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137-434: The initial editor was to have been Scribner's editor and co-owner Josiah G. Holland , but he died prior to the appearance of the first issue. He was succeeded by Richard Watson Gilder , the managing editor of Scribner's, who would go on to helm The Century for 28 years. Gilder largely continued the mixture of literature, history, current events, and high-quality illustrations that Holland had used at Scribner's. The magazine

274-401: A "refined" American high culture, often contributing his own poetry to that end Everything from its historical memoirs to political commentary reflected the influence of nineteenth century romanticism . An unsigned May 1885 editorial expressed pride over the belief of the staff that the periodical had achieved wide circulation while remaining a quality product. This reflected the view that as

411-647: A Cotton Plantation." They were well-received by a curious public. He wrote local news and essays, many of which were collected and published in book form, helping establish his literary reputation. Bowles encouraged Holland to publish under the pseudonym Timothy Titcomb, which he did to great success. Under the editorial leadership of Bowles and Holland, the Republican became the most widely-read and respected small city daily in America. In 1851, Holland received an A.B. honorary doctorate degree from Amherst College ,

548-513: A Springfield church (North Congregationalist) that was frequented by abolitionists , freedmen and fugitive slaves though Josiah was not considered an abolitionist . Literary clubs in Holland’s honor formed in towns and cities across the country, especially in the Midwest . Newspapers published memorials on the hundredth anniversary of his birth. Fans obtained wood from maple trees standing in

685-555: A buzz-saw, and mix 'em up, and put 'em into a woman, that's jasm.’” The word was used to describe the "inexpressible personal force of the Yankee " and morphed into the word “jazz” in the early twentieth century. In the devastating wake of the American Civil War , Holland offered Americans spiritual guidance and ultimately, hope. That there was a Dr. Holland, a man who brought hope, reassurance, continuity and order into

822-456: A chaotic, threatening world was itself a fact of great spiritual significance for millions of Americans. Unlike Henry Ward Beecher , whom he steadfastly supported, nothing even remotely suspect ever came near him. Instead, in such essays as "The Reconstruction of National Morality," published in April 1876, and "Falling from High Places," published in April 1878, he offered acute analyses of why, in

959-497: A common principle in ancient Greek philosophy . Examples of the general concept include: The Pahlavi Texts of Zoroastrianism ( c.  300 BCE – 1000 CE) were an early source for the Golden Rule: "That nature alone is good which refrains from doing to another whatsoever is not good for itself." Dadisten-I-dinik, 94,5, and "Whatever is disagreeable to yourself do not do unto others." Shayast-na-Shayast 13:29 Seneca

1096-674: A confidant and intimate friend of Emily Dickinson . In early 1847, Holland begin publishing a newspaper, The Bay State Weekly Courier , but the attempt proved unsuccessful, as did his medical practice. He also published work in the Southern Literary Messenger . He left New England that spring for the South , and took a teaching position in Richmond, Virginia , followed by one in Vicksburg, Mississippi , where he

1233-645: A degree in 1843. Hoping to become a successful physician, he began a medical practice with classmate Dr. Charles Bailey in Springfield, Massachusetts . He then opened a women’s hospital in Springfield with his former roommate from college, Charles Robinson , who would become the first governor of the State of Kansas, but it failed within six months. In 1845 he married Elizabeth Luna Chapin, “the scion of an old and substantial Springfield family.” She would become

1370-617: A few miles north from his birthplace, where Edward Dickinson ( Emily Dickinson 's father) was treasurer. Holland's first book under his birth name was a two-volume History of Western Massachusetts (1855), the first book to feature a poem by a Black woman poet in the U.S. He followed in 1857 with an historical novel, The Bay-Path: A Tale of Colonial New England Life, and a collection of essays titled Titcomb's Letters to Young People, Single and Married in 1858. There were at least fifty editions of this book. He also published his narrative poem “Bitter-Sweet” that year. In 1857, he began touring on

1507-510: A finding he attributed to heredity. Similarly, Charles Francis Adams Jr. spent two years in Egypt and the Sudan and referenced his experiences to argue in 1906 that the unfortunate circumstances of American blacks were mainly due to inherently low capabilities rather than history. In the same issue, however, the editors felt it necessary to mention the dissenting view of Franz Boas , who had painted

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1644-564: A full-color portrait of Butler (with his wife Ada and daughter Elsie) in the December 1909 issue. The portrait was drawn by family friend Ernest L. Blumenschein . The magazine also published the work of Jack London and the first-person account and ink drawings from Tierra del Fuego of American painter Rockwell Kent . Noted engraver Alexander Wilson Drake was a long-time contributor to both The Century Magazine and its earlier incarnation as Scribner's Monthly . The Century Company produced

1781-540: A general matter there was usually a tradeoff between quality and quantity. The Century was generally seen as a conservative magazine and hoped to promote reconciliation between the North and South after the trauma of the Civil War. According to J. Arthur Bond, the magazine was instrumental in creating and shaping post-war American nationalism . In the words of one contemporary, Gilder's "spirited and tireless endeavor [ ]

1918-604: A memorial edition of Alexander Wilson Drake 's fiction and art titled Three Midnight Stories in 1916. The Century also employed many notable editorial cartoonists, including Oscar Cesare . Bohemian composer Antonín Dvořák was another noted contributor to The Century Magazine , writing during his stay at the National Conservatory in New York in the 1890s. In 1894, The Century Magazine published his fine tribute to fellow composer Franz Schubert . During

2055-647: A more general educated audience as it developed into the largest periodical in the country. Novelist and poet Josiah G. Holland was one of the three original founders of Scribner's Monthly and wrote regular editorials for the periodical, setting the tone for the magazine's content. As Holland was deeply religious, Scribner's to a great extent reflected the views and concerns of the Evangelical Christian community. While hostile towards sectarianism within Protestantism , Scribner's initially took

2192-534: A more optimistic picture of the potential of Africans in a different periodical two years earlier. Booker T. Washington contributed four articles to the magazine in the first decade of the twentieth century, including one on "Heroes in Black Skins." and another that discussed efforts of blacks to become homeowners. A 1903 editorial sang the praises of Washington, calling him the "Moses of his people" and contrasting him favorably with W.E.B. Du Bois . Reflecting

