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52-463: A ghoul is an evil spirit from Arabian folklore. Ghoul may also refer to: Ghoul By extension, the word "ghoul" is also used in a derogatory sense to refer to a person who delights in the macabre or whose occupation directly involves death, such as a gravedigger or graverobber . Ghoul is from the Arabic غُول ( ghūl ), from غَالَ ( ghāla ) ' to seize ' . In Arabic,

104-460: A Turkish adhan program as part of its goals, as opposed to the conventional Arabic call to prayer. Following the conclusion of said debates, on the 1 February 1932, the adhan was chanted in Turkish and the practice was continued for a period of 18 years. There was some resistance against the adhan in the Turkish language and protests surged. In order to suppress these protests, in 1941, a new law

156-459: A beautiful, wealthy princess who claims to be his long-lost sister, even though he had no sisters at all. The woodcutter accepts the mysterious princess's invitation to bring him, his abused wife and their numerous children to her palace to live in luxury. However, the wife discovers that the "princess" is in fact a female ghoul (simply referred to as a "monster" in the Britannica adaptation) who

208-655: A non-partisan think tank, expressed concerns that it specifically stifles the rights of Muslims, and restricts their freedom of religion. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait , some cities changed their adhan from the usual hayya 'ala as-salah , meaning "come to prayer", to as-salatu fi buyutikum meaning "pray in your homes" or ala sallu fi rihalikum meaning "pray where you are". Other Muslim countries (notably Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Indonesia) also made this change because Muslims are prohibited to pray in mosques during

260-399: A recitation that is consequently broadcast to the speakers usually mounted on the higher part of the mosque's minarets, thus calling those nearby to prayer. However, in many mosques, the message can also be recorded. This is due to the fact that the "call to prayer" has to be done loudly and at least five times a day. This is usually done by replaying previously recorded "call to prayer" without

312-584: A second call, known as the iqama , summons those already in the mosque to assemble for prayer. Muslims are encouraged to stop their activities and respond to the adhan by performing prescribed prayers, demonstrating reverence for the call to prayer and commitment to their faith. The five prayer times are known in Arabic as fajr ( فجر ), dhuhr ( ظهر ), asr ( عصر ), maghrib ( مغرب ), and isha ( عشاء ). In Turkey , they are called sabah, öğle, ikindi, akşam , and yatsı ;

364-431: A short story by H. P. Lovecraft , ghouls are members of a subterranean race. Their diet of dead human flesh mutated them into bestial humanoids able to carry on intelligent conversations with the living. The story has ghouls set underground with ghoul tunnels that connect ancient human ruins with deep underworlds. Lovecraft hints that the ghouls emerge in subway tunnels to feed on train wreck victims. Lovecraft's vision of

416-464: Is characterised by contrast and contains twelve melodic passages which move from one to another tonal center of one maqam a fourth or fifth apart. Various geographic regions in the Middle East traditionally perform the adhan in particular maqamat: Medina , Saudi Arabia uses Maqam Bayati while Mecca uses Maqam Hijaz. The tempo is mostly slow; it may be faster and with fewer melismas for

468-463: Is heavily rainy, windy, or cold. Another case where this was said was during the COVID-19 lockdown. It may either be said at the end of the adhan, or replacing " ḥayya ʿala ṣ-ṣalāh " and " ḥayya ʿala l-falāḥ "; other ways have also been narrated. Shia sources state Muhammad, according to God's command, ordered the adhan as a means of calling Muslims to prayer. Shia Islam teaches that no one else contributed, or had any authority to contribute, towards

520-475: Is no deity but God, I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God, and I suffice by it (the testimonies) against whoever refuses and fights against it (the testimonies), and I designate by it one who agrees and testifies." Whenever Muhammad's name is mentioned in the adhan or Iqama , it is recommended to recite salawat , a form of the peace be upon him blessing specifically for Muhammad. This salawat

