110-466: The Five Nations , a collection of poems by English writer and poet Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936), was first published in late 1903, both in the United Kingdom and the U.S.A. Some of the poems were new; some had been published before (notably "Recessional" " in 1897), sometimes in different versions. In 1903, the United Kingdom consisted of four nations: England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. It
220-703: A World Heritage Site in 1985). Dufferin's final public appearance as Governor General was in Quebec City, to lay the foundation stone for Dufferin Terrace, an expansive walkway overlooking the St Lawrence River built to his own design and arguably his best-known legacy in Canada In 1876 he was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG). Lady Dufferin also maintained
330-809: A client state in Lebanon . After his success in Syria, Dufferin served in the Government of the United Kingdom as the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Under- Secretary of State for War . In 1872 he became Governor General of Canada , bolstering imperial ties in the early years of the Dominion , and in 1884 he reached the pinnacle of his official career as Viceroy of India . He served as ambassador to France from 1891 to 1896. Following his retirement from
440-417: A book about his travels, Letters From High Latitudes . With its irreverent style and lively pace, it was extremely successful and can be regarded as the prototype of the comic travelogue. It remained in print for many years and was translated into French, German and Urdu. The letters were nominally written to his mother, with whom he had developed a very close relationship after the death of his father when he
550-449: A change of editors at the newspaper; Kay Robinson , the new editor, allowed more creative freedom and Kipling was asked to contribute short stories to the newspaper. In an article printed in the Chums boys' annual, an ex-colleague of Kipling's stated that "he never knew such a fellow for ink – he simply revelled in it, filling up his pen viciously, and then throwing the contents all over
660-578: A convert to Roman Catholicism , Ripon could not be accommodated in the Cabinet . Instead, Dufferin's next diplomatic posting was to Constantinople . His posting there saw Britain invade and occupy Egypt, then technically part of the Ottoman Empire , under the pretext of "restoring law and order" following anti-foreign riots in Alexandria which had left nearly 50 foreigners dead, and Dufferin
770-560: A couple who boarded children of British nationals living abroad. For the next six years (from October 1871 to April 1877), the children lived with the couple – Captain Pryse Agar Holloway, once an officer in the merchant navy , and Sarah Holloway – at their house, Lorne Lodge, 4 Campbell Road, Southsea. Kipling referred to the place as "the House of Desolation". In his autobiography published 65 years later, Kipling recalled
880-500: A decanter across a friendly dinner table." By January 1896, he had decided to end his family's "good wholesome life" in the U.S. and seek their fortunes elsewhere. A family dispute became the final straw. For some time, relations between Carrie and her brother Beatty Balestier had been strained, owing to his drinking and insolvency. In May 1896, an inebriated Beatty encountered Kipling on the street and threatened him with physical harm. The incident led to Beatty's eventual arrest, but in
990-596: A degree. While still an Oxford undergraduate, he visited Skibbereen in County Cork to see the impact of the Irish Famine first-hand. He was appalled by what he saw, prompting him to raise money on behalf of the starving poor. In 1841, while still at school, he succeeded his father as Baron Dufferin and Claneboye in the Peerage of Ireland and in 1849 was appointed a Lord-in-Waiting to Queen Victoria . In 1850 he
1100-762: A high profile during her husband's term as Governor General, accompanying him on tours and frequently appearing in public. Visiting Manitoba in September 1877, Lord and Lady Dufferin each drove a spike in the line of the new Canadian Pacific Railway, and the first engine on the railway was christened Lady Dufferin . Throughout her time in Canada, Lady Dufferin wrote letters to her mother in Ireland, which were later collected and published as My Canadian Journal . She later said that of all her experiences, her happiest times had been spent in Canada. The popularity and influence of
1210-646: A key demand of Congress at that time. His time as Viceroy of India featured in the Rudyard Kipling poem 'One Viceroy Resigns', which was written from Dufferin's point of view, giving advice to his successor, Lord Lansdowne . His wife Lady Dufferin, Vicereine of India , accompanied her husband on his travels in India and made her own name as a pioneer in the medical training of women in India. Her extensive travel writings and photographs, in addition to her medical work, challenge some traditional assumptions about
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#17327976007751320-401: A letter: "A little maple began it, flaming blood-red of a sudden where he stood against the dark green of a pine-belt. Next morning there was an answering signal from the swamp where the sumacs grow. Three days later, the hill-sides as fast as the eye could range were afire, and the roads paved, with crimson and gold. Then a wet wind blew, and ruined all the uniforms of that gorgeous army; and
1430-403: A man some 17 years her junior. The marriage scandalised society, but Lord Gifford died only weeks afterwards. Despite his disapproval of his mother's second marriage, Lord Dufferin was devastated by her death in 1867, and built Helen's Tower , a memorial to her, on the estate at Clandeboye. A nearby bay was also named Helen's Bay, and a railway station of that name was built there by him, seeding
1540-533: A mere four years he produced, along with the Jungle Books , a book of short stories ( The Day's Work ), a novel ( Captains Courageous ), and a profusion of poetry, including the volume The Seven Seas . The collection of Barrack-Room Ballads was issued in March 1892, first published individually for the most part in 1890, and contained his poems " Mandalay " and " Gunga Din ". He especially enjoyed writing
