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56-470: A diary is a form of personal journal. Diary may also refer to: Diary A diary is a written or audiovisual memorable record, with discrete entries arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. Diaries have traditionally been handwritten but are now also often digital . A personal diary may include a person's experiences, thoughts, and/or feelings, excluding comments on current events outside

112-412: A journal app with its iOS 17.2 update, pulling suggestions for entries based on locations the user has visited, music they have listened to, and photos from their photo library alongside prompts. A personal organizer is a form of diary to list actions and tasks for the day, which are recorded in a log, often using symbols to differentiate and categorize items. In free writing, the diarist sets aside

168-552: A cleric at Saint Cassius in Bonn , who acted as an editor. At first she hesitated fearing lest she be deceived or be looked upon as a deceiver; but she obeyed. Eckebert (who became a monk of Schönau in 1155 and eventually succeeded Hildelin as second abbot) put everything in writing, later arranged the material at leisure, and then published all under his sister's name. While this relationship between brother and sister allowed for Elisabeth's wide broadcasting of her visionary experiences, it

224-702: A diary is the Diary of Merer , an ancient Egyptian logbook whose author described the transportation of limestone from Tura to Giza , likely to clad the outside of the Great Pyramid . The oldest extant diaries come from Middle Eastern and East Asian cultures, although the even earlier work To Myself ( Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν ), today known as the Meditations , written in Greek by the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius in

280-411: A few minutes each day to write without any constraints, letting thoughts flow freely and allowing the subconscious mind to express itself. Freewriting can unearth hidden thoughts and emotions, fostering self-discovery. A gardening journal helps gardeners improve their efforts over time by providing a historical record of actions taken, the weather and other elements, and the results. A gratitude journal

336-478: A limited circulation amongst friends or relatives. The word " journal " may be sometimes used for "diary," but generally a diary has (or intends to have) daily entries (from the Latin word for 'day'), whereas journal-writing can be less frequent. Although a diary may provide information for a memoir , autobiography or biography , it is generally written not with the intention of being published as it stands, but for

392-543: A strict rule, and focus on prayer and contemplation developed into fanatical devotion. Because the population soon venerated Elisabeth as a saint, her bones were reburied between 1420 and 1430 in a special chapel; the chapel was destroyed in the great fire of the Schönau Abbey in 1723 and not rebuilt. During the Thirty Years' War , Swedish and Hessian soldiers attacked Schönau Monastery. The Swedes expelled

448-541: A way to bring previously unpublished diaries to the attention of historians and other readers, such as the diary of Michael Shiner , an enslaved person in the 19th century who documented his life in Washington, D.C. Web-based services such as Open Diary (started in October 1998) and LiveJournal (January 1999) soon appeared to streamline and automate online publishing , but growth in personal storytelling came with

504-488: Is a diary of things for which someone is grateful . Keeping a gratitude journal is a popular practice in the field of positive psychology . A sleep diary or sleep log is a tool used in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders or to keep track of dreams had in order to gain insight to the subconscious or for further contemplation. The German Tagebuch ('days-book') is normally rendered as "diary" in English, but

560-509: Is astonishing. One monk, from an abbey in Busendorf, came to meet with Elisabeth in order to be provided with a deeper understanding of Elisabeth's visions, and in an effort to comprehend what God was doing with this woman. Upon leaving, he asked Elisabeth if he might be worthy enough to receive a letter from her. Elisabeth fulfilled his request and wrote the abbot of Busendorf a letter that provided him and his monks with spiritual advice through

616-405: Is evident that Eckebert attempted to have a degree of authority over Elisabeth. The events in the first book probably took place before Hildelin intervened and told her to write these things down, while the things in the later books may have been after this point in time and occurred when Elisabeth had already begun writing. Thus came into existence three books of "Visions". Of these, the first

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672-525: Is the book one writes in, only read by oneself – particularly in adversity. Anne Frank went so far as to address her diary as "Kitty." Friedrich Kellner , a court official in Nazi Germany , thought of his diary as a weapon for any future fight against tyrants and terrorism, and named it 'Mein Widerstand' , My Opposition . Victor Klemperer was similarly concerned with recording for the future