572-1658: Is nothing worthy of worship except God, alone without a partner, and that Muhammad is his servant and messenger. I am pleased with God as lord, with Muhammad as messenger, and with Islam as religion." 2. Prayers and blessings on Muhammad and his family ٱللَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا صَلَّيْتَ عَلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ وَبَارِكْ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ كَمَا بَارَكْتَ عَلَىٰ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعَلَىٰ آلِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ إِنَّكَ حَمِيدٌ مَجِيدٌ allāhumma ṣalli ʿalā muḥammadin wa-ʿalā āli muḥammad , kamā ṣallayta ʿalā ibrāhīma wa-ʿalā āli ibrāhīm , innaka ḥamīdun majīd , wa-bārik ʿalā muḥammadin wa-ʿalā āli muḥammad , kamā bārakta ʿalā ibrāhīma wa-ʿalā āli ibrāhīm , innaka ḥamīdun majīd "O God! Send prayers on Muhammad and on Muhammad's family , like you sent prayers on Abraham and on Abraham's family. Indeed, you are praiseworthy and glorious. And send blessings on Muhammad and on Muhammad's family, like you sent blessings on Abraham and on Abraham's family. Indeed, you are praiseworthy and glorious." 3. Praying for Muhammad's station and virtousness اللَّٰهُمَّ رَبَّ هَٰذِهِ ٱلدَّعْوَةِ ٱلتَّامَّةِ وَٱلصَّلاَةِ ٱلْقَائِمَةِ آتِ مُحَمَّدًا ٱلْوَسِيلَةَ وَٱلْفَضِيلَةَ وَٱبْعَثْهُ مَقَامًا مَحْمُودًا ٱلَّذِي وَعَدْتَهُ إِنَّكَ لَا تُخْلِفُ ٱلْمِيعَادَ allāhumma rabba hādhihi d-daʿwati t-tāmmati wa-ṣ-ṣalāti l-qāʾimah , āti muhammadan il-wasīlata wa-l-faḍīlah , wa-bʿathhu maqāman maḥmūdan illadhī waʿadtah , innaka lā tukhlifu l-mīʿād "O God, lord of this perfect call and established prayer! Give Muhammad

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624-561: Is one of the important duties in the mosque, as his companions and community rely on him in his call for Muslims to come to pray in congregation. The Imam leads the prayer five times a day. The first muezzin in Islam was Bilal ibn Rabah , a freed slave of Abyssinian heritage. ( recommended ) Repeating the two testimonies of faith is recommended according to the Shafi'i school. The first time should be said in low voice to oneself, and

676-402: Is optional to some Shia as justified above. They feel that Ali's Walayah ("Divine Authority") is self-evident, a testification and need not be declared. However, the greatness of God is also taken to be self-evident, but Muslims still declare Allāhu ʾakbar to publicize their faith. This is the reason that the most Shia give for the recitation of the phrase regarding Ali. Sunnis believe that

728-456: Is planning to eat the woodcutter and his family. After narrowly escaping the ghoul's attempts to eat them, the wife and her children flee the palace in the night and leave the woodcutter to be devoured by the ghoul. It was not until Antoine Galland translated One Thousand and One Nights into French that the Western concept of ghouls was introduced into European society. Galland depicted

780-419: Is referred to as ghul while the female is called ghulah . A source identified the Arabic ghoul as a female creature who is sometimes called Mother Ghoul ( ʾUmm Ghulah ) or a relational term such as Aunt Ghoul. She is portrayed in many tales luring hapless characters, who are usually men, into her home where she can eat them. Some state that a ghoul is a desert-dwelling, shapeshifting demon that can assume

832-495: Is said, lonely travelers can escape a ghoul's attack by repeating the adhan (call to prayer). When reciting the Throne Verse , a ghoul, in contrast to a devil, might decide to convert to Islam . The ghoul could appear in male and female shape, but usually appeared female to lure male travelers to devour them. Al-Masudi reports that on his journey to Syria , Umar slew a ghoul with his sword. According to History of

884-467: Is the Islamic call to prayer , usually recited by a muezzin , traditionally from the minaret of a mosque , shortly before each of the five obligatory daily prayers . The adhan is also the first phrase said in the ear of a newborn baby, and often the first thing recited in a new home. It is the first call summoning Muslims to enter the mosque for obligatory ( fard ) prayers ( salawat );

936-605: Is the case for the London Central Mosque . In the event of a religious holidays like Eid al-Fitr , for example in Indonesia , where the Kalimah (speech) has to be recited out loud all day long, mosque operators use this recording method to create a looping recital of the Kalimah . The muezzin is chosen for his ability in reciting the adhan clearly, melodically, and loudly enough for all people to hear. This