1650-478: A month each Christmas with a maternal aunt Georgiana ("Georgy") and her husband, Edward Burne-Jones , at their house, The Grange, in Fulham , London, which Kipling called "a paradise which I verily believe saved me". In the spring of 1877, Alice returned from India and removed the children from Lorne Lodge. Kipling remembers "Often and often afterwards, the beloved Aunt would ask me why I had never told any one how I
1760-472: A personal anecdote. The story itself was retold by E. F. Benson in his short story The Bus-Conductor in 1906, and was adapted in a segment of the anthology film, Dead of Night . It was again retold by Bennett Cerf in his collection Famous Ghost Stories in 1944, which in turn was adapted in the episode Twenty Two of The Twilight Zone . It was again published in Scary Stories to Tell in
1870-530: A phrase in Haggard's Nada the Lily , combined with the echo of this tale. After blocking out the main idea in my head, the pen took charge, and I watched it begin to write stories about Mowgli and animals, which later grew into the two Jungle Books ." With Josephine's arrival, Bliss Cottage was felt to be congested, so eventually the couple bought land – 10 acres (4.0 ha) on a rocky hillside overlooking
1980-462: A tale of how he once saw a ghost which saved his life. Late one night in 1849, while staying in a house in Tullamore, County Offaly, Ireland, he heard a hearse draw up, and looked down and saw a man walking across the lawn carrying a coffin on his back. The man stopped and looked up at Dufferin and their eyes met for a moment, before he continued on into the shadows and disappeared. Dufferin thought
2090-493: A time when a weak or uncharismatic Governor General might have loosened the ties to Empire, Dufferin felt that involving himself with the people of Canada would strengthen constitutional links to Britain. He visited every Canadian province, and was the first Governor General to visit Manitoba . He took a keen interest in the Governor General's Foot Guards , organized in 1872. Lord Dufferin involved himself as much as
2200-540: A total of 41 stories, some quite long. In addition, as The Pioneer ' s special correspondent in the western region of Rajputana , he wrote many sketches that were later collected in Letters of Marque and published in From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel . Kipling was discharged from The Pioneer in early 1889 after a dispute. By this time, he had been increasingly thinking of his future. He sold
2310-658: A two-hour conversation with him on trends in Anglo-American literature and about what Twain was going to write in a sequel to Tom Sawyer , with Twain assuring Kipling that a sequel was coming, although he had not decided upon the ending: either Sawyer would be elected to Congress or he would be hanged. Twain also passed along the literary advice that an author should "get your facts first and then you can distort 'em as much as you please." Twain, who rather liked Kipling, later wrote of their meeting: "Between us, we cover all knowledge; he covers all that can be known and I cover
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#17327976007752420-681: A virtual cold war in Central Asia and India , known as the Great Game , and the Panjdeh incident threatened to precipitate a full-blown conflict. Dufferin negotiated a settlement in which Russia kept Panjdeh but relinquished the furthest territories it had taken in its advance. His tenure also saw the annexation of Upper Burma in 1886, after many years of simmering warfare and British interventions in Burmese politics. In 1888, he published
2530-600: Is not easy. I have known a certain amount of bullying , but this was calculated torture – religious as well as scientific. Yet it made me give attention to the lies I soon found it necessary to tell: and this, I presume, is the foundation of literary effort." Trix fared better at Lorne Lodge; Mrs Holloway apparently hoped that Trix would eventually marry the Holloways' son. The two Kipling children, however, had no relatives in England they could visit, except that they spent
2640-418: Is seen as an innovator in the art of the short story. His children's books are classics; one critic noted "a versatile and luminous narrative gift". Kipling in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was among the United Kingdom's most popular writers. Henry James said "Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius, as distinct from fine intelligence, that I have ever known." In 1907, he
2750-426: Is untitled, and covers a wide range of subjects. The second is titled "Service Songs", and mostly relates to the real or imagined experiences of common British soldiers around the turn of the 20th century. Rudyard Kipling Joseph Rudyard Kipling FRSL ( / ˈ r ʌ d j ər d / RUD -yərd ; 30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English journalist, novelist, poet, and short-story writer. He
2860-628: The Civil and Military Gazette in Lahore and The Pioneer in Allahabad . The former, which was the newspaper Kipling was to call his "mistress and most true love", appeared six days a week throughout the year, except for one-day breaks for Christmas and Easter. Stephen Wheeler, the editor, worked Kipling hard, but Kipling's need to write was unstoppable. In 1886, he published his first collection of verse, Departmental Ditties . That year also brought
2970-600: The Citadel of Quebec in Quebec City as a second vice-regal residence, having developed a strong attachment to the city and its significant historical ties with the British Empire. When Quebec city officials began to demolish the old city walls , Dufferin was appalled, persuading them to stop the demolition, and to repair and restore what had already been damaged (Old Quebec was eventually recognized by UNESCO as
3080-695: The Connecticut River – from Carrie's brother Beatty Balestier and built their own house. Kipling named this Naulakha , in honour of Wolcott and of their collaboration, and this time the name was spelt correctly. From his early years in Lahore (1882–87), Kipling had become enamoured with the Mughal architecture , especially the Naulakha pavilion situated in Lahore Fort , which eventually inspired