728-471: Is written in very simple language and an unaffected style. The other two are more elaborate and replete with theological terminology, so that they show more of the work of Eckebert than of Elisabeth. Elisabeth's works are found in the 195th volume of the Patrologia Latina . Aside from her Books of Visions , her works include: In 1106, an old Roman cemetery was discovered outside Cologne, and

784-547: The Diaries of Adrian Mole ). Both prompted long-running satirical features in the magazine Private Eye : the former entitled Mrs Wilson's Diary in reference to Mary Wilson , wife of Prime Minister Harold Wilson , the latter entitled The Secret Diary of John Major Aged 47¾ and written as a pastiche of the Adrian Mole diaries from the perspective of the then-Prime Minister John Major . Another famous example of

840-587: The Latin diarium ("daily allowance," from dies , "day"). The word 'journal' comes from the same root ( diurnus , "of the day") through the Old French jurnal (the modern French for 'day' being jour ). The earliest recorded use of the word 'diary' to refer to a book in which a daily record was written was in Ben Jonson 's comedy Volpone in 1605. The earliest known book resembling

896-521: The MIT Media Lab website from 14 November 1994 until 1996. Other early online diarists include Justin Hall , who began eleven years of personal online diary-writing in 1994, Carolyn Burke, who started publishing Carolyn's Diary on 3 January 1995, and Bryon Sutherland, who announced his diary The Semi-Existence of Bryon in a USENET newsgroup on 19 April 1995. The internet has also served as

952-528: The Smythson company created the first featherweight diary, enabling diaries to be carried about. Many diaries of notable figures have been published and form an important element of autobiographical literature. Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) is the earliest diarist who is well known today; his diaries, preserved in Magdalene College, Cambridge , were first transcribed and published in 1825. Pepys

1008-526: The 19th century. As examples, the Grasmere Journal of Dorothy Wordsworth (1771–1855) was published in 1897; the journals of Fanny Burney (1752–1840) were published in 1889; the diaries of Henry Crabb Robinson (1776–1867) were published in 1869. Among important U.S. Civil War diaries are those of George Templeton Strong , a New York City lawyer, and Mary Chesnut , the wife of a Confederate officer. The diary of Jemima Condict , living in

1064-624: The Angel, explaining that "the humanity of Christ was symbolized by a female figure so that the symbol could also refer to the Virgin Mary". However, Elisabeth did not waiver from her initial explanation of her vision. In the end, Eckebert does choose to publish this vision, and includes that the Lord the Savior's humanity is represented by a virgin. This incident represents Eckebert's strong belief in

1120-535: The German occupation of Amsterdam in the 1940s. Otto Frank edited his daughter's diary and arranged for its publication after the war. Many edits were made before the diary was published in other countries. This was due to sexually explicit material, which also led to some libraries banning the book. The writing of diaries was also often practiced from the 20th century onwards as a conscious act of self-exploration (of greater or lesser sincerity) – examples being

1176-471: The Virgin Mary. On one occasion of religious frustration and fear, she wrote down an experience she supposedly had at a mass on a Saturday when the Blessed Virgin was being celebrated, when she saw in the heavens "an image of a regal woman, standing on high, clothed in white vestments and wrapped with a purple mantle". The lady then eventually came closer to Elisabeth and blessed her with the sign of

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1232-634: The anger of her Son from punishing the world in His anger for sin. The Liber viarum dei ( Book of the Ways of God ) seems to be an imitation of the Scivias (scire vias Domini) of Hildegarde of Bingen , her friend and correspondent. It contains admonitions to all classes of society, to the clergy and laity, to the married and unmarried. Here the influence of Eckebert is plain. She utters prophetic threats of judgment against priests who are unfaithful shepherds of

1288-548: The area of what is now West Orange, New Jersey , includes local observations of the American Revolutionary War . Since the 19th century the publication of diaries by their authors has become commonplace – notably amongst politicians seeking justification but also amongst artists and litterateurs of all descriptions. Amongst late 20th-century British published political diaries, those of Richard Crossman , Tony Benn and Alan Clark are representative,

