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69-588: The Fat Duck is a fine dining restaurant in Bray, Berkshire , England, owned by the chef Heston Blumenthal . Housed in a 16th-century building, the Fat Duck opened on 16 August 1995. Although it originally served food similar to a French bistro , it soon acquired a reputation for precision and innovation, and has been at the forefront of many modern culinary developments, such as food pairing , flavour encapsulation and multi-sensory cooking. The number of staff in

138-444: A fob watch formed of freeze-dried beef stock covered with gold leaf is dropped into a teacup by a waiter, who pours a beef stock "tea" poured over it that dissolves the gold and the watch. A plate of ox tongue and vegetables is served alongside to place into the soup. Toast sandwiches , developed for an appearance on Heston's Feasts , are served as a side dish . Dishes are served with additional sensory inputs, such as "Sounds of

207-430: A "fart of nothingness". The chef Nico Ladenis said, "Someone who makes egg and bacon ice cream is hailed a genius. If you vomit and make ice cream out of it, are you a star?" Tony Naylor of The Guardian enjoyed his trip in 2008. He defended the price, likening the occasional purchase of an exceptional meal to spending on entertainment or hobbies. In 2012, Fodor's described the Fat Duck as "extraordinary" and "one of

276-612: A 1,000-bottle wine cellar and remains in the same location. Listeria L. aquatica L. booriae L. cornellensis L. costaricensis L. farberi L. fleischmannii L. floridensis L. goaensis L. grandensis L. grayi L. ilorinensis L. immobilis L. innocua L. ivanovii L. marthii L. monocytogenes L. newyorkensis L. riparia L. rocourtiae L. rustica L. seeligeri L. swaminathanii L. thailandensis L. valentina L. weihenstephanensis L. welshimeri Listeria

345-409: A dishwasher. It served meals in the style of a French bistro , such as lemon tarts and steak and chips. Blumenthal said that science had already begun to influence the cooking at this stage, as already on the menu were his triple-cooked chips , which were developed to stop the potato from going soft. Blumenthal sold his house, his car and many of his possessions to avoid bankruptcy. After four years,

414-457: A food-contact safe sanitizer with increased duration of the sanitizing action. Keeping foods in the home refrigerated below 4 °C (39 °F) discourages bacterial growth. Unpasteurized dairy products may pose a risk. Heating of meats (including beef, pork, poultry, and seafood) to a sufficient internal temperature, typically 74 °C (165 °F), will kill the food-borne pathogen. Non-invasive listeriosis : bacteria are retained within

483-454: A high proportion of chefs working, 42, equating to one chef per diner. Much of the menu is developed by experimentation: for example, the egg and bacon ice cream came about following Blumenthal investigating the principles of "flavour encapsulation". A research laboratory where Blumenthal and his team develop dishes is two doors away opposite the Hind's Head pub, which he also owns. It was where

552-399: A larger scale. Recently, in the field of food preservation, experiments have been conducted to measure the survivability of Listeria in different commercial finishing waxes for citrus fruits. These waxes are typically applied to extend the expiration date of the citrus fruits and aid in preventing extensive damage. Researchers found that the temperatures used during the application of some of

621-907: A marker to distinguish L. monocytogenes from other Listeria species, but it is not a definitive criterion. Further biochemical characterization may be necessary to distinguish between the different species of Listeria . Listeria monocytogenes is commonly found in soil, stream water, sewage, plants, and food . Listeria in soil can contaminate vegetables, and animals can be carriers. It has been found in uncooked meats, uncooked vegetables, fruits including cantaloupe and apples, pasteurized or unpasteurized milk and milk products, and processed foods. Pasteurization and sufficient cooking kill Listeria ; however, contamination may occur after cooking and before packaging. For example, meat-processing plants producing ready-to-eat foods, such as hot dogs and deli meats, must follow extensive sanitation policies and procedures to prevent Listeria contamination. Listeria

