for the troubled magazine was announced in the autumn of 1979, and the spring 1980 issue celebrated Mencken's centennial, and lamented the passage of his era, "before the virus of social, racial, and sexual equality" grew in "fertile soil in the minds of most Americans". A website called The American Mercury
1728-410: The mail , through sales by newsstands , bookstores , or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. Electronic distribution methods can include social media , email , news aggregators , and visibility of a publication's website and search engine results. The traditional subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories: In this model,
1792-408: The "Editorial Notes" and "The Library", the last being book reviews and social critique, placed at the back of each volume. The magazine published other writers, from newspapermen and academics to convicts and taxi drivers, but its primary emphasis soon became non-fiction and usually satirical essays . Its "Americana" section—containing items clipped from newspapers and other magazines nationwide—became
1856-492: The (original) Washington Observer , finally merging with Western Destiny , a Liberty Lobby publication owned by Willis Carto and Roger Pearson , a major recipient of Pioneer Fund grants in history. Pearson was a well-known neo-Nazi and pro-Fascist who headed the World Anti-Communist League during its most blatantly pro-Fascist periods. He was a close associate of Wickliffe Draper , founder of
1920-643: The 1950s turned the magazine into a far-right and virulently anti-Semitic publication. It was published monthly in New York City. The magazine went out of business in 1981, having spent the last 25 years of its existence in decline and controversy. H. L. Mencken and George Jean Nathan had previously edited The Smart Set literary magazine , when not producing their own books and, in Mencken's case, regular journalism for The Baltimore Sun . With their mutual book publisher Alfred A. Knopf Sr. serving as
1984-540: The Bourbon kings, but all eight ultimately urged support for the new government, putting their appeals in terms of preserving civil order. They often discussed the relationship between church and state. Generally, they urged priests to focus on spiritual matters and not engage in politics. Historian M. Patricia Dougherty says this process created a distance between the Church and the new monarch and enabled Catholics to develop
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2048-701: The Christian Faith , Inc. (DCF), owned by Reverend Gerald Burton Winrod and located in Wichita, Kansas , in 1961. Reverend Winrod had been charged for violations of the Sedition Act of 1918 ; the charges were later dropped. He had been known as "The Jayhawk Nazi" during World War II. The DCF sold it in 1963 to the "Legion for the Survival of Freedom" of Jason Matthews. The LSF cut a deal in June 1966 with
2112-533: The Leo Frank trial. Magazine A magazine is a periodical publication , generally published on a regular schedule (often weekly or monthly), containing a variety of content . They are generally financed by advertising , purchase price , prepaid subscriptions , or by a combination of the three. In the technical sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Thus, Bloomberg Businessweek , which starts each issue anew with page one,
2176-537: The Press . In 1946, the Mercury merged with the democratic-socialist magazine Common Sense . By 1950, the Mercury was owned by Clendenin J. Ryan . He changed the magazine's name to The New American Mercury . Ryan was the financial angel for Ulius Amoss , a former Office of Strategic Services agent who specialized in operating spy networks behind the Iron Curtain to destabilize Communist governments and
2240-631: The United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing , and in finance, Waters Magazine . For the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International . The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen , a literary and philosophy magazine, which was launched in 1663 in Germany. The Gentleman's Magazine , first published in 1741 in London
2304-501: The United States. In 2019, People Magazine ranked second behind ESPN Magazine in total reach with a reported reach of 98.51 million. Professional magazines, also called trade magazines , or business-to-business magazines are targeted to readers employed in particular industries. These magazines typically cover industry trends and news of interest to professionals in the industry. Subscriptions often come with membership in
2368-418: The capacity to grasp broad issues which the graduates acquire at the university or college . Whilst only a few economics graduates may be expected to become professional economists, many find it a base for entry into a career in finance – including accounting, insurance, tax and banking, or management . A number of economics graduates from around the world have been successful in obtaining employment in
2432-715: The circulation was over 42,000. In early 1928, the circulation reached a height of over 84,000, but declined steadily after the stock market crash of 1929 . The magazine published writing by Conrad Aiken , Sherwood Anderson , James Branch Cabell , W. J. Cash , Lincoln Ross Colcord , Thomas Craven , Clarence Darrow , W. E. B. Du Bois , John Fante , William Faulkner , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Albert Halper , Langston Hughes , James Weldon Johnson , Zora Neale Hurston , Sinclair Lewis , Meridel LeSueur , Edgar Lee Masters , Victor Folke Nelson , Albert Jay Nock , Eugene O'Neill , Carl Sandburg , William Saroyan , and George Schuyler . Nathan provided theater criticism, and Mencken wrote
2496-617: The economist profession in Brazil is regulated by law; specifically, Law № 1,411, of August 13, 1951. The professional designation of an economist, according to said law, is exclusive to those who graduated with a Bachelor of Economics degree in Brazil. According to the United States Department of Labor , there were about 15,000 non-academic economists in the United States in 2008, with a median salary of roughly $ 83,000, and