1344-528: The ascetic life. In 1152, Elisabeth began to experience ecstatic visions of various kinds. This was "a year after Hildegard of Bingen published her first book of visions, the Scivias , a work which seems to have influenced Elisabeth." These visions generally occurred on Sundays and Holy Days at Mass or Divine Office or after hearing or reading the lives of saints. Christ, the Virgin Mary , an angel , or

1400-519: The author's own use. In recent years, however, there is internal evidence in some diaries (e.g. those of Ned Rorem , Alan Clark , Tony Benn or Simon Gray ) that they are written with eventual publication in mind, with the intention of self-vindication (pre- or posthumous), or simply for profit. By extension, the term diary is also used to mean a printed publication of a written diary; and may also refer to other terms of journal including electronic formats (e.g. blogs ). The word ' diary ' comes from

1456-404: The cross, and reassured her that she would not be harmed by the things she had been frightened of. After receiving communion at the mass, she then went into an ecstatic trance and had another vision, declaring "I saw my Lady standing beside the altar, in a garment like a priestly chasuble and she had on her head a glorious crown". In her third text, she has Mary acting as an intercessor to hold back

1512-410: The devil, since in some things they disagree with history and with other revelations (Acta SS., Oct, IX, 81). In 1884, F.W.E. Roth published a treatise on Elisabeth of Schönau, Die Visionen der Heilage Elisabeth von Schönau . Although a great admirer of Elizabeth, Roth does not believe in her visions as divine revelation. He considers her a susceptible individual, living in a cloistered environment under

1568-574: The diaries of Carl Jung , Aleister Crowley and Anaïs Nin . Among important diaries by 20th-century literary figures are those of Franz Kafka , Edmund Wilson and the French writer Paul Léautaud (1872–1956). The self-reflective Diary: Divine Mercy in My Soul written by Saint Faustina contains accounts of her visions and conversations with Jesus. A strong psychological effect may arise from having an audience for one's self-expression, even if this

1624-533: The diary after correct PIN entry on a secure USB device. With the popularization of mobile apps , diary or journaling apps have become available for iOS and Android . Proponents have cited numerous reasons for journaling using digital applications, including ease and speed of typing, mobile portability, and search capabilities. Digital diaries are also tailored towards shorter-form, in-the-moment writing, similar to user engagement with social media services such as Facebook , Twitter and Instagram . Apple released

1680-425: The emergence of blogs . While the format first focused on external links and topical commentary, widespread blogging tools were quickly used to create web journals. Recent advances have also been made to enable the privacy of internet diary entries. For example, some diary software now stores entries in an encrypted format, such as 256-bit AES ( Advanced Encryption Standard ) encryption, and others only permit access to

1736-612: The flock of Christ, against the avarice and worldliness of the monks who only wear the garb of poverty and self-denial, against the vices of the laity, and against bishops and superiors delinquent in their duty; she urges all to combat earnestly the heresy of the Cathari ; she declares Victor IV , the antipope supported by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I against Pope Alexander III , as the one chosen of God. All of this appears in Eckebert's own writings. Oftentimes Eckebert felt that it

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1792-427: The foundation of the subsequent Ursula legends. In her account, Elisabeth identifies one of the bodies as belonging to a "Pope Cyriacus", supposedly holding the office between Pope Pontian and Pope Anterus . Others are identified as Saint Verena and as the fiancé of St. Ursula. The Visio de resurrectione beate virginis Mariae , or The Resurrection of the Blessed Virgin , contains Elisabeth's revelations about

1848-455: The grace of God. The letter emphasized the importance of the abbot's responsibility over his monks and the guidance the abbot must extend to his monks. Elisabeth states the importance of living one's life for God and of not getting sidetracked by worldly affairs. Elisabeth wrote to powerful men when they did not ask for it, as well. Elisabeth scolded the archbishop, Hillin, of the city of Trier for not telling her divine message of condemnation to

1904-478: The great brilliance which emanated from the virgin, a dark cloud appeared, which Elisabeth described as "extremely dark and horrible to see". Elisabeth asked the holy Angel of God, who often appeared to her during visions, what the latter vision meant. The Angel said that the virgin in the vision she saw is the humanity of the Lord Jesus. The Angel went on to explain that the darkness represents God's anger with