690-413: A negative review, saying that "while many of the flavours are politely interesting, the relentless pappy textures of mousses and foams and creams and poached meats really begins to grate". She also found it overpriced, calling it the "Fat Profit". Matthew Fort reviewed the Fat Duck for The Guardian in 2005, and wrote that "there is no doubt that the Fat Duck is a great restaurant and Heston Blumenthal

759-414: A number of customers reported feeling unwell at different times. By 3 March the source of the outbreak was still unclear but sabotage had been ruled out. A spokesman for the restaurant said "All this leads us to believe that it [the health scare] has not come from the restaurant and we expect to be given the all clear." On 6 March it was reported that 400 people had stated they had felt unwell after eating at

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828-468: A nutty flavour, but Rogers was not sure if this was warranted. He praised a jambonneau of duck, but found the monkfish rubbery. He described the menu as "awkwardly written, badly punctuated, and at points quite impenetrable". After the Fat Duck received its first Michelin star, David Fingleton visited it for The Spectator in 1999, and wrote that the experience was "beyond reproach; unsullied pleasure from start to finish". In 2001, Terry Durack reviewed

897-482: A strain of Lactobacillus plantarum that was able to completely eradicate a Listeria from a sample of sauerkraut. Through the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the researchers were able to observe cell morphological changes. The isolated strain of Lactobacillus plantarum was observed to possess several antibacterial properties, capable of disrupting the cell structure of the Listeria sample and acting as

966-499: A third fell ill but survived the disease. In September 2019, three deaths and a miscarriage were reported in the Netherlands after the consumption of listeria-infected deli meats produced by Offerman. Preventing listeriosis as a foodborne illness requires effective sanitation of food contact surfaces. Ethanol is an effective topical sanitizer against Listeria . Quaternary ammonium can be used in conjunction with alcohol as

1035-515: A widespread one the US in 2024. Improperly handled cantaloupe was implicated in both the outbreak of listeriosis from Jensen Farms in Colorado in 2011 , and a similar listeriosis outbreak across eastern Australia in early 2018. 35 people died across these two outbreaks. The Australian company GMI Food Wholesalers was fined A$ 236,000 for providing L. monocytogenes -contaminated chicken wraps to

1104-508: Is a genus of bacteria that acts as an intracellular parasite in mammals. As of 2024, 28 species have been identified. The genus is named in honour of the British pioneer of sterile surgery Joseph Lister . Listeria species are Gram-positive , rod-shaped , and facultatively anaerobic , and do not produce endospores . The major human pathogen in the genus is L. monocytogenes . Although L. monocytogenes has low infectivity, it

1173-615: Is critical to prevent bacteria from infecting the fetus ; antibiotics may be given to pregnant women even in non-invasive listeriosis. Mirena Nikolova, et al. , states that applying antibiotics is crucial during the third trimester because cell-mediated immunity is reduced during this time. Pfaff and Tillet say that listeriosis can cause long-term consequences—including meningitis, preterm labor, newborn sepsis, stillbirths—when contracted during pregnancy. Oral therapies in less severe cases may include amoxicillin or erythromycin . Higher doses may be given to pregnant women to ensure penetration of

1242-502: Is further complicated by the fact that biofilms are highly resistant to many disinfectants. The detection of these biofilms was made much easier through the use of quantitative techniques such as plate counting and crystalline violet staining. Although the structures and components of these biofilms have been extensively studied, how they are formed at the molecular level remains a subject of contention. This uncertainty surrounding their formation complicates any methods to completely eradicate

1311-480: Is hardy and can grow in a refrigerator temperature of 4 °C (39.2 °F) up to the human body temperature of 37 °C (98.6 °F). It is the usual cause of the relatively rare bacterial disease listeriosis , an infection caused by eating food contaminated with the bacteria. The overt form of the disease has a case-fatality rate of around 20–30%. Listeriosis can cause serious illness in pregnant women , newborns , adults with weakened immune systems and