2329-419: A need for social engineering and government activism in both domestic and international affairs. For example, in 1923, Frank wrote that Senator Lodge and his isolationist supporters were "the amoeba of politics, strange survivals from a prehistoric era of the lowest form of political intelligence." He later argued for what he called "an intelligently flexible conservatism." While warning of what he referred to as

2466-411: A regular contributor to the magazine over three decades, a span which included one article he published while serving as president. Gilder developed relationships with several contemporary prominent figures, including a close friendship with Grover Cleveland which he wrote about upon the death of the former president. It has been argued that the decline in the popularity of the magazine from the 1890s on

2603-487: A revolutionary would be told that he was going to meet his mother, taken to her, and then stopped and later informed that he would only see her if he answered questions about his past activities. A twenty-two-year-old mother was falsely led to believe that if she did not cooperate with the authorities her infant could be taken from her. The author also reported that it was common practice for prisoners to be left in solitary confinement for years while government officials searched

2740-511: A series of reports on the revolutionaries who had opposed Tsar Alexander II and been sent to prisons in Siberia . Seeing him as a writer sympathetic to the autocratic regime and hostile towards its opponents, the Russian government granted Kennan relative freedom to travel around the country. During his travels, however, the author changed his mind and wrote accounts that were highly critical of

2877-561: A series which lasted fourteen issues. Based on Edward King's travels, the author's accounts generally portrayed the region in a sympathetic light and the series was warmly received by Southerners. In 1876, Scribner's published a eulogy to Robert E. Lee , along with an editorial postscript praising the spirit of "sectional friendliness" of the piece. On the question of the freedmen , a wide variety of contemporary views were represented. Writing for Scribner's in 1874, one author argued that blacks were unfit to be schooled with white children. On

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3014-493: A single soul destroys a whole world and that he who saves a single soul saves a whole world; furthermore, so no race or class may claim a nobler ancestry, saying, "Our father was born first"; and, finally, to give testimony to the greatness of the Lord, who caused the wonderful diversity of mankind to emanate from one type. And why was Adam created last of all beings? To teach him humility; for if he be overbearing, let him remember that

3151-399: A solution. Even in an artistic sense, The Century of the late nineteenth century was slow to adapt to the times. In 1889, after much resistance it became the last major periodical to include photographic illustrations. The editors remained attached to painted drawings, which The Century had become renowned for. In the pages of the magazine Gilder explained this preference by complaining of

3288-541: A strong stand against both Catholicism and those who doubted the divinity of Christ . In the first issue, under the heading "Papa and the Dogma", Holland claimed that it was freedom that made the Protestant nations of Europe strong while their Catholic neighbors were, as a result of their religion, in a state of decay. Less than one year later, the magazine attacked the skepticism of Henry David Thoreau . Mormon polygamy

3425-480: A symbol of the republic's lost virtue. The February 1909 issue had a drawing of Lincoln on its cover and included twenty-two portraits of the former president within its pages along with pictures of his life mask and a cast of his hands. Gilder's contribution to the issue, "Lincoln the Leader", held the subject up as an ideal for modern statesmen to emulate. In the late 1880s, George Kennan traveled to Russia and wrote

3562-478: A symposium on roentgen rays and also once sat for an interview with the magazine. In the June 1900 issue, Nikola Tesla contributed a long article on "the problem of increasing human energy." In a piece that combined the magazine's interests in political and scientific issues, geneticist and Marxist J.B.S. Haldane published a 1923 article on the societal implications of technological progress. Gilder has been called

3699-538: A tenth of its peak circulation of the late nineteenth century. Scribner's Monthly Magazine , the periodical that became The Century in 1881, should not be confused with the Scribner's Magazine that began publication in 1887. The noted critic and editor Frank Crowninshield briefly served as the magazine's art editor. The tone and content of The Century changed over its long history. It began as an Evangelical Christian publication, but over time began to speak to

3836-528: A three-part series discussed how believing Christians should meet the intellectual challenges of religious skepticism, and in 1874 two writers engaged one another in a debate over whether Christians should attempt to prove the divinity of Christ through science. By the end of the 1870s, however, Scribner's had departed from its original Evangelical orientation. An April 1879 editorial declared all seekers of truth, whether believing Christians or not, to be allies, regarding this new view as simply an application of

3973-423: A vulture upon a wounded and stricken victim." But the contemporary Klan, according to Tannenbaum, had no such justification and simply reflected fears of change and other pathologies of segments of the white population. The magazine championed several Progressive causes popular in its time. Among these were several civil service reforms including competitive examinations for public offices, which its writers saw as

4110-497: A way to promote good governance and reduce class privilege. Similarly, in 1894 Henry Cabot Lodge attacked the "un-American" practice of patronage. The Century also took up some of the environmental causes of its day, expressing satisfaction over the first attempts by the federal government to preserve the nation's forests, and in its later days supported women's suffrage . Finally, the magazine occasionally published articles in favor of eugenics . Frank, for example, while disparaging

4247-599: Is a fundamental [all-inclusive] principle of the Torah. ' " Hillel the Elder ( c.  110 BCE – 10 CE) used this verse as a most important message of the Torah for his teachings. Once, he was challenged by a gentile who asked to be converted under the condition that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot. Hillel accepted him as a candidate for conversion to Judaism but, drawing on Leviticus 19:18, briefed

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4384-538: Is a great principle of the Torah." In 1935, Rabbi Eliezer Berkovits explained in his work "What is the Talmud?" that Leviticus 19:34 disallowed xenophobia by Jews. Israel's postal service quoted from the previous Leviticus verse when it commemorated the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on a 1958 postage stamp . The Golden Rule was proclaimed by Jesus of Nazareth during his Sermon on

4521-519: Is dharma. Anything else is succumbing to desire. The Mahābhārata is usually dated to the period between 400 BCE and 400 CE. In Chapter 32 in the Book of Virtue of the Tirukkuṛaḷ ( c.  1st century BCE to 5th century CE ), Valluvar says: Do not do to others what you know has hurt yourself. Why does one hurt others knowing what it is to be hurt? Furthermore, in verse 312, Valluvar says that it

4658-401: Is the determination or code of the spotless (virtuous) not to do evil, even in return, to those who have cherished enmity and done them evil. According to him, the proper punishment to those who have done evil is to put them to shame by showing them kindness, in return and to forget both the evil and the good done on both sides (verse 314). The Golden Rule in its prohibitive (negative) form was