3190-766: The English Channel . Although Kipling did not much care for his new house, whose design, he claimed, left its occupants feeling dispirited and gloomy, he managed to remain productive and socially active. Kipling was now a famous man, and in the previous two or three years had increasingly been making political pronouncements in his writings. The Kiplings had welcomed their first son, John , in August 1897. Kipling had begun work on two poems, " Recessional " (1897) and " The White Man's Burden " (1899), which were to create controversy when published. Regarded by some as anthems for enlightened and duty-bound empire-building (capturing
3300-754: The Gazette ' s larger sister newspaper, The Pioneer , in Allahabad in the United Provinces , where he worked as assistant editor and lived in Belvedere House from 1888 to 1889. Kipling's writing continued at a frenetic pace. In 1888, he published six collections of short stories: Soldiers Three , The Story of the Gadsbys , In Black and White , Under the Deodars , The Phantom Rickshaw , and Wee Willie Winkie . These contain
3410-492: The Gazette . "My month's leave at Simla, or whatever Hill Station my people went to, was pure joy – every golden hour counted. It began in heat and discomfort, by rail and road. It ended in the cool evening, with a wood fire in one's bedroom, and next morn – thirty more of them ahead! – the early cup of tea, the Mother who brought it in, and the long talks of us all together again. One had leisure to work, too, at whatever play-work
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3520-491: The Jungle Books and also corresponding with many children who wrote to him about them. The writing life in Naulakha was occasionally interrupted by visitors, including his father , who visited soon after his retirement in 1893, and the British writer Arthur Conan Doyle , who brought his golf clubs, stayed for two days, and gave Kipling an extended golf lesson. Kipling seemed to take to golf, occasionally practising with
3630-521: The Monroe Doctrine ). This raised hackles in Britain, and the situation grew into a major Anglo-American crisis , with talk of war on both sides. Although the crisis eased into greater United States–British co-operation, Kipling was bewildered by what he felt was persistent anti-British sentiment in the U.S., especially in the press. He wrote in a letter that it felt like being "aimed at with
3740-648: The Muslim and Druze populations. In light of this work in June 1861 he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath . Working with French, Russian, Prussian and Turkish representatives on the commission, Dufferin proved remarkably successful in achieving the objectives of British policy in the area. He upheld Turkish rule in the area, and prevented the French from establishing a client state in Lebanon , later securing
3850-580: The Ottoman Empire from 1881 to 1884. Although he had previously served in Liberal governments, Dufferin had become increasingly alienated from William Ewart Gladstone over issues of home and Irish policy, particularly the Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870 and the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 , both of which tried to resolve issues surrounding the property rights of tenants and landlords. He accepted
3960-733: The Pacific scandal arose when the Conservative government of John A. Macdonald was accused by the Liberal opposition of financial impropriety in relation to the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway . Dufferin prorogued parliament, and established an enquiry which found against the Government, and Macdonald fell from power. In 1873, Dufferin established the Governor General's Academic Medals for superior academic achievement by Canadian students. These medals are
4070-849: The Report on the Conditions of the Lower Classes of Population in Bengal (known as the Dufferin Report). The report highlighted the plight of the poor in Bengal , and was used by nationalists to counter the Anglo-Indian claim that British rule had been beneficial to the poorest members of Indian society. Following publication of the report, Dufferin recommended the establishment of provincial and central councils with Indian membership,
4180-652: The Royal Military College of Canada , and the Intercolonial Railway , were established. In Dufferin's opinion, his two predecessors in the post had not given the position the prominence it deserved. He consciously set out to assume a more active role, and to get to know ordinary Canadians as much as possible. He was at ease speaking with a wide variety of people, both in English and French, and became known for his charm and hospitality. At
4290-729: The Shot tower walked up and down with his traffic." In the next two years, he published a novel, The Light That Failed , had a nervous breakdown , and met an American writer and publishing agent, Wolcott Balestier , with whom he collaborated on a novel, The Naulahka (a title which he uncharacteristically misspelt; see below). In 1891, as advised by his doctors, Kipling took another sea voyage, to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and once again India. He cut short his plans to spend Christmas with his family in India when he heard of Balestier's sudden death from typhoid fever and decided to return to London immediately. Before his return, he had used
4400-413: The oaks , who had held themselves in reserve, buckled on their dull and bronzed cuirasses and stood it out stiffly to the last blown leaf, till nothing remained but pencil-shadings of bare boughs, and one could see into the most private heart of the woods." In February 1896, Elsie Kipling was born, the couple's second daughter. By this time, according to several biographers, their marital relationship
4510-509: The telegram to propose to, and be accepted by, Wolcott's sister, Caroline Starr Balestier (1862–1939), called "Carrie", whom he had met a year earlier, and with whom he had apparently been having an intermittent romance. Meanwhile, late in 1891, a collection of his short stories on the British in India, Life's Handicap , was published in London. On 18 January 1892, Carrie Balestier (aged 29) and Rudyard Kipling (aged 26) married in London, in
