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70-475: The Disowned is a novel by the British writer Edward Bulwer-Lytton , originally published in three volumes. It is part of the then-popular genre of silver fork novels , focusing on British high society of the late Regency era . Like many other silver fork novels it was published by Henry Colburn , with the first volume coming out in 1828 and the latter two in 1829. It is set in the late eighteenth century but

140-641: A consequence of an assertion of her insanity, which provoked public outcry and her liberation a few weeks later. His mother chronicled this episode in her memoirs. After being taught at home for a while, he was educated in schools in Twickenham and Brighton and thence Harrow , and at the University of Bonn . Lytton entered the Diplomatic Service in 1849, when aged 18, when he was appointed as attaché to his uncle, Sir Henry Bulwer , who

210-497: A copy of " Captain Claridge 's work on the " Water Cure ", as practised by Priessnitz , at Graefenberg" and, "making allowances for certain exaggerations therein", pondered the option of travelling to Graefenberg, but preferred to find something closer to home, with access to his own doctors in case of failure: "I who scarcely lived through a day without leech or potion!". After reading a pamphlet by Doctor James Wilson, who operated

280-509: A few weeks later after a public outcry. This she chronicled in a memoir, A Blighted Life (1880). She continued attacking her husband's character for several years. The death of Bulwer's mother in 1843 meant his "exhaustion of toil and study had been completed by great anxiety and grief," and by "about the January of 1844, I was thoroughly shattered." In his mother's room at Knebworth House , which he inherited, he "had inscribed above

350-544: A hydropathic establishment with James Manby Gully at Malvern , he stayed there for "some nine or ten weeks", after which he "continued the system some seven weeks longer under Doctor Weiss, at Petersham ", then again at "Doctor Schmidt's magnificent hydropathic establishment at Boppart" (at the former Marienberg Convent at Boppard ), after developing a cold and fever upon his return home. The English Rosicrucian society, founded in 1867 by Robert Wentworth Little , claimed Bulwer-Lytton as their "Grand Patron", but he wrote to

420-431: A life for himself among the middle classes of London and eventually marries an heiress . This article about an 1820s novel is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . See guidelines for writing about novels . Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page . Edward Bulwer-Lytton Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton , PC (25 May 1803 – 18 January 1873),

490-449: A living. They had two children, Emily Elizabeth Bulwer-Lytton (1828–1848), and (Edward) Robert Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton (1831–1891) who became Governor-General and Viceroy of British India (1876–1880). His writing and political work strained their marriage and his infidelity embittered Rosina. In 1833, they separated acrimoniously and in 1836 the separation became legal. Three years later, Rosina published Cheveley, or

560-590: A major commercial treaty with Portugal , and subsequently in Madrid . He subsequently became Secretary to the Embassy at Vienna and, in 1872, to Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons , who was Ambassador to Paris. By 1874, Lytton was appointed British Minister Plenipotentiary at Lisbon where he remained until being appointed Governor General and Viceroy of India in 1876. After turning down an appointment as governor of Madras, Lytton's appointment as Viceroy of India

630-631: A new volume of poetry by his friend Wilfrid Blunt . Lytton was Ambassador to France from 1887 to 1891. During the second half of the 1880s, before his appointment as Ambassador in 1887, Lytton served as Secretary to the Ambassador to Paris, Lord Lyons . He succeeded Lyons, as Ambassador, subsequent to the resignation of Lyons in 1887. Lytton had previously expressed an interest in the post and enjoyed himself "once more back in his old profession". Lord Lytton died in Paris on 24 November 1891, where he

700-668: A subterranean race waiting to reclaim the surface of the Earth is an early science fiction theme. The book popularised the Hollow Earth theory and may have inspired Nazi mysticism. His term "vril" lent its name to Bovril meat extract. The book was also the theme of a fundraising event held at the Royal Albert Hall in 1891, the Vril-Ya Bazaar and Fete . "Vril" has been adopted by theosophists and occultists since