4795-424: Is written in the law? What do you read there?" He answered, "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength and with all your mind and your neighbor as yourself." And he said to him, "You have given the right answer; do this, and you will live." The passage in the book of Luke then continues with Jesus answering the question, "Who is my neighbor?", by telling

4932-502: Is “said to have reached a wider popular audience than most of the other minor poets.” Called "a poetic 'play' infused with the beauties of Christianity," Holland's first book-length poem Bitter-Sweet: A Poem (1858, 220 pp.) sold 90,000 copies by 1894 and remained in print four decades after his death. Thirty years after Holland's death, an "outstandingly authoritative commentator upon American literature" called Arthur Bonnicastle "the best" of Holland's five novels and another wrote that it

5069-589: The Springfield Republican . After the Civil War he reduced his editorial duties and wrote many of his most popular works, including the Life of Abraham Lincoln (1866), and Kathrina: Her Life and Mine, In a Poem (1867). Holland wrote an eloquent eulogy of Abraham Lincoln within days of Lincoln's death, prompting a commission for a full biography of the late president. He quickly pulled together

5206-487: The Battle of Mobile Bay . The parent publishing house released a series of books, The Army in the Civil War, in 13 volumes penned by U.S. Army veterans who had participated in the operations that they wrote about. This series became a best-seller. The Century continued this kind of historical reporting with Alexander R. Boteler 's first-person account of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry it published in 1883, followed in

5343-528: The Golden Rule , which itself appears in various forms, positive and negative. It is the earliest written version of that concept in a positive form. At the turn of the era, the Jewish rabbis were discussing the scope of the meaning of Leviticus 19:18 and 19:34 extensively: The stranger who resides with you shall be to you as one of your citizens; you shall love him as yourself, for you were strangers in

5480-428: The Golden Rule . Catholics were said to have just as much to teach Protestants as Protestants had to teach Catholics. After the magazine became The Century in 1881, it continued to hold onto this secular outlook under Gilder. The break with the past was reflected in the magazine's changing treatment of the question of evolution. In 1875, Scribner's argued that there was insufficient evidence to conclude that Darwinism

5617-620: The Italianate villa style (also called a “ Swiss-chalet style” ). It was located on a bluff overlooking the Connecticut River in North Springfield near present day 110 Atwater Terrace. Holland named the mansion “Brightwood”; it was painted Venetian red . The neighborhood today retains the name Brightwood . When Sam Bowles took an extended trip to Europe, Holland temporarily assumed the duties as editor-in-chief of

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5754-696: The Lyceum lecture circuit , soon mentioned with Oliver Wendell Holmes , Bayard Taylor and George William Curtis . Gold-Foil: Hammered from Popular Proverbs under his Timothy Titcomb pen name came out in 1859. He published his second novel, Miss Gilbert‘s Career: An American Story , in 1860. It is considered one of the first novels of American Realism , anticipating “much abler and more penetrating realists” who would come later that century. The year following he released Lessons in Life: A Series of Familiar Essays (1861). In 1862, he erected an opulent home in

5891-829: The New Testament quote Jesus of Nazareth espousing the positive form of the Golden rule: "In everything do to others as you would have them do to you, for this is the Law and the Prophets." Do to others as you would have them do to you. A similar passage, a parallel to the Great Commandment , is to be found later in the Gospel of Luke . An expert in the law stood up to test him [Jesus]. "Teacher," he said, "what must I do to inherit eternal life?" He said to him, "What

6028-461: The Progressive movement . As its circulation declined, the magazine took a more pessimistic tone and began to write less and less about current events. An 1898 editorial criticized "the profusion in the literary and pictorial 'output' which has a tendency to befog the intellect and lower the standards of taste." A few months later the magazine lamented that the "age of reflection" had given way to

6165-714: The Springfield Daily Republican , with Sam Bowles and Josiah Holland as editors, published five, all unsigned, between 1852 and 1866. Some scholars believe that Bowles promoted her the most; Dickinson wrote letters and sent her poems to both men. Later, as editor of Scribner’s Monthly beginning in 1870, Holland told Dickinson’s childhood friend Emily Fowler Ford that he had “some poems of [ Dickinson’s ] under consideration for publication [in Scribner’s Monthly ]—but they really are not suitable—they are too ethereal.” Josiah Gilbert Holland published

6302-485: The fireside poets such as contemporaries William Cullen Bryant and James Russell Lowell and his work appeared in anthologies, featuring domestic themes, messages of morality and focused on a historical romantic past. He is also categorized as among the ”minor” New England authors of the transcendental period . In the History of American Literature by Leonidas Warren Payne, Jr., and published in 1919, Holland

6439-532: The racism of the KKK, encouraged what he called the better individuals of every race to use the tools of modern science to focus on improving the genetic quality of all populations. Scribner's generally defended the principles of classical economics and opposed socialism . William Graham Sumner wrote an article for the magazine in this vein praising traditional capitalist virtues such as self-reliance and individualism and attributing poverty to laziness and vice. On

6576-470: The "age of agitation" spread by "[f]ast trains and cheap print…" Similarly, a 1902 editorial argued that divorce was a threat to civilization, and nothing would be more likely to cure this ill than literature "celebrating the sanctive and ever-lasting virtues of self-control, forbearance, devotion, and honor." Gilder characteristically saw a connection between a decline in morals and contemporary social problems and believed, conversely, that ennobling art could be

6713-405: The "literary arbiter of his time." Support for artistic excellence reflected his belief in the importance of self-improvement and the celebration of high standards. The works that appeared in his time also reflected the magazine's moralism, as they banned references to sex, vulgarity, and insults to Christianity. The Century published the works of a number of major literary figures. In addition to

6850-588: The 1880s, even though by that time the reading public had tripled in size. As of 1892, it was also the most widely circulated periodical of its price in England, with 20,000 subscribers. The Century also acquired the rights to publish excerpts from the manuscript of a biography of President Abraham Lincoln written by his former secretaries John Hay and John G. Nicolay . The result was a series titled Abraham Lincoln: A History , which ran over three years. Decades later, The Century returned to Abraham Lincoln as