1380-610: Is most prevalent in the elderly, pregnant mothers, and patients infected with HIV. With improved healthcare leading to a growing elderly population and extended life expectancies for HIV infected patients, physicians are more likely to encounter this otherwise-rare infection (only seven per 1,000,000 healthy people are infected with virulent Listeria each year). Better understanding the cell biology of Listeria infections, including relevant virulence factors, may lead to better treatments for listeriosis and other intracytoplasmic parasite infections. In oncology, researchers are investigating

1449-505: Is optimal at 39 °C, and is controlled by a transcriptional activator, PrfA, whose expression is thermoregulated by the PrfA thermoregulator UTR element. At low temperatures, the PrfA transcript is not translated due to structural elements near the ribosome binding site. As the bacteria infect the host, the temperature of the host denatures the structure and allows translation initiation for

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1518-408: Is responsible for listeriosis, a rare but potentially lethal foodborne illness . The case fatality rate for those with a severe form of infection may approach 25%. ( Salmonellosis , in comparison, has a mortality rate estimated at less than 1%. ) Although L. monocytogenes has low infectivity, it is hardy and can grow in temperatures from a refrigerator temperature of 4 °C (39.2 °F) up to

1587-826: The Listeria rocket and the process is repeated, perpetuating the infection. Once phagocytosed, the bacterium is never again extracellular: it is an intracellular parasite like S. flexneri , Rickettsia spp., and C. trachomatis . The Center for Science in the Public Interest has published a list of foods that have sometimes caused outbreaks of Listeria : hot dogs, deli meats, milk (even if pasteurized ), cheeses (particularly soft-ripened cheeses such as feta, Brie, Camembert, blue-veined, or Mexican-style queso blanco ), raw and cooked poultry, raw meats, ice cream, raw fruit, vegetables, and smoked fish. Cold-cut meats were implicated in an outbreak in Canada in 2008 and

1656-414: The elderly , and may cause gastroenteritis in others who have been severely infected. The incubation period can vary from three to 70 days. The two main clinical manifestations are sepsis and meningitis , often complicated by encephalitis , a pathology unusual for bacterial infections. L. ivanovii is a pathogen of mammals , specifically ruminants , and rarely causes listeriosis in humans. In

1725-450: The foie gras and expressed concern that "no core temperatures of the meat are taken". The Daily Telegraph reported that the Fat Duck dealt with the problem and introduced "stringent procedures." In 2005, the World's 50 Best Restaurants named the Fat Duck the best restaurant in the world. At the first Front of House Awards in 2007, it won the awards for Overall Service and Front Desk of

1794-431: The macrophage 's polysaccharides . Other important adhesins are the internalins . Listeria uses internalin A and B to bind to cellular receptors. Internalin A binds to E-cadherin, while internalin B binds to the cell's Met receptors. If both of these receptors have a high enough affinity to Listeria ' s internalin A and B, then it will be able to invade the cell via an indirect zipper mechanism. Once phagocytosed,

1863-401: The umbilical cord and placenta . Infected pregnant women may receive ultrasound scans to monitor the health of the fetus. Asymptomatic patients who have been exposed to Listeria typically are not treated, but are informed of the signs and symptoms of the disease and advised to return for treatment if any develop. Some Listeria species are opportunistic pathogens: L. monocytogenes

1932-657: The Fat Duck became the third restaurant in the UK to receive three Michelin stars, after the Waterside Inn , also in Bray, and Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in London. It was the fastest that a restaurant had gone from one to three stars in the UK. At the time he received his third star, Blumenthal said it was the closest he had been to bankruptcy, with enough money only to cover the following week's staff wages. Immediately after receiving

2001-414: The Fat Duck for The Independent . He was initially hesitant, expecting tricks straight away, but was surprised to find a bowl of normal green olives on the table as he arrived. He did not enjoy a mustard ice cream in a red cabbage gazpacho soup, but described the restaurant as "great" and gave it a score of 17 out of 20. In 2004, following the third Michelin star, Jan Moir of The Daily Telegraph gave it