988-882: Is usually recited as either ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī wa-sallam ( صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ ), ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālih ( صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ ), or ʾallāhumma ṣalli ʿalā muḥammadin wa-ʾāli muḥammad ( ٱللَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَآلِ مُحَمَّدٍ ). Immediately following the adhan, it is recommended to sit and recite the following dua (supplication): ٱللَّٰهُمَّ ٱجْعَلْ قَلْبِي بَارًّا وَرِزْقِي دَارًّا وَٱجْعَلْ لِي عِنْدَ قَبْرِ نَبِيِّكَ (صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ) قَرَارًا وَمُسْتَقَرًّا ʾallāhumma -jʿal qalbī bārran wa-rizqī dārran wa-jʿal lī ʿinda qabri nabīyika (ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhi waʾ-ālihi wa-sallama) qarāran wa-mustaqarrā "O God! Make my heart to be righteous, and my livelihood to be constant, and my sustenance to be continuous, and Make for me, in

1040-570: The Malabar Coast of India and the Punjab region of India and Pakistan, use the Persian term بانگ , bāng , for the call to public prayer. Another derivative of the word adhān is ʾudhun ( أُذُن ), meaning 'ear'. The muezzin (Arabic: مُؤَذِّن muʾaḏḏin ) is the person who recites the adhan from the mosque . Typically in modern times, this is done using a microphone:

1092-795: The Malikis , Shafi'is , and Hanbalis , view this as only recommended; however, others, including the Hanafis and Zahiris , view it as necessary . Immediately following the adhan, it is recommended to recite the following supplications : 1. A testification of faith وَأَنَا أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ رَضِيتُ بِٱللَّٰهِ رَبًّا وَبِمُحَمَّدٍ رَسُولًا وَبِٱلْإِسْلَامِ دِينًا wa-anā ashhadu an lā ilāha illā llāhu waḥdahu lā sharīka lah , wa-anna muḥammadan ʿabduhu wa-rasūluh , raḍītu bi-llāhi rabbā , wa-bi-muḥammadin rasūlā , wa-bi-l-islāmi dīnā "And I testify that there

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1144-834: The authority , Ali is his authority". Hence, it is recommended to recite the phrase ʿalīyun walī -llāh ("Ali is His [God's] Authority "). In one of the Qiblah of Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah (1035–1094) of Fatemi era masjid of Qahira ( Mosque of Ibn Tulun ) engraved his name and kalimat ash-shahādah as lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāh, muḥammadun rasūlu -llāh, ʿalīyun walīyu -llāh ( لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ عَلِيٌّ وَلِيُّ ٱللَّٰهِ ). Adhan reminds Muslims of these three Islamic teaching Tawhid , Nabuwat and Imamate before each prayer. These three emphasise devotion to God, Muhammad and Imam , which are considered to be so linked together that they can not be viewed separately; one leads to other and finally to God. The phrase

1196-497: The "ghoulish" appearance as they age past adulthood. The fate of the replaced human children is not entirely clear but Pickman offers a clue in the form of a painting depicting mature ghouls as they encourage a human child while it cannibalizes a corpse. This version of the ghoul appears in stories by authors such as Neil Gaiman , Brian Lumley , and Guillermo del Toro . Adhan The adhan ( [ʔaˈðaːn] , Arabic : أَذَان , romanized :  ʔaḏān )

1248-617: The Keysborough Turkish Islamic and Cultural Centre in Melbourne . In 2016, opposition leader Khaleda Zia alleged the government was preventing the broadcasting of adhans through loudspeakers, with government officials citing security concerns for the prime minister Sheikh Hasina ". In 2016, Israel 's ministerial committee approved a draft bill that limits the volume of the use of public address systems for calls to prayer, particularly outdoor loudspeakers for

1300-500: The Prophets and Kings , the rebellious ( maradatuhum ) among the devils and the ghouls have been chased away to the deserts and mountains and valleys a long time ago. A ghoul is said to have stolen dates from the house of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari . When she was caught, she told him that reciting Ayat Al-Kursi will protect his house from devils and other misfortune. In return for this information, he released her. Muhammad told him that

1352-501: The adhan was not written or said by the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, but rather by one of his companions . Abdullah ibn Zayd, a companion of Muhammad, reportedly had a vision in his dream, in which the adhan was revealed to him by God. He related this to his companions; later, this news reached Muhammad, who confirmed it. Because of his stunning voice, Muhammad chose a freed Habeshan slave by the name of Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi to make

1404-459: The adhan, citing it as a factor of noise pollution, the draft bill was never enacted and has been in limbo ever since. The bill was submitted by Knesset member Motti Yogev of the far right Zionist party Jewish Home and Robert Ilatov of the right wing Yisrael Beiteinu . The ban is meant to affect three mosques in Abu Dis village of East Jerusalem , disbarring them from broadcasting