6987-445: The 1890s and never regained the prominence it had enjoyed as the leading American periodical of the late nineteenth century. By 1900, it had about 125,000 subscribers, half of the circulation it had in the 1880s. The Century suffered due to competition from other cheaper magazines, many of which Gilder and his staff considered vulgar. Although Gilder had been a zealous reformer, as a conservative in politics and values he never embraced

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7124-648: The 1900s and 1910s the Anglo-Canadian poet, story writer and essayist Marjorie Pickthall was a regular contributor to The Century Magazine . Online Subscription Editions of Scribner's prior series, The Army in the Civil War: Josiah Gilbert Holland Josiah Gilbert Holland (July 24, 1819 – October 12, 1881) was an American novelist, essayist, poet and spiritual mentor to the Nation in

7261-424: The 2016 film A Quiet Passion about the life of Emily Dickinson , Steve Dan Mills portrays Holland. In the 2018 film Wild Nights with Emily , Josiah and Elizabeth Holland are portrayed by actor Michael Churven and actress Guinevere Turner , respectively. The Osage Nation politician Arthur Bonnicastle —named for the titular character in Holland’s 1873 novel —appears as a character in the 2023 film Killers of

7398-600: The American Quaker poet and abolitionist , consistently praised Holland throughout his life and upon his death. The New York Times referred to J.G. Holland as “one of the most celebrated writers which this country has produced.” Holland is buried in Springfield Cemetery in Springfield, Massachusetts . His imposing monument includes a bas-relief portrait sculpted by the eminent American 19th-century sculptor, Augustus Saint-Gaudens , and includes

7535-417: The Civil War project, and sometimes took tours of the famous battle sites, bringing along commanders to explain their exploits and artists to draw sketches of the scenes for the magazine. The Century office became a regular meeting place for former comrades and adversaries, as reflected in a letter an excited Gilder sent to his wife exclaiming "Grant one day and Beauregard the next!" Before the publication of

7672-852: The Flower Moon . Bacon, Edwin Monroe. Literary Pilgrimages in New England to the Homes of Famous Makers of American Literature and Among Their Haunts and the Scenes of Their Writings. United States, Silver, Burdett, 1902. Golden Rule The Golden Rule is the principle of treating others as one would want to be treated by them. It is sometimes called an ethics of reciprocity, meaning that you should reciprocate to others how you would like them to treat you (not necessarily how they actually treat you). Various expressions of this rule can be found in

7809-772: The Frank era. Reflecting the magazine's tilt to the left, a 1924 article called for " industrial democracy " to be adopted in American factories. Even the magazine's opposition to socialism was tempered, with Benjamin Stolberg arguing that the Red Scare had been an overreaction and that the Bolshevik threat to the United States had failed to materialize. The leftward shift during this time was not total, however, and, despite

7946-593: The Golden Rule in sacred writings from 13 faith traditions (designed by Paul McKenna of Scarboro Missions, 2000) has been on permanent display at the Headquarters of the United Nations since 4 January 2002. Creating the poster "took five years of research that included consultations with experts in each of the 13 faith groups." (See also the section on Global Ethic. ) A rule of reciprocal altruism

8083-426: The Golden Rule: "That which you hate to be done to you, do not do to another." In Mahābhārata , the ancient epic of India, there is a discourse in which sage Brihaspati tells the king Yudhishthira the following about dharma , a philosophical understanding of values and actions that lend good order to life: One should never do something to others that one would regard as an injury to one's own self. In brief, this

8220-507: The Hayes Administration, which the editors called a kind of postscript to the last-published volume of his history of the United States. In its early years, Scribner's Monthly published a regular feature titled "Nature and Science." Remaining consistent with its broad mission to educate the public, The Century published articles by some of the most prominent scientists and inventors of the day. Thomas Edison contributed to

8357-531: The Hollands between 1853 and 1886 in which she shares “the details of life that one would impart to a close family member: the status of the garden, the health and activities of members of the household, references to recently-read books.” Emily was a poet “influenced by transcendentalism and dark romanticism ,” and her work bridged “the gap to Realism .” Of the ten poems published in Dickinson's lifetime,

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8494-403: The KKK several months later for both its religious and racial doctrines. In the immediate post- Reconstruction era , contributors to The Century debated what should be done about the postwar South and the newly free slaves, generally advocating for amicable relations between the regions and national unity. In 1873 and 1874, Scribner's ran a number of articles under the title "The Great South,"

8631-465: The Latin inscription "Et vitam impendere vero" meaning "to devote life to truth". Although Josiah Gilbert Holland’s 23 books of fiction, nonfiction and poetry are rarely read today, during the late nineteenth century they were enormously popular and by 1894 more than 750,000 volumes were sold. Holland was born at the beginning of the period of romanticism in American literature . He is considered one of

8768-709: The Manse (1874), and The Puritan's Guest (1881). In 1877, Holland erected a summer house on one of the Thousand Islands in upstate New York, in Alexandria Bay , where one of its streets is named for him. He gave the mansion itself the name “Bonniecastle” from the name of the titular hero of his novel, Arthur Bonnicastle (1873). It is known as the Bonnie Castle Resort & Marina today. Josiah Gilbert Holland died on October 12, 1881, at

8905-684: The Mount and described by him as the second great commandment. The common English phrasing is "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you". Various applications of the Golden Rule are stated positively numerous times in the Old Testament : "You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against any of your people, but you shall love your neighbor as yourself: I am the LORD." Or, in Leviticus 19:34: "The alien who resides with you shall be to you as

9042-609: The Overman," which had been defeated in World War I . He went on to argue that the Bolshevik Revolution had only been the local manifestation of a phenomenon that would have to be defeated worldwide and that Vladimir Lenin was "a modern Jenghiz Khan plotting the plunder of a world." While remaining extremely influential and well-regarded among the American elite, the popularity of The Century began to decline in

9179-530: The Panama Canal while serving as Secretary of War. Over the years, The Century also published first person accounts of individuals who had worked for various presidents. Col. William H. Cook, a bodyguard who served for over 50 years in the White House , shared his memories of the administrations of Andrew Johnson and Rutherford B. Hayes . Historian James Ford Rhodes also contributed an article on

9316-493: The Younger ( c.  4 BCE – 65 CE), a practitioner of Stoicism ( c.  300 BCE – 200 CE), expressed a hierarchical variation of the Golden Rule in his Letter 47 , an essay regarding the treatment of slaves: "Treat your inferior as you would wish your superior to treat you." According to Simon Blackburn , the Golden Rule "can be found in some form in almost every ethical tradition". A multi-faith poster showing