1960-466: The latter being more indiscreet, in the tradition of the diaries of Chips Channon . In Britain in the field of the arts notable diaries were published by James Lees-Milne , Roy Strong and Peter Hall . Harold Nicolson in the mid-20th century covered both politics and the arts. One of the most famous modern diaries, widely read and translated, is the posthumously published The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank , who wrote it while in hiding during

2016-470: The lost vernacular account of her visions, Beatrice of Nazareth ). From the Renaissance on, some individuals wanted not only to record events, as in medieval chronicles and itineraries, but also to put down their own opinions and express their hopes and fears, without any intention to publish these notes. One of the early preserved examples is the anonymous Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris covering

2072-503: The modern diary was that of Abu Ali ibn al-Banna in the 11th century. His diary is the earliest known to be arranged in order of date ( ta'rikh in Arabic), very much like modern diaries. The precursors of the diary in the modern sense include daily notes of medieval mystics , concerned mostly with inward emotions and outward events perceived as spiritually important (e.g. Elizabeth of Schönau , Agnes Blannbekin , and perhaps also, in

2128-632: The monks, plundered the monastery, broke into the grave of Elisabeth and scattered her bones; only the skull was saved. It is now preserved in a reliquary on the right side of the altar of the church. The parish of St. Florin Schönau Monastery annually celebrates the traditional Elisabethen-Fest on the Sunday after 18 June. Elisabeth's popularity is evident considering those who called upon her for advice. The number of men who were very learned and religious who asked for letters from Elisabeth

2184-412: The people of Rome the divine message in which Elisabeth has revealed to him, he will suffer on the final judgment day. Again, as in her letter to the abbot of Busendorf, her authority and belief in herself of a vessel of God is evident, and she has clearly gone above and beyond the limits of the traditional female gender role. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in

2240-455: The people of Rome. She commanded that he, "Rise up in the spirit of humility and fear of the Lord your God." Throughout the letter it is evident that Elisabeth's Angel has spoken to her, and she is relaying this message to the archbishop. The letter is filled with anger and shows great disappointment in the archbishop of Trier, for God has taken notice of his failure to carry out his episcopal duties. Elisabeth informs him that if he does not tell

2296-678: The provenance of the bodies. Over the course of the following year, Elisabeth set down a series of interviews with various saints and angels, which were then compiled into the Liber revelationum Elisabeth de sacro exercitu virginum Coloniensium , or Book of Revelations on the Company of the Martyrs of Cologne . These accounts, which the Catholic Encyclopedia describes as "full of fantastic exaggerations and anachronisms", have become

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2352-571: The reality of his sister's visionary experiences. There is a great diversity of opinion in regard to her revelations. The church has never passed any ruling on them nor even examined them. Elizabeth herself was convinced of their supernatural character, as she states in a letter to Hildegarde; her brother held the same opinion. Johannes Trithemius considers them genuine; Eusebius Amort (De revelationibus visionibus et apparitionibus privatis regulae tutae, etc., Augsburg, 1744) holds them to be nothing more than Elizabeth's own imagination, or illusions of

2408-416: The second half of the 2nd century AD, already displays many characteristics of a diary. Pillowbooks of Japanese court ladies and Asian travel journals offer some aspects of this genre of writing, although they rarely consist exclusively of diurnal records. In the medieval Near East , Arabic diaries were written from before the 10th century. The earliest surviving diary of this era which most resembles

2464-537: The special saint of the day would appear to her and instruct her; or she would see quite realistic representations of the Passion, Resurrection, and Ascension, or other scenes of the Old and New Testaments. She died on 18 June 1164 and was buried in the abbey church of St. Florin . What Elisabeth saw and heard she put down on wax tablets. Her abbot, Hildelin, told her to relate these things to her brother Eckebert , then

2520-583: The term encompasses workbooks or working journals as well as diaries proper. For example, the notebooks of the Austrian writer Robert Musil and of the German-Swiss artist Paul Klee are called Tagebücher . A travel journal, travel diary, or road journal, is the documentation of a journey or series of journeys. A war diary is a regularly updated official record of a military unit's administration and activities during wartime maintained by an officer in