770-417: A varied and prolific literary output, sometimes publishing anonymously. Bulwer-Lytton published Falkland in 1827, a novel which was only a moderate success. But Pelham brought him public acclaim in 1828 and established his reputation as a wit and dandy. Its intricate plot and humorous, intimate portrayal of pre-Victorian dandyism kept gossips busy trying to associate public figures with characters in

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840-405: Is Lucile , a story in verse published in 1860. His poetry was extremely popular and critically commended in his own day. He was a great experimenter with form. His best work is beautiful, and much of it is of a melancholy nature, as this short extract from a poem called "A Soul's Loss" shows, where the poet bids farewell to a lover who has betrayed him: Child, I have no lips to chide thee. Take

910-497: The Chancellor's Gold Medal for English verse. In the following year he took his BA degree and printed for private circulation a small volume of poems, Weeds and Wild Flowers . He purchased an army commission in 1826, but sold it in 1829 without serving. In August 1827, he married Rosina Doyle Wheeler (1802–1882), a noted Irish beauty, but against the wishes of his mother, who withdrew his allowance, forcing him to work for

980-727: The Corn Laws , he stood for Hertfordshire as a Conservative . Bulwer-Lytton held that seat until 1866, when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Lytton of Knebworth in the County of Hertford. In 1858, he entered Lord Derby 's government as Secretary of State for the Colonies , thus serving alongside his old friend Benjamin Disraeli . He was comparatively inactive in the House of Lords . "Just prior to his government's defeat in 1859

1050-580: The Second Anglo-Afghan War . The British won virtually all the major battles of this war, and in the final settlement, the Treaty of Gandamak , saw a government installed under a new amir which was both by personality and law receptive to British demands; however, the human and material costs of the conflict provoked extensive controversy, particularly among the nascent Indian press , which questioned why Lytton spent so much money prosecuting

1120-726: The almighty dollar ", " the pen is mightier than the sword ", " dweller on the threshold ", "the great unwashed", and the opening phrase " It was a dark and stormy night ." The sardonic Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest , held annually since 1982, claims to seek the "opening sentence of the worst of all possible novels". Bulwer was born on 25 May 1803 to General William Earle Bulwer of Heydon Hall and Wood Dalling , Norfolk, and Elizabeth Barbara Lytton , daughter of Richard Warburton Lytton of Knebworth House , Hertfordshire. He had two older brothers, William Earle Lytton Bulwer (1799–1877) and Henry (1801–1872; later Baron Dalling and Bulwer). His father died and his mother moved to London when he

1190-818: The 1870s and became closely associated with the ideas of an esoteric neo-Nazism after 1945. His play Money (1840) was first produced at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket , London, on 8 December 1840. The first American production was at the Old Park Theater in New York on 1 February 1841. Subsequent productions include the Prince of Wales's Theatre 's in 1872 and as the inaugural play at the new California Theatre in San Francisco in 1869. Among Bulwer-Lytton's lesser-known contributions to literature

1260-555: The 1880s, and in Italy until 1910. Harold, the Last of the Saxons (1848) provided character names (but little else) for Verdi's opera Aroldo (1857). Shortly after their first publication, The Last Days of Pompeii , Rienzi , and Ernest Maltravers all received successful stage performances in New York. The plays were written by Louisa Medina, one of the most successful playwrights of

1330-558: The 19th century. The Last Days of Pompeii had the longest continuous stage run in New York at the time with 29 straight performances. In addition to his political and literary work, Bulwer-Lytton became the editor of the New Monthly in 1831, but he resigned the following year. In 1841, he started the Monthly Chronicle , a semi-scientific magazine. During his career he wrote poetry, prose, and stage plays; his last novel

1400-758: The Crisis . Lord Melbourne , the Prime Minister , offered him a lordship of the Admiralty , which he declined as likely to interfere with his activity as an author. Bulwer was created a baronet , of Knebworth House in the County of Hertford, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom , in 1838. In 1841, he left Parliament and spent much of his time in travel. He did not return to politics until 1852, when, having differed from Lord John Russell over