2070-460: The Fat Duck suffered from the largest norovirus outbreak ever documented at a restaurant, with more than 400 diners falling ill. The Fat Duck is located in a 16th-century cottage that was modified in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was previously a pub, the Ringers. The building was Grade II listed by English Heritage on 2 May 1989. The Fat Duck opened in 1995, staffed only by Blumenthal and

2139-471: The Fat Duck was awarded its first Michelin star in the 1999 list. Blumenthal worked with the physics professor Peter Barham of the University of Bristol , and developed a menu of dishes through experimentation such as slow-cooked lamb which avoids shocking the fibres in the meat and causing them to seize. By 2000, techniques were being used such as cooking vegetables in mineral water after discovering that

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2208-541: The Fat Duck was the only restaurant to be given a top score of ten out of ten in the Good Food Guide . The editor of the guide, Elizabeth Carter, wrote: "It's extremely rare that a restaurant cooks perfectly on a consistent basis, but we've had so many superlative reports that we're delighted to recognise the Fat Duck as the best restaurant in Britain." It retained that score through to the 2013 edition. In 2010, it

2277-602: The Grand Hotel of Monte Carlo. This became the first restaurant to offer "luxury accommodations and gourmet dining all under one roof". In France, fine dining became yet another way of aping the aristocracy . Other luxury hotels soon developed across Europe. The first fine dining restaurants in the United States operated in New York City, such as Delmonico's in the 19th century. The restaurant contained

2346-592: The Sea", a plate of seafood served with a seafood foam on top of a "beach" of tapioca , breadcrumbs and eel. Alongside the dish, diners are given an iPod to listen to crashing waves whilst they eat. Other sensory components include "the smell of the Black Forest " that accompanies a kirsch ice cream. In 2023, the Fat Duck introduced its 12-dish Sensorium menu, which the Times said was more conventional and "dials down

2415-480: The Year. As of 2007, the Fat Duck employed 32 chefs, with a weekly wage bill of around £35,000. It seated 46 people for lunch and dinner six days a week, with an average spend of around £175 per head and an annual turnover of more than £4 million. Additional income came from books and television. In 2008, Blumenthal published The Big Fat Duck Cookbook. On 27 February 2009, Blumenthal closed the Fat Duck temporarily after

2484-519: The accident. Blumenthal had been in Hong Kong and was travelling in a separate cab at the time of the crash. On 31 March 2014, Blumenthal announced he would be closing the Fat Duck for renovations for six months and temporarily relocating it with its entire team to Crown Towers , Melbourne , Australia. During those six months, the Australian restaurant was also named the Fat Duck, after which it

2553-614: The airline Virgin Blue in 2011. Caramel apples have also been cited as a source of listerial infections which hospitalized 26 people, of whom five died. In 2019, the United Kingdom experienced nine cases of the disease, of which six were fatal, in an outbreak caused by contaminated meat (produced by North Country Cooked Meats) in hospital sandwiches. In 2019, two people in Australia died after probably eating smoked salmon and

2622-428: The bacterial migration to the host cell's outer membrane. Gelsolin, an actin filament severing protein, localizes at the tail of Listeria and accelerates the bacterium's motility. Once at the cell surface, the actin-propelled Listeria pushes against the cell's membrane to form protrusions called filopods or "rockets". The protrusions are guided by the cell's leading edge to contact adjacent cells, which then engulf

2691-422: The bacterium is encapsulated by the host cell's acidic phagolysosome organelle. Listeria , however, escapes the phagolysosome by lysing the vacuole's entire membrane with secreted hemolysin , now characterized as the exotoxin listeriolysin O . The bacteria then replicate inside the host cell's cytoplasm. Listeria must then navigate to the cell's periphery to spread the infection to other cells. Outside