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4620-838: The "thick of an influenza epidemic, when the undertakers had run out of black horses and the dead had to be content with brown ones." The wedding was held at All Souls Church in Langham Place , central London. Henry James gave away the bride. Kipling and his wife settled upon a honeymoon that took them first to the United States (including a stop at the Balestier family estate near Brattleboro, Vermont ) and then to Japan. On arriving in Yokohama , they discovered that their bank, The New Oriental Banking Corporation , had failed. Taking this loss in their stride, they returned to
4730-669: The 19th century for people of British origin living in India] and so too would their son, though he spent the bulk of his life elsewhere. Complex issues of identity and national allegiance would become prominent in his fiction." Kipling referred to such conflicts. For example: "In the afternoon heats before we took our sleep, she (the Portuguese ayah , or nanny) or Meeta (the Hindu bearer , or male attendant) would tell us stories and Indian nursery songs all unforgotten, and we were sent into
4840-603: The Dufferins in Canada is reflected by the large number of Canadian schools, streets and public buildings named after them. Lord Dufferin is particularly well remembered in Manitoba, being the first Governor General to visit the province; a statue of him is outside the provincial legislature. After leaving Ottawa in 1878 at the end of his term, Dufferin returned to Great Britain to continue his diplomatic career. He served as ambassador to Imperial Russia from 1879 to 1881 and to
4950-625: The Pacific, "I had left the innocent East far behind.... Weeping softly for O-Toyo.... O-Toyo was a darling." Kipling then travelled through the United States, writing articles for The Pioneer that were later published in From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel . Starting his North American travels in San Francisco, Kipling went north to Portland, Oregon , then Seattle , Washington, up to Victoria and Vancouver , British Columbia, through Medicine Hat , Alberta, back into
5060-613: The School of Art. They had been so moved by the beauty of the Rudyard Lake area that they named their first child after it, Joseph Rudyard. Two of Alice's sisters were married to artists: Georgiana to the painter Edward Burne-Jones , and her sister Agnes to Edward Poynter . A third sister, Louisa, was the mother of Kipling's most prominent relative, his first cousin Stanley Baldwin , who was Conservative Prime Minister of
5170-482: The Tent Room to accommodate the increasing number of functions being held at the Hall. He also attracted ordinary Canadians to the Hall grounds by constructing an ice skating rink, to which he contributed CA$ 1,624.95 of his own money, which was later reimbursed by the government. Public use of the rink was on condition of being "properly dressed". These additions enhanced Rideau Hall's role as an important centre of social affairs. The Dufferins also made extensive use of
5280-472: The U.S., back to Vermont – Carrie by this time was pregnant with their first child – and rented a small cottage on a farm near Brattleboro for $ 10 a month. According to Kipling, "We furnished it with a simplicity that fore-ran the hire-purchase system. We bought, second or third hand, a huge, hot-air stove which we installed in the cellar. We cut generous holes in our thin floors for its eight-inch [20 cm] tin pipes (why we were not burned in our beds each week of
5390-600: The US to Yellowstone National Park , down to Salt Lake City , then east to Omaha, Nebraska and on to Chicago, then to Beaver, Pennsylvania on the Ohio River to visit the Hill family -- Mrs. Edmonia 'Ted' Hill, "eight years older than [him, who had] become Kipling's closest confidante, friend and sometimes collaborator" in British India, and her husband, Professor S. A. Hill, who [had] taught Physical Science at Muir College in Alhallabad. From Beaver, Kipling went to Chautauqua with Professor Hill, and later to Niagara Falls , Toronto, Washington, D.C., New York, and Boston. In
5500-409: The United Kingdom three times in the 1920s and 1930s. Kipling's birth home on the campus of the J. J. School of Art in Bombay was for many years used as the dean's residence. Although a cottage bears a plaque noting it as his birth site, the original one may have been torn down and replaced decades ago. Some historians and conservationists take the view that the bungalow marks a site merely close to
5610-459: The appointment as ambassador to Russia from the Conservative Benjamin Disraeli , further alienating the Liberal leader. Dufferin's time in Russia was quiet from a political and diplomatic point of view, and his papers from this time are concerned mainly with his social life. While in Russia, he began to set his sights on the ultimate diplomatic prize, the Viceroyalty of India . However, Lord Ripon succeeded Lord Lytton in 1880, largely because as
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#17327976007755720-532: The company crashed and led to its insolvency. It subsequently transpired that Wright was a consummate fraudster. Dufferin lost substantial money on his holdings in the company, but was not guilty of any deception and his moral standing remained unaffected. Soon after this misfortune, Dufferin's eldest son, Lord Ava, was killed in the Boer War . Dufferin returned to his country house at Clandeboye , near Bangor , in poor health, and died on 12 February 1902. Lady Dufferin died on 25 October 1936. Dufferin often told
5830-428: The course of this journey he met Mark Twain in Elmira, New York , and was deeply impressed. Kipling arrived unannounced at Twain's home, and later wrote that as he rang the doorbell, "It occurred to me for the first time that Mark Twain might possibly have other engagements other than the entertainment of escaped lunatics from India, be they ever so full of admiration." As it was, Twain gladly welcomed Kipling and had