9453-412: The accomplishments of the labor movement, while still maintaining that it needed to be reformed. In its later years, after the Russian Revolution had brought the issue to the attention of the public, The Century opposed the spread of Communism . Employing Nietzschean terminology, Lothrop Stoddard in 1919 called Bolshevism "the heresy of the Underman," in contrast to Prussianism , the "heresy of

9590-520: The aforementioned works of Mark Twain and Henry James, pulp magazine author Ellis Parker Butler contributed 30 stories, articles and poems to the magazine between 1896 and 1913, including "My Cyclone-proof House", which appeared in the November 1896 issue. This short story was Butler's first piece published in a major magazine. His works were illustrated by such famous artists as Jay Hambidge , May Wilson Preston , Florence Scovel Shinn , Frederic Dorr Steele , and Frederic R. Gruger. The Century published

9727-489: The age of 62, in New York City of heart failure . The evening prior, he “remained late at the office to finish an editorial tribute to the martyred President James A. Garfield ,” who had been assassinated a few weeks before. Most small town newspapers and major metropolitan dailies published memorial tributes to Holland, including journals that had often spoken scornfully of his “literary mediocrity, his triteness, and his intellectual parochialism.” John Greenleaf Whittier ,

9864-500: The author. Kennan's writings on Russia and his subsequent activism were perhaps the main causes behind the rise of anti-Tsar sentiment and sympathy for the revolutionary cause among late nineteenth-century American elites. In addition to publishing magazine articles and books, the author also began to give popular lectures on the subject, including dozens of speeches in Chicago, New York City, and Boston. In order to make an impression on

10001-438: The bravery and heroism of both sides. The idea for soliciting recollections of the Civil War originally came from assistant editor Clarence Buel , who later wrote of the difficulties he had in going about convincing former military leaders to share their experiences. In fact, Grant would not agree to contribute to the series until the former general and president had run into financial difficulties. The editors became engrossed in

10138-467: The crowd, Kennan would often appear in front of them in the ragged clothes and shackles of a Russian prisoner. This advocacy inspired the formation of a number of American organizations that took up the cause of the exiles, the most prominent of them being the Society of Friends of Russian Freedom . In the early 1900s, The Century continued to publish the writings of some of the most famous historians of

10275-428: The dangers of reactionaries on the right and radicals on the left, Frank was also known for expressing a great deal of optimism over the prospect of using the social sciences to improve human affairs. This kind of enthusiasm for reform through science rather than moral progress was a noticeable break from the philosophy of the magazine during the eras of Holland and Gilder. Other writers stressed similar themes throughout

10412-458: The empire for evidence with which the offenders could be charged. Kennan came to see himself as a voice for the Russian liberals and was subsequently banned from the country. His writings on Russia were eventually published in a two-volume book. A representative of the Russian government replied to Kennan's arguments in The Century in 1893. and the magazine subsequently published a rebuttal by

10549-486: The end of his career as at the beginning. Holland coined a term that later became the word " jazz ." The earliest tracing in the Oxford English Dictionary finds that “ jasm ” first appears in Holland’s 1860 novel, Miss Gilbert's Career : “‘She's just like her mother... Oh! she’s just as full of jasm!’.. ‘Now tell me what jasm is.’.. ‘If you'll take thunder and lightening [sic], and a steamboat and

10686-472: The end of his days is all too abundantly attested. His provincial ethical standards; his subconscious Pharisaism ; his incorrigible moralizing; his stubborn opposition to woman suffrage; his failure to distinguish between social drinking and debauchery, between light wine and strong whisky, between beer and rum, between the intelligent frankness of Walt Whitman and the vulgar pornography of The Black Crook —all these remained almost as irritatingly obtrusive at

10823-604: The era along with first-person accounts of those who had worked in the highest levels of government. Justin Harvey Smith published four articles on the American Revolution in The Century in 1902 and 1903. The next year, S. Weir Mitchell contributed a series on the life of George Washington as a young man. In addition to Theodore Roosevelt, The Century claimed a handful of other presidents as contributors. Grover Cleveland provided an account of perhaps

10960-414: The example of two men. One man would not lend the other his ax, then the next day, the same man asks the other for his ax. If the second man should say, " 'I will not lend it to you, just as you did not lend to me,' it constitutes revenge; if 'Here it is for you; I am not like you, who did not lend me,' it constitutes a grudge. Rashi concludes his commentary by quoting Rabbi Akiva on love of neighbor: 'This

11097-406: The first decade of the twentieth century, Gilder and the other editors "continued to bear aloft the flame of the ideal" in a changing era and gave "no thought of cheapening the magazine to slow the steady drifting away of subscribers." After Gilder's death in 1909, The Century survived another two decades, but never regained its position as the leading American periodical. Robert Underwood Johnson

11234-409: The future there would be more need for government activism than there had been in the past. Over the next few decades, The Century published several forceful denunciations of socialist theories and practice. In the 1890s Gilder and his editors took the position that labor unions were a foreign imposition, one of the many negative consequences of a relatively open immigration policy. Similarly, socialism

11371-534: The greatest extent possible. The question of how much government policy could do to improve the circumstances of the former slaves continued to be debated over the decades. By the turn of the century, the debates were conducted in the language of science. Robert Bennett Bean , a medical doctor, published a 1906 article arguing that social policy should be based on realistic assessments of the relative mental capacities of blacks and whites. He claimed that blacks had, on average, smaller brains than Asians or Caucasians ,

11508-526: The illustrated periodicals published in the English language…" The magazine was also a notable publisher of fiction, presenting excerpts of Mark Twain 's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1884 and 1885 and Henry James ' The Bostonians . Upon Gilder's death in 1909, Robert Underwood Johnson replaced him as editor. According to Arthur John, the magazine's "later history was marked by sudden shifts in content, format, and editorial direction." Glenn Frank

11645-401: The image of God. According to Jewish rabbinic literature , the first man Adam represents the unity of mankind . This is echoed in the modern preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . It is also taught that Adam is last in order according to the evolutionary character of God's creation: Why was only a single specimen of man created first? To teach us that he who destroys