2560-531: The founder of the American Nazi Party . Between 1957 and 1958, William LaVarre served as editor. In January 1959, Maguire published an American Mercury editorial supporting a theory that there was a Jewish conspiracy for world domination. Maguire did not remain long as the magazine's owner/publisher, but other owners continued in that direction. Maguire sold the Mercury to the Defenders of
2624-924: The hundreds of thousands of subscribers. Some passed the million-mark in the 1920s. It was an age of mass media . Because of the rapid expansion of national advertising, the cover price fell sharply to about 10 cents. One cause was the heavy coverage of corruption in politics, local government and big business, especially by Muckrakers. They were journalists who wrote for popular magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings. They relied on their own investigative journalism reporting; muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption . Muckraking magazines–notably McClure's –took on corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while raising public awareness of chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and social issues such as child labor . The journalists who specialized in exposing waste, corruption, and scandal operated at
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2688-399: The laying of the world's first transatlantic telegraph cable ; however, the majority of early content was trickle down from British events. The development of the magazines stimulated an increase in literary criticism and political debate, moving towards more opinionated pieces from the objective newspapers. The increased time between prints and the greater amount of space to write provided
2752-432: The magazine again. Spivak created a company to publish the magazine, Mercury Publications . Soon, the company began publishing other magazines, including Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine (1941) and The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction in 1949. In 1945, as editor, Lawrence Spivak created a radio program called American Mercury Presents "Meet the Press" . It started on television on November 6, 1947, as Meet
2816-473: The magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a per-issue basis or by subscription, where an annual fee or monthly price is paid and issues are sent by post to readers. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics. This means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations,
2880-547: The middle and working classes. Periodicals were censored by the central government in Paris . They were not totally quiescent politically—often they criticized Church abuses and bureaucratic ineptitude. They supported the monarchy and they played at most a small role in stimulating the revolution. During the Revolution, new periodicals played central roles as propaganda organs for various factions. Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793)
2944-665: The private sector, where they may also "study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes. They assess this information using advanced methods in statistical analysis, mathematics, computer programming [and] they make recommendations about ways to improve the efficiency of a system or take advantage of trends as they begin." In addition to government and academia, economists are also employed in banking , finance , accountancy , commerce , marketing , business administration , lobbying and non- or not-for profit organizations. In many organizations, an " Economic Analyst "
3008-858: The publisher of International Services of Information in Baltimore; his son Clendenin Jr. was a sponsor of William F. Buckley Jr. and the Young Americans for Freedom . Ryan transformed The American Mercury in a conservative direction. William Bradford Huie —whose work had appeared in the magazine before—had gleaned the beginning of a new, post- World War II American conservative intellectual movement. He sensed that Ryan had begun to guide The American Mercury toward that direction. He also introduced more mass-appeal writing, by figures such as Reverend Billy Graham and Federal Bureau of Investigation director J. Edgar Hoover . Huie seemed en route to producing
3072-474: The publisher, Mencken and Nathan created The American Mercury as "a serious review, the gaudiest and damnedest ever seen in the Republic", as Mencken explained the name (derived from a 19th-century publication) to his old friend and contributor Theodore Dreiser : What we need is something that looks highly respectable outwardly. The American Mercury is almost perfect for that purpose. What will go on inside
3136-417: The state and local level, like Ray Stannard Baker , George Creel , and Brand Whitlock . Others, including Lincoln Steffens , exposed political corruption in many large cities; Ida Tarbell went after John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil Company . Samuel Hopkins Adams in 1905 showed the fraud involved in many patent medicines, Upton Sinclair 's 1906 novel The Jungle gave a horrid portrayal of how meat
3200-568: The statistics only entail the number of issues distributed, and not who reads them. This is the model used by many trade magazines (industry-based periodicals) distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. Because of costs (e.g., printing and postage) associated with the medium of print, publishers may not distribute free copies to everyone who requests one (unqualified leads); instead, they operate under controlled circulation, deciding who may receive free subscriptions based on each person's qualification as
3264-429: The tent is another story. You will recall that the late P. T. Barnum got away with burlesque shows by calling them moral lectures. From 1924 through 1933, Mencken provided what he promised: elegantly irreverent observations of America, aimed at what he called "Americans realistically", those of sophisticated skepticism of enough that was popular and much that threatened to be. (Nathan was forced to resign as his co-editor
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#17327728965743328-665: The top ten percent earning more than $ 147,040 annually. Nearly 135 colleges and universities grant around 900 new Ph.D.s every year. Incomes are highest for those in the private sector, followed by the federal government, with academia paying the lowest incomes. As of January 2013, PayScale.com showed Ph.D. economists' salary ranges as follows: all Ph.D. economists, $ 61,000 to $ 160,000; Ph.D. corporate economists, $ 71,000 to $ 207,000; economics full professors, $ 89,000 to $ 137,000; economics associate professors, $ 59,000 to $ 156,000, and economics assistant professors, $ 72,000 to $ 100,000. The largest single professional grouping of economists in