5940-465: The dining-room after we had been dressed, with the caution 'Speak English now to Papa and Mamma.' So one spoke 'English', haltingly translated out of the vernacular idiom that one thought and dreamed in." Kipling's days of "strong light and darkness" in Bombay ended when he was five. As was the custom in British India, he and his three-year-old sister Alice ("Trix") were taken to the United Kingdom – in their case to Southsea , Portsmouth – to live with
6050-401: The diplomatic service in 1896, he received several offers from financial speculators hoping to use his high reputation to attract investors to their companies. In 1897, worried about the family's financial situation, he was persuaded to become chairman of the London and Globe Finance Corporation, a mining promotion and holding company controlled by Whitaker Wright , but in November 1900 shares in
6160-464: The diplomatic service in 1896, his final years were marred by personal tragedy and a misguided attempt to secure his family's financial position. His eldest son was killed in the Second Boer War and another son was badly wounded. He was chairman of a mining firm that went bankrupt after swindling people, although he was ignorant of the matter. His biographer Davenport-Hines says he was "imaginative, sympathetic, warm-hearted, and gloriously versatile." He
6270-472: The early 17th century. The Blackwood family became prominent landowners in Ulster over the following two hundred years, and were created baronets in 1763, entering the Peerage of Ireland in 1800 as Baron Dufferin . The family had influence in parliament because they controlled the return for the borough of Killyleagh . Marriages in the Blackwood family were often advantageous to their landowning and high-society ambitions. His mother, Helen Selina Sheridan ,
6380-448: The farm and adjoining Forest, some of the time with Stanley Baldwin . In January 1878, Kipling was admitted to the United Services College at Westward Ho! , Devon, a school recently founded to prepare boys for the army. It proved rough going for him at first, but later led to firm friendships and provided the setting for his schoolboy stories Stalky & Co. (1899). While there, Kipling met and fell in love with Florence Garrard, who
6490-421: The father served as Principal of the Mayo College of Art and Curator of the Lahore Museum . Kipling was to be assistant editor of a local newspaper, the Civil and Military Gazette . He sailed for India on 20 September 1882 and arrived in Bombay on 18 October. He described the moment years later: "So, at sixteen years and nine months, but looking four or five years older, and adorned with real whiskers which
6600-428: The first dawnings of The Jungle Books came to Kipling: "The workroom in the Bliss Cottage was seven feet by eight, and from December to April, the snow lay level with its window-sill. It chanced that I had written a tale about Indian Forestry work which included a boy who had been brought up by wolves. In the stillness, and suspense, of the winter of '92 some memory of the Masonic Lions of my childhood's magazine, and
6710-422: The growth of the modern Belfast commuter town of Helen's Bay. After his mother's death, Dufferin's diplomatic career advanced rapidly. He became Governor General of Canada in 1872, and his six-year tenure was a period of rapid change in Canadian history . During his term, Prince Edward Island was admitted to Confederation , and several well-known Canadian institutions, such as the Supreme Court of Canada ,
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#17327976007756820-445: The home of Kipling's birth, as it was built in 1882 – about 15 years after Kipling was born. Kipling seems to have said as much to the dean when visiting J. J. School in the 1930s. Kipling wrote of Bombay: Mother of Cities to me, For I was born in her gate, Between the palms and the sea, Where the world-end steamers wait. According to Bernice M. Murphy, "Kipling's parents considered themselves ' Anglo-Indians ' [a term used in
6930-419: The honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D) from the University of Glasgow in June 1901. Throughout his life, Dufferin was known for living beyond his means and had heavily mortgaged his estates to fund his lifestyle and improvements to the estates. In 1875, with his debts approaching £ 300,000, he was facing insolvency and was forced to sell substantial amounts of land to pay off his creditors. After he retired from
7040-436: The local Congregational minister and even playing with red-painted balls when the ground was covered in snow. However, winter golf was "not altogether a success because there were no limits to a drive; the ball might skid two miles (3.2 km) down the long slope to Connecticut river ." Kipling loved the outdoors, not least of whose marvels in Vermont was the turning of the leaves each fall. He described this moment in
7150-506: The mood of the Victorian era ), the poems were seen by others as propaganda for brazen-faced imperialism and its attendant racial attitudes; still others saw irony in the poems and warnings of the perils of empire. Take up the White Man's burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child. — The White Man's Burden There
7260-400: The most prestigious that school students can be awarded, and more than 50,000 have been awarded. He also instituted several sporting prizes, including the Governor General's Match for shooting, and the Governor General's Curling Trophy. Dufferin made several extensions and improvements to Rideau Hall , the Governor General's official residence. He added a ballroom in 1873, and in 1876 built
7370-447: The occupants including the mysterious man, who had only begun work at the hotel that morning. French journalist Paul Heuzé demonstrated that up to the time of his research in 1922, only one person had been killed in a Grand Hotel lift accident, in 1878, years before Dufferin was in Paris. A more recent investigation by BBC researcher Melvin Harris demonstrated that the story was an urban legend which Dufferin improved upon by telling as
7480-443: The office, so that it was almost dangerous to approach him." The anecdote continues: "In the hot weather when he (Kipling) wore only white trousers and a thin vest, he is said to have resembled a Dalmatian dog more than a human being, for he was spotted all over with ink in every direction." In the summer of 1883, Kipling visited Simla (today's Shimla ), a well-known hill station and the summer capital of British India. By then it