11782-414: The land of Egypt: I the L ORD am your God. Commentators interpret that this applies to foreigners (e.g. Samaritans ), proselytes ('strangers who reside with you') and Jews. On the verse, "Love your fellow as yourself", the classic commentator Rashi quotes from Torat Kohanim , an early Midrashic text regarding the famous dictum of Rabbi Akiva: "Love your fellow as yourself – Rabbi Akiva says this

11919-875: The lengthy Life of Abraham Lincoln , finished in February 1866. The 544-page bestseller portrayed Lincoln as an emancipator opposed to slavery and began many enduring myths about the slain President. He moved with his family to 46 Park Avenue in New York City in 1872. These years in New York were also productive for his own literary efforts. During the 1870s he published three novels: Arthur Bonnicastle (1873), Sevenoaks (1875), and Nicholas Minturn (1877), which first were serialized in Scribners (afterwards it became The Century Magazine ). His poetry volumes included The Marble Prophecy (1872), The Mistress and

12056-448: The little fly preceded him in the order of creation. The Jewish Publication Society's edition of Leviticus states: Thou shalt not hate thy brother, in thy heart; thou shalt surely rebuke thy neighbour, and not bear sin because of him. Thou shalt not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the L ORD . This Torah verse represents one of several versions of

12193-693: The low-slung family farmhouse at Dwight and later quipped that he’d like to “burn it to the ground.” The youngest of six children, his parents were deeply religious and evangelical , from pious Puritan stock. His father moved the family every year or two: Heath , back to Belchertown, South Hadley , Granby and Northampton . Josiah worked in a factory to help the family. He then spent a short time studying at Northampton High School before withdrawing due to ill health. He tried daguerreotypy and taught penmanship from town to town, reciting "his own poems to his intimate friends." He saved enough money to study medicine at Berkshire Medical College , where he took

12330-479: The magazine in the first three issues of 1914. Glenn Frank became editor of The Century in 1921, until he left this position in 1925 to become president of the University of Wisconsin–Madison . He wrote a series of editorials in which he laid out his thoughts on the future of Western civilization . The editorials used colorful language and usually stressed the idea that contemporary social problems had created

12467-567: The magazine's later shift leftward, Du Bois himself contributed an article to The Century in 1923. Several editorials around that time criticized the revived Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s. Frank Tannenbaum , for example, wrote that the Klan of the Reconstruction era "was a reflex of the vindictiveness of Northern politicians and of the unscrupulous carpet-baggers who swooped down upon the South as

12604-404: The magazine, in addition to criticisms and rebuttals of published pieces. These submissions were so numerous that in 1885 The Century began to include them in a section titled "Memoranda on the Civil War." The magazine had in effect become a forum for those who had fought each other in battle two decades earlier. In the pages of The Century , they could discuss their battles and mutually celebrate

12741-465: The man: What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn. Hillel recognized brotherly love as the fundamental principle of Jewish ethics. Rabbi Akiva agreed, while Simeon ben Azzai suggested that the principle of love must have its foundation in Genesis chapter 1, which teaches that all men are the offspring of Adam, who was made in

12878-462: The maxim of reciprocity, reflecting the ancient Egyptian goddess Ma'at , appears in the story of " The Eloquent Peasant ", which dates to the Middle Kingdom ( c.  2040–1650 BCE ): "Now this is the command: Do to the doer to make him do." This proverb embodies the do ut des principle. A Late Period ( c.  664–323 BCE ) papyrus contains an early negative affirmation of

13015-517: The nation’s readers cared so much about.” His writings are quoted by politicians and pastors alike though few today recognize Holland’s name. Born along the Hop Brook near the intersection of Federal Street and Orchard Road, in the village of Dwight , in Belchertown, Massachusetts , on July 24, 1819, Holland grew up in a poor family struggling to make ends meet. He spent only a few years at

13152-571: The native, and thou shalt love him as thyself; for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God." According to John J. Collins of Yale Divinity School , neither Jewish sources or the New Testament ever claim that the commandment to love one's neighbors is applicable to all mankind, though some expansion can also be seen beyond its original context in the Hebrew Bible . The law only applies to an in-group, whether it be Israelites, Jews, or early Christians. Two passages in

13289-469: The native-born among you; you shall love the alien as yourself, for you were aliens in the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God." These two examples are given in the Septuagint as follows: "And thy hand shall not avenge thee; and thou shalt not be angry with the children of thy people; and thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself; I am the Lord." and "The stranger that comes to you shall be among you as

13426-701: The oldest known work of literature written by an African American in North America. A 16-year-old named Lucy Terry (1733–1821) witnessed two White families attacked by Native Americans in 1746. The fight took place in Deerfield, Mass . Known as “ Bars Fight ,” her poem was told orally until it was published, thirty-three years after her death, first in The Springfield Daily Republican , on November 20, 1854, as an excerpt from Holland's History of Western Massachusetts , which

13563-453: The other hand, Holland occasionally directed his ire towards "soulless" corporations that he accused of exploiting workers. In the view of the magazine, both capitalists and workers had moral obligations. In its early days, The Century tended to adopt the same views as its predecessor. It defended capitalism, but refrained from unreflectively denouncing all forms of regulation. For example, an 1886 article opposed socialism but argued that in

13700-472: The other hand, an 1885 article by George W. Cable despaired over what he saw as the failure to protect the rights of southern blacks after the Civil War and argued that this was the result of the former confederate states evading federal law. Henry W. Grady , responding a few months later, disputed the earlier author's characterization of the situation, claiming that while legal rights had been granted, southern whites would never accept social integration between

13837-488: The overpopulation of cities. In 1904, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge took to the pages of the magazine to argue for the importance of keeping out "undesirable" immigrants. Twenty years later, editor Glenn Frank attacked the Ku Klux Klan and other nativists, but nonetheless wrote that "[t]he hour for very severe restrictions on immigration has come…" The same author returned to some of the same themes when he again attacked

13974-478: The parable of the Good Samaritan , which John Wesley interprets as meaning that "your neighbor" is anyone in need. Jesus' teaching goes beyond the negative formulation of not doing what one would not like done to themselves, to the positive formulation of actively doing good to another that, if the situations were reversed, one would desire that the other would do for them. This formulation, as indicated in