2576-424: The tyrannies and hypocrisies of Nazi Germany and of its East German successor state in his diaries. However in these cases, the authors didn't anticipate publication. As internet access became commonly available, many people adopted it as another medium in which to chronicle their lives with the added dimension of an audience. The first online diary is thought to be Claudio Pinhanez's Open Diary , published at

2632-482: The unit. Such diaries can form an important source of historical information, for example about long and complex battles in World War I . There are numerous examples of fictional diaries. One of the earliest printed fictional diaries was the humorous Diary of a Nobody by George Grossmith and his brother Weedon. 20th-century examples include radio broadcasts (e.g. Mrs. Dale's Diary ) and published books (e.g.

2688-603: The use of fictional diaries as prose is Bram Stoker's Dracula . A modern example includes the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series where each book of the series is written in a first-person view of the main character, as if the book were an actual diary. Other examples are the Bert Diaries and the cellphone diaries in the Japanese manga and anime television series Future Diary . Elizabeth of Sch%C3%B6nau Elisabeth

2744-400: The world, but that the brightness signifies that he has not altogether stopped watching over the earth. As ordered by Abbot Hildelin, Elisabeth revealed her vision to Eckebert. Eckebert was struck with confusion after hearing this vision; he could not understand the purpose of the Lord's humanity being represented by a virgin instead of a man. Elisabeth relayed the answer provided to her by

2800-456: The writer's direct experience. Someone who keeps a diary is known as a diarist . Diaries undertaken for institutional purposes play a role in many aspects of human civilization, including government records (e.g. Hansard ), business ledgers , and military records . In British English, the word may also denote a preprinted journal format . Today the term is generally employed for personal diaries, normally intended to remain private or to have

2856-657: The years 1405–1449, giving subjective commentaries on current events. Famous 14th to 16th century Renaissance examples, which appeared much later as books, were the diaries by the Florentines Buonaccorso Pitti and Gregorio Dati and the Venetian Marino Sanuto the Younger . These diaries include records of even less important everyday occurrences together with much reflection, emotional experience and personal impressions. In 1908,

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2912-686: Was amongst the first who took the diary beyond mere business transaction notation, into the realm of the personal. Pepys' contemporary John Evelyn also kept a notable diary, and their works are among the most important primary sources for the English Restoration period, and consist of eyewitness accounts of many great events, such as the Great Plague of London , and the Great Fire of London . The practice of posthumous publication of diaries of literary and other notables began in

2968-453: Was believed to contain the remains of Ursula and her eleven thousand legendary companions. The discovery that the cemetery contained the bodies of men and children, as well as various inscriptions on the headstones, raised questions about inconsistencies with the story of St. Ursula as laid out in the well-known Regnante domino . In the hope of resolving these questions, the abbot Gerlach von Deutz asked Elisabeth to consult her visions about

3024-609: Was born about 1129, of family named Hartwig of the Middle Rhine. She was educated at the double monastery of Schönau in Nassau and made her profession as a Benedictine in 1147. In 1157 she became abbess of the nuns under the supervision of Abbot Hildelin. F.W.E. Roth points out that in the 12th century only women of noble birth were promoted to spiritual offices in the Benedictine order; it seems probable that Elisabeth

3080-409: Was necessary to further investigate the meaning of Elisabeth's visions, rather than to simply record her words. He frequently asked her to relay theological questions to the saints and angels she saw in her visions. Elisabeth had a vision in which she saw the virgin emerging with the sun surrounding her on all sides, and the virgin's great brilliance seemed to illuminate the entire earth. Along with

3136-527: Was of noble birth. Her hagiography describes her as given to works of piety from her youth, much afflicted with bodily and mental suffering, a zealous observer of the Rule of Saint Benedict and of the regulation of her convent, and devoted to practices of mortification . In the years 1147 to 1152 Elisabeth suffered recurrent disease, anxiety and depression as a result of her strict asceticism. Hildegard of Bingen admonished Elisabeth in letters to be prudent in

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