3392-847: The transition to digital format, though still printing an annual print edition. Ladies' Home Journal stopped their monthly schedule and home delivery for subscribers to become a quarterly newsstand-only special interest publication. According to statistics from the end of 2013, subscription levels for 22 of the top 25 magazines declined from 2012 to 2013, with just Time , Glamour and ESPN The Magazine gaining numbers. However, by 2024, some titles, notably outdoors magazines, appeared to be growing in popularity. The "seven sisters" of American women's magazines are Ladies' Home Journal , Good Housekeeping , McCall's , Woman's Day , Redbook , Family Circle and Better Homes and Gardens . Some magazines, among them Godey's Lady's Book and Harper's Bazaar , were intended exclusively for
3456-461: The views of their readership and thereby were major elements in the changing political culture. For example, there were eight Catholic periodicals in 1830 in Paris. None were officially owned or sponsored by the Church and they reflected a range of opinion among educated Catholics about current issues, such as the 1830 July Revolution that overthrew the Bourbon monarchy. Several were strong supporters of
3520-541: Was a very expensive industry in colonial times. Paper and printer's ink were taxed imported goods and their quality was inconsistent. Interstate tariffs and a poor road system hindered distribution, even on a regional scale. Many magazines were launched, most failing within a few editions, but publishers kept trying. Benjamin Franklin is said to have envisioned one of the first magazines of the American colonies in 1741,
3584-770: Was created in 2010. It was criticized by the Southern Poverty Law Center in the Winter 2013 edition of their magazine Intelligence Report , which called it a " Leo Frank Propaganda Site" and described it as "a resurrected and deeply anti-Semitic online version of H. L. Mencken’s defunct magazine of the same name". The Anti-Defamation League calls it "an extreme right-wing site with anti-Semitic content", while The Forward referred to it as "H.L. Mencken’s historic magazine, resurrected online by neo-Nazis several years ago", which had "published several revisionist articles to coincide with this year’s anniversary" of
3648-456: Was issued weekly. Takvim-i vekayi was published a few months later, intended as a translation of the Moniteur into Ottoman Turkish . After having been edited by former Consul for Denmark " M. Franceschi ", and later on by " Hassuna de Ghiez ", it was lastly edited by Lucien Rouet. However, facing the hostility of embassies, it was closed in the 1840s. Satirical magazines of Turkey have
3712-470: Was one of France's first journalists. He disseminated the weekly news of music, dance and Parisian society from 1650 until 1665 in verse, in what he called a gazette burlesque , assembled in three volumes of La Muse historique (1650, 1660, 1665). The French press lagged a generation behind the British, for they catered to the needs of the aristocracy, while the newer British counterparts were oriented toward
3776-615: Was packed, and, also in 1906, David Graham Phillips unleashed a blistering indictment of the U.S. Senate. Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained that they were not being helpful by raking up all the muck. According to the Research Department of Statista , closures of magazines outnumbered launches in North America during 2009. Although both figures declined during 2010–2015, launches outnumbered closures in each of those years, sometimes by
3840-613: Was published in 1852. Through the use of advice columns, advertisements , and various publications related to parenting , women's magazines have influenced views of motherhood and child-rearing. Mass-marketed women's magazines have shaped and transformed cultural values related to parenting practices. As such, magazines targeting women and parenthood have exerted power and influence over ideas about motherhood and child-rearing. Religious groups have used magazines for spreading and communicating religious doctrine for over 100 years. Jehovah's Witnesses ' primary magazine, The Watchtower ,
3904-503: Was purchased from Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., by Lawrence E. Spivak . The magazine's longtime business manager, Spivak announced that he would take an active role as publisher. Paul Palmer, former Sunday editor of the New York World , replaced Angoff as editor, and playwright Laurence Stallings was named literary editor . Spivak revived the Mercury for a brief but vigorous period — Mencken, Nathan, and Angoff contributed essays to
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#17327728965743968-454: Was started by Charles Taze Russell in July 1879 under the title Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence . The public edition of the magazine is one of the most widely distributed magazines in the world, with an average printing of approximately 36 million per issue. Magazines publishing stories and photos of high-profile individuals and celebrities have long been a popular format in
4032-456: Was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave , who edited The Gentleman's Magazine under the pen name "Sylvanus Urban", was the first to use the term "magazine", on the analogy of a military storehouse, the quote being: "a monthly collection, to treasure up as in a magazine". Founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated weekly news magazine. The oldest consumer magazine still in print
4096-493: Was the most prominent editor. His L'Ami du peuple advocated vigorously for the rights of the lower classes against the enemies of the people Marat hated; it closed when he was assassinated. After 1800 Napoleon reimposed strict censorship. Magazines flourished after Napoleon left in 1815. Most were based in Paris and most emphasized literature, poetry and stories. They served religious, cultural and political communities. In times of political crisis they expressed and helped shape
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