1470-743: The Government deemed to be "seditious", in response to which there was a public protest in Calcutta that was led by the Indian Association and Surendranath Banerjee . Britain was deeply concerned throughout the 1870s about Russian attempts to increase its influence in Afghanistan, which provided a Central Asian buffer state between the Russian Empire and British India . Lytton had been given express instructions to recover

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1540-457: The Man of Honour (1839), a near-libellous fiction satirising her husband's alleged hypocrisy. In June 1858, when her husband was standing as parliamentary candidate for Hertfordshire, she denounced him at the hustings . He retaliated by threatening her publishers, withholding her allowance and denying her access to their children. Finally he had her committed to a mental asylum, but she was released

1610-597: The Pacific". Lytton desired to send to the colony "representatives of the best of British culture, not just a police force", sought men who possessed "courtesy, high breeding and urbane knowledge of the world", and decided to send Moody, whom the Government considered to be the archetypal "English gentleman and British Officer" at the head of the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment , to whom he wrote an impassioned letter. The former HBC Fort Dallas at Camchin ,

1680-547: The Power of the Coming Race and Zanoni in her own books. Bulwer-Lytton's name lives on in the annual Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest , in which contestants think up terrible openings for imaginary novels, inspired by the first line of his 1830 novel Paul Clifford : It was a dark and stormy night ; the rain fell in torrents – except at occasional intervals, when it was checked by a violent gust of wind which swept up

1750-643: The Russian Empire without even a proxy engagement. The pyrrhic victory of British arms in India was a quiet embarrassment which played a small but critical role in the nascent scramble for Africa ; in this way, Lytton and his war helped shape the contours of the 20th century in dramatic and unexpected ways. Lytton resigned at the same time as the Conservative government . He was the last Viceroy of India to govern an open frontier. In December 1879, Lytton

1820-509: The Secretary of State for the Colonies, Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, notified Sir George Ferguson Bowen of his appointment as Governor of the new colony to be known as 'Queen's Land'." The draft letter was ranked #4 in the 'Top 150: Documenting Queensland' exhibition when it toured to venues around Queensland from February 2009 to April 2010. The exhibition was part of Queensland State Archives ' events and exhibition program which contributed to

1890-529: The West to be translated into Japanese. In Brisbane , Queensland , Australia, the suburb of Lytton , the town of Bulwer on Moreton Island (Moorgumpin) and the neighbourhood (former island) of Bulwer Island are named after him. The township of Lytton, Quebec (today part of Montcerf-Lytton ) was named after him as was Lytton, British Columbia , and Lytton, Iowa . Lytton Road in Gisborne, New Zealand ,

1960-450: The blessing of a heart (Never more to beat beside thee!) Which in blessing breaks. Depart. Farewell! I that deified thee Dare not question what thou art. Lytton underesteemed his poetic ability: in his Chronicles and Characters (1868), the poor response to which distressed him, Lytton states, 'Talk not of genius baffled. Genius is master of man./Genius does what it must, and Talent does what it can'. However, Lytton's poetic ability

2030-536: The book. Pelham resembled Benjamin Disraeli's first novel Vivian Grey (1827). The character of the villainous Richard Crawford in The Disowned , also published in 1828, borrowed much from that of banker and forger Henry Fauntleroy , who was hanged in London in 1824 before a crowd of some 100,000. Bulwer-Lytton admired Disraeli's father Isaac D'Israeli , himself a noted author. They began corresponding in

2100-429: The conflict with Afghanistan instead of focusing on famine relief . This, along with the massacre of British diplomat Sir Louis Cavagnari and his staff by mutinying Afghan soldiers, contributed to the defeat of Disraeli 's Conservative government by Gladstone 's Liberals in 1880. The war was seen at the time as an ignominious but barely acceptable end to the " Great Game ", closing a long chapter of conflict with