14111-556: The parable of the Good Samaritan, emphasizes the needs for positive action that brings benefit to another, not simply restraining oneself from negative activities that hurt another. In one passage of the New Testament , Paul the Apostle refers to the golden rule, restating Jesus' second commandment: For the whole law is summed up in a single commandment, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself." St. Paul also comments on

14248-452: The post-war years, so many Americans, including prominent Christian leaders, had succumbed to the temptation of attempting to obtain great riches dishonestly. Such was the sanctity of Holland's own life that he seemed to offer a living, earthly warrant for the promise of eternity that he pictured in his writings. Of poets and their mission, Holland wrote: The poets of the world are the prophets of humanity. They forever reach after and foresee

14385-422: The prospect of the newer Americans assimilating into the larger population. At the same time, the article warned that measures should be taken against potential threats to national unity through fractionalization. As immigration increased over the next few decades, however, The Century became more alarmed over its effects on the future of the country, citing concerns over, among other matters, crime, illiteracy, and

14522-507: The pseudonym Timothy Titcomb as well as lyrics to hymns, including the beloved Methodist Christmas tune " There's a Song in the Air .” He helped establish and was editor of the middle-class flagship magazine Scribner's Monthly . Though Holland was a contemporary of the canonical and more renowned poet Walt Whitman and the novelist Herman Melville , neither “ever tasted the sweets of success as Holland did, perhaps, because neither wrote what

14659-417: The races. Cable's criticisms of the ex-Confederacy also drew a rebuke by Robert Lewis Dabney. Even when sympathetic to the cause of the newly freed slaves, writers who argued for helping them usually did so on paternalistic grounds. Bishop T. U. Dudley , for example, expressed doubt that much could be done to elevate the status of American blacks, but argued that Christian principles required helping them to

14796-494: The regime. His reports included detailed illustrations of the suffering of those who suffered on account of their opposition to the government. In one article, Kennan told the story of how when the decision to assassinate the Tsar was made, 47 individuals volunteered to carry out the mission. Arguing that individuals fighting for civil liberties were rarely as fanatical as the Russian revolutionaries, Kennan wrote that he believed that it

14933-415: The same issue by a rejoinder from Frank B. Sanborn , a self-described "radical abolitionist" who had helped finance the mission. Gilder, himself a Union veteran, soon began regularly running the reflections of major Civil War figures. Originally planned to run for twelve months, the series drew so much interest that it lasted for three years and eventually led to a four-volume book. Among the contributors to

15070-526: The series were Union generals Ulysses S. Grant , William Tecumseh Sherman , Philip Sheridan , and George B. McClellan . As The Century tried to avoid bias and promote American unity, it also sought out and accepted accounts from those on the Confederate side, including the generals James Longstreet and P. G. T. Beauregard The contributions led readers who had served in the war to submit unsolicited recollections and previously unpublished documents to

15207-502: The series, Sherman was the only major figure of the war who had written a first-person account. Afterwards, the works that Grant, Sheridan, and McClellan contributed to The Century led to books by each of those generals. As a result of the Civil War recollections, the number of subscribers to the magazine jumped to 250,000, a then unprecedented number for a magazine of its kind. Edward Weeks wrote that even by 1950 no "quality magazine" had ever had as many subscribers as The Century did in

15344-497: The slightest forereach; ... the style of man ... who can tell the difference between a dime and a fifty-cent piece—but is useless for occasions of more serious moment.” The irony was that Holland wrote a bestseller after the “more serious moment” of President Lincoln’s assassination . All the same, even Springfield Republican publisher Samuel Bowles "thought Holland something of a prig.” A later biographer had this to say: That Josiah Gilbert Holland remained priggish and prudish to

15481-471: The tenets of most religions and creeds through the ages. The maxim may appear as a positive or negative injunction governing conduct: The term "Golden Rule", or "Golden law", began to be used widely in the early 17th century in Britain by Anglican theologians and preachers; the earliest known usage is that of Anglicans Charles Gibbon and Thomas Jackson in 1604. Possibly the earliest affirmation of

15618-547: The tensest moment of his two presidential administrations, the 1895 Venezuela border controversy with Britain. Andrew D. White contributed a series titled "Chapters from My Diplomatic Life" on his experiences serving in Germany and Russia. In September 1901, Woodrow Wilson wrote "Edmund Burke and the French Revolution" while still a professor at Princeton . In 1907 future President William Howard Taft wrote about

15755-417: The thought of William Jennings Bryan and what the magazine saw as his religious fundamentalism . Over the years, The Century published works by a large number of writers who were agnostics or atheists , including famous skeptic Bertrand Russell . From the very beginning of his tenure as editor in 1881 to his death in 1909, The Century reflected the ideals of Gilder. He sought to create and help shape

15892-444: The tone that Frank's editorials gave to the magazine, The Century remained open to a wide variety of views. Noted conservative G.K. Chesterton , for example, contributed an essay that was highly critical of contemporary art. Frank was succeeded in 1925 by Hewitt H. Howland, who remained as editor until the magazine merged with The Forum in 1930. In 1877, Scribner's published a series of short accounts from those who took part in

16029-472: The trend toward the "minute and literal representation of the visible world" seen in photography, as opposed to painting, which preserved only that which deserved to be recorded for posterity. He went on to argue that the spread of printing and writing would have a similar vulgarizing and cheapening effect on the written word. Thus, the magazine maintained a great deal of self-awareness about the causes of its declining influence. According to one modern author, in

16166-597: The ultimate good. They are evermore building the Paradise that it is to be, painting the Millennium that is to come. When the world shall reach the poet’s ideal, it will arrive at perfection; and much good will it do the world to measure itself by this ideal and struggle to lift the real to its lofty level. He also wrote: "God never said it would be easy, He just said He would go with me." Holland’s narrative poem “ Bitter-Sweet ” would become one of his most popular, and

16303-560: The works of Robert Burns or Sir Walter Scott . She cited the praise that it had earned from poet James Russell Lowell . Today, a Holland sentence or paragraph is still quoted by politicians, artists and spiritual leaders alike, including Martin Luther King, Jr ., though few recognize his name. In 1920, Holland’s novel Sevenoaks (1875) was adapted into the Goldwyn comedy-drama, Jes' Call Me Jim , starring Will Rogers . In