7590-406: The other of family discord. By the early 1890s, the United Kingdom and Venezuela were in a border dispute involving British Guiana . The U.S. had made several offers to arbitrate, but in 1895, the new American Secretary of State Richard Olney upped the ante by arguing for the American "right" to arbitrate on grounds of sovereignty on the continent (see the Olney interpretation as an extension of
7700-422: The political and social climate of the age. The contrasting views of him continued for much of the 20th century. Literary critic Douglas Kerr wrote: "[Kipling] is still an author who can inspire passionate disagreement and his place in literary and cultural history is far from settled. But as the age of the European empires recedes, he is recognised as an incomparable, if controversial, interpreter of how empire
7810-413: The position of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in Prime Minister Gladstone's government. In 1871 he was raised in the Peerage as Earl of Dufferin , in the County of Down, and Viscount Claneboye , of Clandeboye in the County of Down. Lord Dufferin took the name Hamilton by royal licence on 9 September 1862, shortly before his marriage to Hariot Georgina Rowan-Hamilton on 23 October 1862. He
7920-566: The rapid pace of his extensive reforms. To rule with any success, Dufferin would need to gain the support of both communities. By all accounts, he was highly successful in this regard, and gained substantial support from all communities in India. He advanced the cause of the Indian Nationalists greatly during his term, without antagonising the conservative whites. Among other things, the Indian National Congress
8030-516: The removal of a French occupying force in Syria. He also defended the interests of the Druze community, with whom Britain had a long association. The other parties on the commission were inclined to repress the Druze population, but Dufferin argued that had the Christians won the war they would have been just as bloodthirsty. The long-term plan agreed by the commission for the governance of the region
8140-623: The rest." Kipling then crossed the Atlantic to Liverpool in October 1889. He soon made his début in the London literary world, to great acclaim. In London, Kipling had several stories accepted by magazines. He found a place to live for the next two years at Villiers Street , near Charing Cross (in a building subsequently named Kipling House): "Meantime, I had found me quarters in Villiers Street , Strand , which forty-six years ago
8250-529: The rights to his six volumes of stories for £200 and a small royalty, and the Plain Tales for £50; in addition, he received six-months' salary from The Pioneer , in lieu of notice. Kipling decided to use the money to move to London, the literary centre of the British Empire . On 9 March 1889, he left India, travelling first to San Francisco via Rangoon , Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan. Kipling
8360-689: The role of women in colonial life. Following his return from India, Dufferin resumed his ambassadorial career, serving as ambassador to Italy from 1888 to 1891. On 17 November 1888, he was advanced in the peerage as Marquess of Dufferin and Ava , in the County of Down and the Province of Burma , and Earl of Ava , in the Province of Burma. As ambassador to France from 1891 to 1896, he presided over some difficult times in Anglo-French relations, and
8470-578: The same room." John Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor and pottery designer, was the Principal and Professor of Architectural Sculpture at the newly founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art in Bombay. John Lockwood and Alice met in 1863 and courted at Rudyard Lake in Rudyard, Staffordshire , England. They married and moved to India in 1865 after John Lockwood had accepted the position as Professor at
8580-642: The scandalised Mother abolished within one hour of beholding, I found myself at Bombay where I was born, moving among sights and smells that made me deliver in the vernacular sentences whose meaning I knew not. Other Indian-born boys have told me how the same thing happened to them." This arrival changed Kipling, as he explains: "There were yet three or four days' rail to Lahore, where my people lived. After these, my English years fell away, nor ever, I think, came back in full strength." From 1883 to 1889, Kipling worked in British India for local newspapers such as
8690-419: The stay with horror, and wondered if the combination of cruelty and neglect that he experienced there at the hands of Mrs Holloway might not have hastened the onset of his literary life: "If you cross-examine a child of seven or eight on his day's doings (specially when he wants to go to sleep) he will contradict himself very satisfactorily. If each contradiction be set down as a lie and retailed at breakfast, life
8800-541: The subsequent hearing and the resulting publicity, Kipling's privacy was destroyed, and he was left feeling miserable and exhausted. In July 1896, a week before the hearing was to resume, the Kiplings packed their belongings, left the United States and returned to England. By September 1896, the Kiplings were in Torquay , Devon, on the south-western coast of England, in a hillside home (Rock House, Maidencombe) overlooking
8910-541: The title of his novel as well as the house. The house still stands on Kipling Road, three miles (4.8 km) north of Brattleboro in Dummerston, Vermont : a big, secluded, dark-green house, with shingled roof and sides, which Kipling called his "ship", and which brought him "sunshine and a mind at ease". His seclusion in Vermont, combined with his healthy "sane clean life", made Kipling both inventive and prolific. In
9020-521: The whole event might have been just a bad dream, but the next morning his hostess assured him that the next time he saw the apparition, he would die. Some years later Dufferin – by this point, the British ambassador to France – recognised the lift operator at the Grand Hotel in Paris as the man he had seen in the garden in Ireland. He refused to get into the lift and a moment later it crashed, killing