2170-557: The confluence of the Thompson and the Fraser Rivers , was renamed in his honour by Governor Sir James Douglas in 1858 as Lytton, British Columbia . Bulwer-Lytton's literary career began in 1820 with the publication of a book of poems and spanned much of the 19th century. He wrote in a variety of genres, including historical fiction, mystery, romance, the occult and science fiction. He financed his extravagant way of life with

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2240-504: The deluge, to gaze upon the boisterous sea, which foamed and bellowed for admittance into the proud towers and marble palaces. Who would have thought of passions so fierce in that calm water that slumbers all day long? At a slight alabaster stand, trembling beneath the ponderous tomes which it supported, sat the hero of our story. Several of Bulwer-Lytton's novels were made into operas. One of them, Rienzi, der Letzte der Tribunen (1842) by Richard Wagner , eventually became more famous than

2310-581: The enactment of famine codes in every province as well as the establishment of a fund to deal with famine relief, which were effective in dealing with the phenomenon. They have been described as "the most significant—and perhaps the only—achievement of Lytton's viceroyalty." In 1878, he implemented the Vernacular Press Act , which enabled the Viceroy to confiscate the press and paper of any Indian Vernacular newspaper that published content that

2380-560: The famine was controversial, and it was attacked by the British journalist William Digby and the businessman Dadabhai Naoroji , whose charges Lytton sought to refute. Lytton personally toured the Madras Presidency and Mysore, districts particularly affected by the famine and where the relief operations had been badly managed. After the famine, Lytton appointed a commission, headed by Sir Richard Strachey , to study ways to deal with future occurrences. The commission resulted in

2450-534: The friendship of the Amir of Afghanistan, Sher Ali Khan , who was perceived at this point to have sided with Russia against Britain, and made every effort to do so for eighteen months. In September 1878, Lytton sent General Sir Neville Bowles Chamberlain as an emissary to Afghanistan, but he was refused entry. Considering himself left with no real alternative, in November 1878, Lytton ordered an invasion which sparked

2520-543: The horror story The Haunted and the Haunters; or, The House and the Brain (1859). Another novel with a supernatural theme was A Strange Story (1862), which was an influence on Bram Stoker 's Dracula . Bulwer-Lytton wrote many other works, including Vril: The Power of the Coming Race (1871) which drew heavily on his interest in the occult and contributed to the early growth of the science fiction genre. Its story of

2590-547: The late 1820s and met for the first time in March 1830, when Isaac D'Israeli dined at Bulwer-Lytton's house. Also present that evening were Charles Pelham Villiers and Alexander Cockburn . The young Villiers had a long parliamentary career, while Cockburn became Lord Chief Justice of England in 1859. Bulwer-Lytton reached his height of popularity with the publication of England and the English , and Godolphin (1833). This

2660-430: The mantelpiece a request that future generations preserve the room as his beloved mother had used it." It remains hardly changed to this day. On 20 February 1844, in accordance with his mother's will, he changed his surname from Bulwer to Bulwer-Lytton and assumed the arms of Lytton by royal licence. His widowed mother had done the same in 1811. His brothers remained plain "Bulwer". By chance, Bulwer-Lytton encountered

2730-663: The new Empress. Lord Lytton presided over the proceedings in the robes of the Grand Master of the Order of the Star of India . He read a speech, in which he announced the creation of the Order of the Indian Empire . He was created a GCB in late 1877, at the end of his first year in office. The most important domestic event of Lytton's tenure was the famine which broke out shortly after he assumed office. Lytton's handling of

2800-608: The nomination in view of Moody's military record, his success as Governor of the Falkland Islands, and the distinguished record of his father, Colonel Thomas Moody, Knight at the Colonial Office. Moody was charged to establish British order and transform the newly established Colony of British Columbia into the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest west" and "found a second England on the shores of