2760-520: The best restaurants in the country", and Frommer's gave it three stars, grading it "exceptional". In 2005, the Fat Duck was ranked first on the list of the World's 50 Best Restaurants . After spending 11 years on the list, it dropped to 73rd. It has been ranked second-best on numerous occasions, first behind the French Laundry and then behind El Bulli . In 2012, it was ranked 13th. In 2009,

2829-409: The big top of it all is still some of the finest food in the world." Reviewing the Fat Duck for the Times in 2023, Tony Turnbull wrote that the menu had become more conventional, with better results: "By messing less with our brains, Blumenthal allows us to focus more on the complexities and multi-tiered flavour of the dishes, faultlessly executed by the head chef Edward Cooke. There we were thinking it

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2898-472: The biofilms. However, it has been observed that certain antimicrobial agents such as bacteriophages and enzymes have made promising progress in the effort to eradicate the Listeria biofilm. The enzymes specifically have been noted to have the capability to disrupt specific chemical components of the biofilms, degrading them in the process. More research and development is needed to make these biofilm elimination processes more affordable and efficient to be used on

2967-421: The body, Listeria has flagellar -driven motility, sometimes described as a "tumbling motility". However, at 37 °C, flagella cease to develop and the bacterium instead usurps the host cell's cytoskeleton to move. Inventively, Listeria polymerizes an actin tail or "comet", from actin monomers in the host's cytoplasm with the promotion of virulence factor ActA. The comet forms in a polar manner and aids

3036-501: The digestive tract. Symptoms are mild, lasting only a few days and requiring only supportive care. Muscle pain and fever can be treated with over-the-counter pain relievers; diarrhea and gastroenteritis can be treated with over-the-counter medications. Invasive listeriosis : bacteria have spread to the bloodstream and central nervous system. Treatment includes intravenous delivery of high-dose antibiotics and hospital in-patient care of (probably) not less than two weeks stay, depending on

3105-423: The experience. The use of white tablecloths eventually became less fashionable, but the service and upscale ambiance remained. The precursor to fine dining started around the 1780s when health-conscious bouillon shops evolved into grand "Parisian restaurants like Trois Frères and La Grande Taverne de Londres". In France, César Ritz , a Swiss developer, partnered with prominent French chef Auguste Escoffier at

3174-550: The extent of the infection. Ampicillin , penicillin , or amoxicillin are typically administered for invasive listeriosis; gentamicin may be added in cases of patients with compromised immune systems. In cases of allergy to penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole , vancomycin , and fluoroquinolones may be used. For effective treatment the antibiotic must penetrate the host cell and bind to penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3). Cephalosporins are not effective for treating listeriosis. In cases of pregnancy, prompt treatment

3243-426: The finishing waxes practices were sufficient for the survival of Listeria . In some of the waxes, the bacteria were detected up to 135 days after they were initially contaminated. Acknowledging these results, the researchers have suggested that more insight is needed into how the ingredients come together to allow for the survival of Listeria , and possibly other microbial agents. In another study, scientists isolated

3312-585: The first time, confusion will reign as the brain will be trying to tell the palate to expect a dessert and you will therefore be tasting more sweetness than actually exists." The Fat Duck serves a tasting menu . Dishes served include palate cleansers made of vodka and green tea, frozen in liquid nitrogen, a snail porridge described by one food critic as "infamous", and ice creams of both crab, and egg and bacon, each of which drew media attention. The mock turtle soup has an Alice in Wonderland theme, whereby

3381-536: The genus Listeria , was reclassified into the new genus Jonesia . All species within the genus Listeria are gram-positive , catalase -positive rods and do not produce endospores . Under the microscope, Listeria species appear as small rods, sometimes arranged in short chains. In direct smears, they may be coccoid , and can be mistaken for streptococci . Longer cells may resemble corynebacteria . Flagella are produced at room temperature, but not at 37 °C. Hemolytic activity on blood agar has been used as