9130-416: The winter I never can understand) and we were extraordinarily and self-centredly content." In this house, which they called Bliss Cottage , their first child, Josephine, was born "in three-foot of snow on the night of 29th December, 1892. Her Mother's birthday being the 31st and mine the 30th of the same month, we congratulated her on her sense of the fitness of things..." It was also in this cottage that
9240-533: Was 15. Despite the great success of Letters From High Latitudes , Dufferin did not pursue a career as an author, although he was known for his skilful writing throughout his career. Instead, he became a public servant, with his first major public appointment in 1860 as British representative on a commission to Syria to investigate the causes of a civil war earlier that year in which the Maronite Christian population had been subject to massacres by
9350-490: Was a popular figure in the court of Queen Victoria , and became well known to the public after publishing a best-selling account of his travels in the North Atlantic. He is now best known as one of the most successful public servants of his time. His long career in public service began as a commissioner to Syria in 1860, where his skilful diplomacy maintained British interests while preventing France from instituting
9460-632: Was accused by some sections of the French press of trying to undermine Franco-Russian relations. During this time he helped establish the Anglo-French Guild which has since evolved into the University of London Institute in Paris (ULIP). After returning from France, Dufferin became President of the Royal Geographical Society , and Rector of the University of Edinburgh and the University of St Andrews . He received
9570-610: Was additionally created Baron Claneboye , of Clandeboye in the County of Down, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . He inherited 18,000 acres in County Down. In 1856, Dufferin commissioned the schooner Foam and set off on a journey around the North Atlantic . He first made landfall on Iceland , where he visited the then very small Reykjavík , the plains of Þingvellir , and Geysir . Returning to Reykjavík, Foam
9680-476: Was also foreboding in the poems, a sense that all could yet come to naught. Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava , KP , GCB , GCSI , GCMG , GCIE , PC (21 June 1826 – 12 February 1902), was a British public servant and prominent member of Victorian society. In his youth he
9790-563: Was an effective leader in Lebanon, Canada and India, averted war with Russia, and annexed Burma. He was careless with money but charming in high society on three continents. He was born Frederick Temple Blackwood into the Ascendancy , Ireland 's Anglo-Irish aristocracy , the son of Price Blackwood, 4th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye . On his father's side, Dufferin was descended from Scottish settlers who had moved to County Down in
9900-700: Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , as the first English-language writer to receive the prize, and at 41, its youngest recipient to date. He was also sounded out for the British Poet Laureateship and several times for a knighthood , but declined both. Following his death in 1936, his ashes were interred at Poets' Corner , part of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey . Kipling's subsequent reputation has changed with
10010-400: Was being treated. Children tell little more than animals, for what comes to them they accept as eternally established. Also, badly-treated children have a clear notion of what they are likely to get if they betray the secrets of a prison-house before they are clear of it." Alice took the children during spring 1877 to Goldings Farm at Loughton , where a carefree summer and autumn was spent on
10120-479: Was boarding with Trix at Southsea (to which Trix had returned). Florence became the model for Maisie in Kipling's first novel, The Light That Failed (1891). Near the end of his schooling, it was decided that Kipling did not have the academic ability to get into Oxford University on a scholarship. His parents lacked the wherewithal to finance him, and so Kipling's father obtained a job for him in Lahore , where
10230-726: Was born in British India , which inspired much of his work. Kipling's works of fiction include the Jungle Book duology ( The Jungle Book , 1894; The Second Jungle Book , 1895), Kim (1901), the Just So Stories (1902) and many short stories, including " The Man Who Would Be King " (1888). His poems include " Mandalay " (1890), " Gunga Din " (1890), " The Gods of the Copybook Headings " (1919), " The White Man's Burden " (1899), and " If— " (1910). He
10340-552: Was distantly related to the Hamilton family by previous marriages, and the union was partly designed to eliminate some long-standing hostilities between the families. Dufferin also took the name of Temple , on 13 November 1872. They had seven surviving children; the two youngest, a son and a daughter, were born in Canada : Shortly after his marriage, he was deeply upset when his mother married his friend George Hay, Earl of Gifford ,
10450-640: Was ex officio Grand Master and Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) and Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire , though he was not appointed GCIE until 1887. Just as in Canada, he presided over some great changes in India. His predecessor as Viceroy, Lord Ripon , while popular with the Indians, was very unpopular with the Anglo-Indians , who objected to
10560-476: Was exiled to Ceylon . In 1882 Dufferin travelled to Egypt as British commissioner, to investigate the reorganization of the country. He wrote a report (known as the Dufferin Report ) detailing how the occupation was to benefit Egypt, with plans for development which were to progressively re-involve Egyptians in running the country. Subsequent reforms proceeded largely along the lines he had proposed. He
10670-573: Was experienced. That, and an increasing recognition of his extraordinary narrative gifts, make him a force to be reckoned with." Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865 in Bombay in the Bombay Presidency of British India , to Alice Kipling (born MacDonald) and John Lockwood Kipling . Alice (one of the four noted MacDonald sisters ) was a vivacious woman, of whom Lord Dufferin would say, "Dullness and Mrs Kipling cannot exist in