2870-475: The novel. Leonora (1846) by William Henry Fry , the first European-styled "grand" opera composed in the United States, is based on Bulwer-Lytton's play The Lady of Lyons , as is Frederic Cowen 's first opera Pauline (1876). Verdi rival Errico Petrella 's most successful opera, Jone (1858), was based on Bulwer-Lytton's The Last Days of Pompeii , and was performed all over the world until

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2940-476: The original Craven Cottage , today the site of their stadium. Bulwer-Lytton had long suffered from a disease of the ear, and for the last two or three years of his life lived in Torquay nursing his health. After an operation to cure deafness , an abscess formed in the ear and burst; he endured intense pain for a week and died at 2 am on 18 January 1873, just short of his 70th birthday. The cause of death

3010-662: The pen is mightier than the sword He popularized the phrase "pursuit of the almighty dollar " from his novel The Coming Race , and he is credited with " the great unwashed ", using this disparaging term in his 1830 novel Paul Clifford : He is certainly a man who bathes and "lives cleanly", (two especial charges preferred against him by Messrs. the Great Unwashed). The writers of theosophy were among those influenced by Bulwer-Lytton's work. Annie Besant and especially Helena Blavatsky incorporated his thoughts and ideas, particularly from The Last Days of Pompeii , Vril,

3080-411: The political and social themes it refers to have more relevance to the contemporary 1820s . The plot follows two separate protagonists who are disowned by their upper class families. Algernon Mordaunt is disinherited by his family after marrying the penniless orphan Isabel St Leger and never recovers from the separation. By contrast Clarence Linden, from an aristocratic background, manages to carve

3150-521: The pseudonym Owen Meredith . During his tenure as Viceroy of India between 1876 and 1880, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India . He served as British Ambassador to France from 1887 to 1891. His tenure as Viceroy was controversial for its ruthlessness in both domestic and foreign affairs, especially for his handling of the Great Famine of 1876–1878 and the Second Anglo-Afghan War . His son Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton , who

3220-503: The same time that Benjamin Disraeli resigned the premiership. Lytton was created Earl of Lytton , in the County of Derby, and Viscount Knebworth , of Knebworth in the County of Hertford. On 10 January 1881, Lytton made his maiden speech in the House of Lords , in which he censured in Gladstone's devolutionist Afghan policy. In the summer session of 1881, Lytton joined others in opposing Gladstone's second Irish Land Bill . As soon as

3290-473: The society complaining that he was "extremely surprised" by their use of the title, as he had "never sanctioned such." Nevertheless, a number of esoteric groups have continued to claim Bulwer-Lytton as their own, chiefly because some of his writings – such as the 1842 book Zanoni – have included Rosicrucian and other esoteric notions. According to the Fulham Football Club , he once resided in

3360-747: The state's Q150 celebrations, marking the 150th anniversary of the separation of Queensland from New South Wales. When news of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush reached London, Bulwer-Lytton, as Secretary of State for the Colonies, requested that the War Office recommend a field officer, "a man of good judgement possessing a knowledge of mankind", to lead a Corps of 150 (later increased to 172) Royal Engineers, who had been selected for their "superior discipline and intelligence". The War Office chose Richard Clement Moody , and Lord Lytton, who described Moody as his "distinguished friend", accepted

3430-459: The streets (for it is in London that our scene lies), rattling along the housetops, and fiercely agitating the scanty flame of the lamps that struggled against the darkness. Entrants in the contest seek to capture the rapid changes in point of view, the florid language, and the atmosphere of the full sentence. The opening was popularized by the Peanuts comic strip, in which Snoopy 's sessions on

3500-452: The suburb of Pinner , where the novelist lived, is named after him. Bulwer-Lytton was portrayed by the actor Brett Usher in the 1978 television serial Disraeli . Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton Edward Robert Lytton Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton , GCB , GCSI , GCIE , PC (8 November 1831 – 24 November 1891), was an English statesman, Conservative politician and poet who used