3450-578: The human body temperature of 37 °C (98.6 °F). Listeriosis may manifest as meningitis, and can affect newborns due to its ability to penetrate the endothelial layer of the placenta . Listeria uses the cellular machinery to move around inside the host cell. It induces directed polymerization of actin by the ActA transmembrane protein , thus pushing the bacterial cell around. Listeria monocytogenes , for example, encodes virulence genes that are thermoregulated . The expression of virulence factor

3519-432: The incident. Complaints of illness from customers totalled 529. It was the largest norovirus outbreak ever documented at a restaurant. On 19 November 2012, Jorge Ivan Arango Herrera and Carl Magnus Lindgren, two senior members of staff, were killed on Chai Wan Road , Hong Kong, in a traffic accident when their taxi was hit by two buses. They died along with the taxi driver, Wong Kim-chung. A further 56 people were injured in

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3588-465: The kitchen increased from four when the Fat Duck first opened to 42, resulting in a ratio of one kitchen staff member per customer. The Fat Duck gained its first Michelin star in 1999, its second in 2002 and its third in 2004, making it one of eight restaurants in the United Kingdom to earn three Michelin stars. In 2005, the World's 50 Best Restaurants named the Fat Duck the best restaurant in

3657-404: The late 1920s, two groups of researchers independently identified L. monocytogenes from animal outbreaks, naming it Bacterium monocytogenes . They proposed the genus Listerella in honour of surgeon and early antiseptic advocate Joseph Lister , but that name was already in use for a slime mould and a protozoan . Eventually, the genus Listeria was proposed and accepted. The genus Listeria

3726-580: The levels of calcium in tap water causes their discolouration, and freezing cuttlefish to break down the molecules and increase their tenderness. In 2001, the Fat Duck was awarded a second Michelin star and was named restaurant of the year by the Automobile Association . In 2002, Blumenthal opened a second restaurant in Bray, the Riverside Brasserie, selling many of the Fat Duck's earlier dishes at reduced prices. In 2004,

3795-460: The majority of the laboratory scenes for the television series Heston Blumenthal: In Search of Perfection were filmed. The lab equipment includes a centrifuge which is used to make chocolate wine, and a vacuum oven . The restaurant takes reservations up to two months in advance, and in 2011 it was receiving some 30,000 calls for reservations per day, although that figure also included people who could not get through and were redialling. Blumenthal

3864-473: The most original and remarkable chef this country has ever produced". In The Times , A. A. Gill recommended that people should "eat here at least once to find out what is really going on in your mouth". Also in 2005, the German critic Wolfram Siebeck visited the restaurant and complained of the delays in service and of several of the dishes. He described the mustard ice cream in a red cabbage gazpacho soup as

3933-630: The only other genus in the family is Brochothrix . The first documented human case of listeriosis was in 1929, described by the Danish physician Aage Nyfeldt. The genus Listeria as of 2024 is known to contain 28 species, classified into two groups: sensu stricto and sensu lato . Listeria sensu strictu contains L. monocytogenes alongside nine other closely related species: L. cossartiae , L. farberi , L. immobilis , L. innocua , L. ivanovii , L. marthii , L. seeligeri , L. swaminathanii and L. welshimeri . Listeria sensu lato contains

4002-413: The remaining 18 species: L. aquatica , L. booriae , L. cornellensis , L. costaricensis , L. fleischmannii , L. floridensis , L. goaensis , L. grandensis , L. grayi , L. ilorinensis , L. newyorkensis , L. portnoyi , L. riparia , L. rocourtiae , L. rustica , L. thailandensis , L. valentina and L. weihenstephanensis . Listeria dinitrificans , previously thought to be part of

4071-482: The restaurant. The restaurant reopened on 12 March 2009. The cause of the illness was later given by the Health Protection Agency as norovirus , which was thought to originate from oysters which had been harvested from beds contaminated with sewage. The virus was spread further after being contracted by staff members. The restaurant was criticised for its cleaning methods and its slow response to