16440-564: The yard of his birthplace at Dwight, Mass ., to fashion into memorabilia such as penholders. The doorstone of his birthplace, which burned to the ground in 1876, was recovered in 1932 and placed at the Stone House Museum , which also displays first editions of his works. J. G. Holland and his wife were frequent correspondents and intimate family friends of poet Emily Dickinson . She was a guest at their Springfield home on numerous occasions. Dickinson sent more than ninety letters to

16577-545: The years following the Civil War . Born in Western Massachusetts, he was “the most successful man of letters in the United States” in the latter half of the nineteenth century and sold more books in his lifetime than Mark Twain did in his. Known often by his initials “J.G.,” Holland penned the first biography of Abraham Lincoln just months after his assassination, which was a bestseller. Holland

16714-473: Was also a frequent target. One contributor traveled to Utah to observe the Mormon settlement there and argued that the new sect would have to end its practice of plural marriage if it were to survive and American control could be exercised over the western territories. At the same time, Scribner's Monthly , being non-dogmatic in its Protestantism, expressed little hostility towards modern science. For example,

16851-401: Was connected to the general triumph of more egalitarian ideologies and the collapse of nineteenth century romanticism and idealism. Concerns over national unity and the preservation of traditional American culture were reflected in the magazine's writings on immigration. An 1884 article discussed the composition and geographical distribution of immigrant populations, and expressed optimism over

16988-468: Was described in 1894, by biographer Harriette Merrick Plunkett , as, Dr. Holland’s reflections on the mysteries of Life and Death, on the soul-wracking problems of Doubt and Faith, on the existence of Evil as one of the vital conditions of the universe, on the questions of Predestination , Original Sin , Free-will , and the whole haunting brood of Calvinistic theological metaphysics . She declared it to be “truly an original poem,” and compared it to

17125-523: Was dying and his wife went to care for her. The following month he was offered $ 40 a month as assistant editor of the Springfield Daily Republican , where he began working with the younger, formidable and charming owner—the journalist and editor Samuel Bowles . On Wednesday, September 26, 1849, the Republican began publishing Holland's writing of plantation life in a seven-part series, though uncredited, titled, "Three Weeks on

17262-421: Was editor from 1921 to 1925, a period during which The Century was known for its editorials on current events and began to cut back on illustrations, which were eliminated after Frank left the magazine. In 1929, due to competition from cheaper magazines and newspapers, The Century became a quarterly, and in 1930 it was merged with The Forum . At the time it folded, The Century had 20,000 subscribers, less than

17399-401: Was editor of The Century from Gilder's death in 1909 until his resignation in 1913. The 1910s were marked by financial difficulties and a further decline, as the magazine competed with other periodicals of both similar and lesser quality. The Century still attracted some of the best fiction authors of the day, however. H. G. Wells ' "prophetic trilogy" The World Set Free was serialized in

17536-535: Was named superintendent and implemented the ideas of fellow Massachusetts educator and reformer Horace Mann . In fall 1848, he and his wife were invited to a large cotton plantation in northeastern Louisiana and Holland wrote down his observations. Here he received word that his poetry would be published in the Knickerbocker Magazine and The Home Journal. In April 1849, Holland and his wife returned to Western Massachusetts . His mother-in-law

17673-552: Was published as a book the following year. Holland, Herman Melville and Walt Whitman were born the same year. Holland, as associate editor of The Republican , was critically favorable to canonical novelist Herman Melville and as co-founder and editor of Scribner's Monthly , Holland turned down publishing the more widely read canonical poet Walt Whitman . Considered a writer and man of "Victorian virtue," J.G. Holland found Whitman's poetry “immoral.” Whitman later called Holland, “a man of his time, not possessed of

17810-428: Was said to punish success, a concept that was anathema to the philosophy of his magazine. Despite its conservative leanings, the magazine was open to dissenting views on economic issues in a way that it was not on deeper philosophical matters. The March 1904 issue allowed workers to publish contributions making the case for labor unions as appropriate checks on big business. Two years later, an editorial praised some of

17947-462: Was stated positively in a well-known Torah verse (Hebrew: ואהבת לרעך כמוך ‎): You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against your kinsfolk. Love your neighbor as yourself: I am the L ORD . According to John J. Collins of Yale Divinity School , most modern scholars, with Richard Elliott Friedman as a prominent exception, view the command as applicable to fellow Israelites. Rashi commented what constitutes revenge and grudge, using

18084-474: Was the first to publish the first known poem written by an African American . One of Holland’s novels was among the earliest examples of the genre that became literary realism . He published a few poems of Emily Dickinson ’s in the newspaper that he edited. Holland and his wife, Elizabeth Chapin Holland, were close friends with her. Holland became a popular Lyceum lecturer and wrote advice essays under

18221-399: Was the treatment of prisoners that led to such stringent opposition to the government. He noted that "playing upon the deepest and most intense of human emotions as a means of extorting information from unwilling witnesses" was routine in prisons holding political offenders. For example, a young woman was led to incriminate her loved ones by being told that they had already confessed. Sometimes,

18358-439: Was to give the organic life of the American people purity of character and nobility of expression." During his tenure as editor, he promoted patriotism and the glorification of American historical figures. Seeing itself as having an "elevating" mission, its "mixture of nationalism and cultural advocacy informed even the most 'ordinary' of the magazine's articles." Often touching on many of these themes, Theodore Roosevelt wrote as

18495-423: Was true and attributed its wide acceptance to a contemporary bias towards novel ideas, even though the author did not on principle reject the idea that proof could be forthcoming. Upon the death of Charles Darwin in 1883, however, The Century published a laudatory tribute to the scientist written by Alfred Wallace . The magazine remained secular into its later days, in 1923 criticizing the "poisonous dogmatism" of

18632-471: Was very successful during the 19th century, most notably for a series of articles about the American Civil War which ran for three years during the 1880s. It included reminiscences of 230 participants from all ranks of the service on both sides of the conflict. According to an author writing in The New York Times , the publication of The Century "made New-York, instead of London, the centre of

18769-550: Was “undoubtedly Holland's masterpiece." The novel remained in print into the 1920s. In 1875, Holland wrote a letter to be read at the dedication of a monument to Edgar Allan Poe , the poet and writer, though Holland wrote that the man and his poetry were “without value.” Holland was against Women's suffrage but donated funds to the New England Female Medical College in Boston. He was member of

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