3570-460: The summer session was over, he undertook "a solitary ramble about the country". He visited Oxford for the first time, went for a trip on the Thames, and then revisited the hydropathic establishment at Malvern , where he had been with his father as a boy". He saw this as an antidote to the otherwise indulgent lifestyle that came with his career, and used his sojourn there to undertake a critique of

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3640-593: The typewriter usually began with " It was a dark and stormy night ". The same words also form the first sentence of Madeleine L'Engle's Newbery Medal –winning novel A Wrinkle in Time . Similar wording appears in Edgar Allan Poe's 1831 short story " The Bargain Lost ", although not at the very beginning. It reads: It was a dark and stormy night. The rain fell in cataracts; and drowsy citizens started, from dreams of

3710-463: Was Kenelm Chillingly , which was in course of publication in Blackwood's Magazine at the time of his death in 1873. Bulwer-Lytton's works of fiction and non-fiction were translated in his day and since then into many languages, including Serbian (by Laza Kostic ), German, Russian, Norwegian, Swedish, French, Finnish, and Spanish. In 1879, his Ernest Maltravers was the first complete novel from

3780-523: Was Minister at Washington, DC . It was at this time he met Henry Clay and Daniel Webster . He began his salaried diplomatic career in 1852 as an attaché to Florence , and subsequently served in Paris, in 1854, and in The Hague , in 1856 . In 1858, he served in St Petersburg , Constantinople , and Vienna . In 1860, he was appointed British consul-general at Belgrade . In 1862, Lytton

3850-458: Was a boy. However, Lytton received the patronage of John Forster – an influential friend of Leigh Hunt , Charles Lamb , Walter Savage Landor , and Charles Dickens – who was generally considered to be the first professional biographer of 19th century England. Lytton's mother, who lost access to her children, satirised his father in her 1839 novel Cheveley, or the Man of Honour . His father subsequently had his mother placed under restraint, as

3920-424: Was an English writer and politician. He served as a Whig member of Parliament from 1831 to 1841 and a Conservative from 1851 to 1866. He was Secretary of State for the Colonies from June 1858 to June 1859, choosing Richard Clement Moody as founder of British Columbia. He was created Baron Lytton of Knebworth in 1866. Bulwer-Lytton's works were well known in his time. He coined famous phrases like "pursuit of

3990-457: Was announced in 1876. As he was a man of letters instead of a politician, the appointment caused "general astonishment", but the appointment owed something to Disraeli 's appreciation of Lytton's literary sensibilities. On his journey to India, he met up in Egypt with the Prince of Wales , who was returning from his own Indian tour, by prior arrangement. He arrived in India and on 12 April 1876

4060-462: Was born in India, later served as Governor of Bengal and briefly as acting Viceroy. The senior earl was also the father-in-law of the architect Sir Edwin Lutyens , who designed New Delhi . Lytton was a protégé of Benjamin Disraeli in domestic affairs, and of Richard Lyons, 1st Viscount Lyons , who was his predecessor as Ambassador to France, in foreign affairs. His tenure as Ambassador to Paris

4130-723: Was followed by The Pilgrims of the Rhine (1834), The Last Days of Pompeii (1834), Rienzi, Last of the Roman Tribunes about Cola di Rienzo (1835), Ernest Maltravers; or, The Eleusinia (1837), Alice; or, The Mysteries (1838), Leila; or, The Siege of Granada (1838), and Harold, the Last of the Saxons (1848). The Last Days of Pompeii was inspired by Karl Briullov 's painting The Last Day of Pompeii , which Bulwer-Lytton saw in Milan . His New Timon lampooned Tennyson , who responded in kind. Bulwer-Lytton also wrote

4200-513: Was four years old. When he was 15, a tutor named Wallington, who tutored him at Ealing , encouraged him to publish an immature work: Ishmael and Other Poems . Around this time, Bulwer fell in love, but the woman's father induced her to marry another man. She died about the time that Bulwer went to Cambridge and he stated that her loss affected all his subsequent life. In 1822 Bulwer-Lytton entered Trinity College, Cambridge , where he met John Auldjo , but soon moved to Trinity Hall . In 1825 he won