4140-457: The third star, the Fat Duck began receiving hundreds of phone calls seeking reservations a day. Blumenthal hired Tony Baker as managing director to help deal with the demand. In the same year, the Fat Duck was ranked second in the world behind the French Laundry by the World's 50 Best Restaurants . It also received the title of Square Meal BMW Best UK Restaurant 2004. That year, food and safety officers found "borderline" levels of listeria in

4209-561: The trickery and sleights of hand". It incorporates new seasonal dishes alongside previous dishes such as the Sound of Sea and A Walk in the Woods ("an edible forest floor of mushrooms, blackberries and beetroot"). Ben Rogers reviewed the Fat Duck for The Independent in 1996, before it had gained any Michelin Stars awards. He discovered that Blumenthal was cooking foie gras in sherry to give it

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4278-412: The use of Listeria as a cancer vaccine, taking advantage of its "ability to induce potent innate and adaptive immunity" by activating gamma delta T cells . Researchers have also been investigating the continuous presence of Listeria in food processing plants. The bacteria’s presence has been partially attributed to the formation of biofilms . This increases the likelihood of food contamination and

4347-443: The virulence genes. The majority of Listeria bacteria are attacked by the immune system before they are able to cause infection . Those that escape the immune system's initial response, however, spread through intracellular mechanisms, which protects them from circulating immune factors (AMI). To invade, Listeria induces macrophage phagocytic uptake by displaying D-galactose in their teichoic acids that are then bound by

4416-531: The world. It lost its stars in 2016 when it closed for renovation, but regained all three the following year. The Fat Duck is known for its tasting menu featuring dishes such as nitro -scrambled egg and bacon ice cream , an Alice in Wonderland -inspired mock turtle soup involving a bouillon packet made up to look like a fob watch dissolved in tea, and a dish called Sound of the Sea which includes an audio element. It has an associated laboratory where Blumenthal and his team develop new dish concepts. In 2009,

4485-422: Was all about the conjuring show, when in fact — who knew? — it was just about putting delicious things in our mouths." Turnbull said his meal was the best of his three visits. Fine dining Fine dining establishments are sometimes called white-tablecloth restaurants , because they traditionally featured table service by servers, at tables covered by white tablecloths. The tablecloths came to symbolize

4554-460: Was classified in the family Corynebacteriaceae through the seventh edition (1957) of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . 16S rRNA cataloging studies demonstrated that L. monocytogenes is a distinct taxon within the Lactobacillus - Bacillus branch of the bacterial phylogeny constructed by Woese. In 2004 the genus was placed in the newly created family Listeriaceae , of which

4623-532: Was inspired as a teenager by trips to the Michelin-starred restaurants in France and the work of Harold McGee . McGee's work in particular led him to question traditional cooking techniques and approaches which resulted in combinations which may at first appear unusual. Blumenthal incorporates psychology and the perception of diners into his dishes, explaining, "For example, eat sardine on toast sorbet for

4692-661: Was named the Best UK Restaurant in the Quintessentially Awards, a scheme run by the Quintessentially Group . Gill reviewed the Fat Duck again in 2016, and gave the food five out of five and the atmosphere four. He wrote: "There is not another restaurant anywhere doing anything remotely this brave or this daft. It is so out there, it has left the food section altogether. This is what rocking, unmediated genius tastes like. Hidden under

4761-510: Was renamed after Blumenthal's London restaurant Dinner by Heston Blumenthal . This was the second restaurant with that name, Blumenthal's sixth restaurant and his first restaurant outside of Britain. This temporary closure of the Bray location made the Fat Duck ineligible for assessment for the 2016 Michelin Guide, thus losing its three-starred status. It regained the stars the following year. The Fat Duck has 14 tables and can seat 42 diners. It has

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