10780-457: Was favourably impressed by Japan, calling its people and ways "gracious folk and fair manners". The Nobel Prize committee cited Kipling's writing on the manners and customs of the Japanese when they awarded his Nobel Prize in Literature in 1907. Kipling later wrote that he "had lost his heart" to a geisha whom he called O-Toyo, writing while in the United States during the same trip across
10890-626: Was founded during his term in 1885, and he laid the foundations for the modern Indian Army by establishing the Imperial Service Corps , officered by Indians. He was frequently occupied with external affairs during his tenure. He handled the Panjdeh Incident of 1885 in Afghanistan , in which Russian forces encroached into Afghan territory around the Panjdeh oasis. Britain and Russia had for decades been engaged in
11000-741: Was heavily involved in the events surrounding the occupation . Dufferin managed to ensure that the Ottoman Empire did not attain a military foothold in Egypt, and placated the population of Egypt by preventing the execution of Urabi Pasha , who had seized control of the Egyptian army. Urabi had led the resistance to foreign influence in Egypt, and after the occupation, many in the Cabinet were keen to see him hanged. Dufferin, believing this would only inspire further resistance, instead ensured that Urabi
11110-622: Was in one's head, and that was usually full." Back in Lahore, 39 of his stories appeared in the Gazette between November 1886 and June 1887. Kipling included most of them in Plain Tales from the Hills , his first prose collection, published in Calcutta in January 1888, a month after his 22nd birthday. Kipling's time in Lahore, however, had come to an end. In November 1887, he was moved to
11220-505: Was largely that proposed by Dufferin — that Lebanon should be governed separately from the rest of Syria, by a Christian Ottoman who was not a native of Syria. He was appointed a Knight of the Order of Saint Patrick on 28 January 1864. Dufferin's achievements in Syria launched his long and successful career in public service. In 1864 he became Under- Secretary of State for India , moving to Under-Secretary of War in 1866, and from 1868 he held
11330-660: Was no longer light-hearted and spontaneous. Although they would always remain loyal to each other, they seemed now to have fallen into set roles. In a letter to a friend who had become engaged around this time, the 30‑year‑old Kipling offered this sombre counsel: marriage principally taught "the tougher virtues – such as humility, restraint, order, and forethought." Later in the same year, he temporarily taught at Bishop's College School in Quebec , Canada . The Kiplings loved life in Vermont and might have lived out their lives there, were it not for two incidents – one of global politics,
11440-787: Was permissible in Canadian politics, even going so far as to advise ministers to abandon policies which he thought were mistaken. He followed proceedings in the Parliament with interest, although as the Queen's representative, he was barred from entering the House of Commons . He established an Office of the Governor General in a wing of the Parliament buildings, and Lady Dufferin attended many debates and reported back to him. In 1873,
11550-459: Was primitive and passionate in its habits and population. My rooms were small, not over-clean or well-kept, but from my desk I could look out of my window through the fanlight of Gatti's Music-Hall entrance, across the street, almost on to its stage. The Charing Cross trains rumbled through my dreams on one side, the boom of the Strand on the other, while, before my windows, Father Thames under
11660-558: Was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (civil division) on 15 June 1883. His experiences in Russia and Turkey had further increased his awareness of the British Empire 's place in international affairs, and his time in Russia had provided great insight into the Russian threat to British rule in India . In 1884, he finally achieved his last great diplomatic ambition with his appointment as Viceroy of India . As such, he
11770-622: Was soon suggested that Kipling's "five nations" were the "five free nations of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa [i.e. Cape Colony], and 'the islands of the sea' [i.e. the British Isles]" —all dominated by Britons; and except in the last case, by recent settlers. That suggestion was endorsed some one hundred years later. In an early (1903) review, American critic Bliss Perry delicately called The Five Nations both "a notable collection" and "singularly restricted in range of interest". The poems are divided into two groups. The first
11880-728: Was the granddaughter of the playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan and through her, the family became connected to English literary and political circles. Dufferin was born in 1826 in Florence , then the capital of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in the Italian peninsula , with great advantages. He was educated at Eton and at Christ Church , Oxford , where he became president of the Oxford Union Society for debate, although he left Oxford after only two years without obtaining
11990-532: Was the practice for the Viceroy of India and government to move to Simla for six months, and the town became a "centre of power as well as pleasure". Kipling's family became annual visitors to Simla, and Lockwood Kipling was asked to serve in Christ Church there. Rudyard Kipling returned to Simla for his annual leave each year from 1885 to 1888, and the town featured prominently in many stories he wrote for
12100-421: Was towed north by Prince Napoleon , who was on an expedition to the region in the steamer La Reine Hortense . Dufferin sailed close to Jan Mayen Island , but was unable to land there due to heavy ice and caught only a very brief glimpse of the island through the fog. From Jan Mayen, Foam sailed on to northern Norway , stopping at Hammerfest before sailing for Spitzbergen . On his return, Dufferin published
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