4270-530: Was given the rare honour of a state funeral . His body was then brought back for interment in the private family mausoleum in Knebworth Park. There is also a memorial to him in St Paul's Cathedral , London. When Lytton was twenty-five years old, he published in London a volume of poems under the name of Owen Meredith . He went on to publish several other volumes under the same name. The most popular

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4340-512: Was highly esteemed by other literary personalities of the day, and Oscar Wilde dedicated his play Lady Windermere's Fan to him. Lytton's publications included: Based on the French translation, in 1868 he published a drama titled Orval, or the Fool of Time which has been inspired by Krasiński's The Undivine Comedy to the point it has been discussed in scholarly literature as an example of

4410-533: Was installed as viceroy. The first great occasion of Lytton's viceroyalty was the Delhi Durbar on 1 January 1877, known as the "Proclamation Durbar", to mark Queen Victoria 's acceptance of the title of Empress of India . The durbar was attended 68,000 people and 15,000 British and Indian troops: it marked symbolically the beginnings of Britain's alliance with the Indian princes, who pledged their alliance to

4480-400: Was named after the novelist. Later a state secondary school, Lytton High School , was founded in the road. Also in New Zealand, Bulwer is a small locality in Waihinau Bay in the outer Pelorus Sound, New Zealand. It can be reached by 77 km of winding, mostly unsealed, road from Rai Valley. A weekly mail boat service delivers mail and also offers passenger services. In London, Lytton Road in

4550-400: Was promoted to Second Secretary in Vienna, but his success in Belgrade made Lord Russell appoint him, in 1863, as Secretary of the Legation at Copenhagen , during his tenure as which he twice acted as Chargé d'Affaires in the Schleswig-Holstein conflict. In 1864, Lytton was transferred to the Greek court to advise the young Danish Prince. In 1865, he served in Lisbon , where he concluded

4620-423: Was returned for Lincoln in 1832, and sat in Parliament for that city for nine years. He spoke in favour of the Reform Bill and took the lead in securing the reduction, after he had vainly supported the repeal, of the newspaper stamp duties . His influence was perhaps most keenly felt after the Whig Party 's dismissal from office in 1834, when he issued a pamphlet entitled A Letter to a Late Cabinet Minister on

4690-428: Was successful, and Lytton was afforded the rare tribute – especially for an Englishman – of a French state funeral in Paris . Lytton was the son of the novelists Edward Bulwer-Lytton and Rosina Doyle Wheeler (who was the daughter of the early women's rights advocate Anna Wheeler ). His uncle was Sir Henry Bulwer . His childhood was spoiled by the altercations of his parents, who separated acrimoniously when he

4760-422: Was that he convinced Charles Dickens to revise the ending of Great Expectations to make it more palatable to the reading public, as in the original version of the novel, Pip and Estella remain apart. Bulwer-Lytton's works had an influence in a number of fields. Bulwer-Lytton's most famous quotation is " The pen is mightier than the sword " from his play Richelieu : beneath the rule of men entirely great,

4830-494: Was the target of an assassination attempt while on tour in Calcutta, but escaped unharmed. The would-be assassin was George Edward Dessa, who suffered from delusions; he was deemed unfit to stand trial and died in an asylum. A permanent exhibition in Knebworth House , Hertfordshire, is dedicated to his diplomatic service in India. There is a monument dedicated in his name at Nahan, Himachal Pradesh, India , domestically called Delhi Gate. In 1880, Lytton resigned his Viceroyalty at

4900-430: Was unclear but it was thought the infection had affected his brain and caused a fit. Rosina outlived him by nine years. Against his wishes, Bulwer-Lytton was honoured with a burial in Westminster Abbey . His unfinished history Athens: Its Rise and Fall was published posthumously. Bulwer began his political career as a follower of Jeremy Bentham . In 1831 he was elected member for St Ives , Cornwall, after which he

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