1456-515: The call for prayers. Muhammad preferred the call over the use of bells , used by Christians , and horns , used by Jews . During the Friday prayer (Salat al-Jumu'ah) , there is one adhan but some Sunni Muslims increase it to two adhans; the first is to call the people to the mosque, the second is said before the Imam begins the khutbah ( sermon ). Just before the prayers start, someone amongst

1508-448: The call to prayer. It is common for the muezzin to put his hands to his ears when reciting the adhan. Each phrase is followed by a longer pause and is repeated one or more times according to fixed rules. During the first statement each phrase is limited in tonal range , less melismatic , and shorter. Upon repetition the phrase is longer, ornamented with melismas, and may possess a tonal range of over an octave . The adhan's form

1560-533: The composition of the adhan. Shia sources also narrate that Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi was, in fact, the first person to recite the adhan publicly out loud in front of the Muslim congregation. The fundamental phrase lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh is the foundation stone of Islam along with the belief in it. It declares that "there is no god but Allah". This is the confession of Tawhid or the "doctrine of Oneness [of God]". The phrase Muḥammadun rasūlu -llāh fulfills

1612-1032: The five calls to prayer are sung in different makams , corresponding to the time of day. Adhān , Arabic for 'announcement', from the root adhina , meaning 'to listen, to hear, be informed about', is variously transliterated in different cultures. It is commonly written as athan , or adhane (in French ), azan in Iran and south Asia (in Persian , Dari , Pashto , Hindi , Bengali , Urdu , and Punjabi ), adzan in Southeast Asia ( Indonesian and Malaysian ), and ezan in Turkish , Bosnian and Serbo-Croatian Latin (езан in Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic and Bulgarian , ezani in Albanian ). Muslims in many parts of South Asia, including

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1664-531: The ghoul as a monstrous creature that dwelled in cemeteries, feasting upon corpses. Ghouls are not mentioned in the Quran , but in hadith . Exegetes of the Quran ( tafsir ) conjectured that the ghouls might be burned jinn or devils. Accordingly, the jinn and shayatin (devils) once had access to the heavens, where they eavesdropped, and returned to Earth to pass hidden knowledge to the soothsayers . When Jesus

1716-410: The ghoul spoke the truth, although she is a liar. Other Muslim scholars, like Abī al-Sheikh al-Aşbahânī, describe the ghoul as a kind of female jinn that was able to change its shape and appear to travelers in the wilderness to delude and harm. Although there is an ancient Mesopotamian demonic entity known as ' Gallu ', it is unlikely that it is connected to the origins of the Arabic ghoul. The Gallu

1768-472: The ghoul, shared by associated authors Clark Ashton-Smith and Robert E. Howard , has heavily influenced the collective idea of the ghoul in American culture. Ghouls as described by Lovecraft are dog-faced and hideous creatures but not necessarily malicious. Though their primary (perhaps only) food source is human flesh, they do not seek out or hunt living people. They are able to travel back and forth through

1820-407: The guise of an animal, especially a hyena . It lures unwary people into the desert wastes or abandoned places to slay and devour them. The creature also preys on young children, drinks blood, steals coins, and eats the dead, then taking the form of the person most recently eaten. One of the narratives identified a ghoul named Ghul-e Biyaban, a particularly monstrous character believed to be inhabiting

1872-907: The impending time for prayer is no longer essential now that the times for prayers are well known. While listening to the adhan, it is recommended to repeat the same words silently, except when the adhan reciter (muezzin) says: " أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ " and " أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ " ( ʾašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāh and ʾašhadu ʾanna Muḥammadan rasūlu -llāh ) they silently say: وَأَنَا أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ (صَلَّى ٱللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَآلِهِ وَسَلَّمَ) أَكْتَفِي بِهَا عَمَّنْ أَبَىٰ وَجَحَدَ وَأُعِينُ بِهَا مَنْ أَقَرَّ وَشَهِدَ wa-ʾanā ʾašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāhu wa-ʾašhadu ʾanna muḥammadan rasūlu -llāhi (ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhi wa-ʾālihi wa-sallama) ʾaktafī bihā ʿamman ʾabā wa-jaḥada wa-ʾuʿīnu bihā man ʾaqarra wa-šahid "And I [also] bear witness that there

1924-495: The morning call ( fajr ) prayers. The bill was backed by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu who said: "I cannot count the times — they are simply too numerous — that citizens have turned to me from all parts of Israeli society, from all religions, with complaints about the noise and suffering caused to them by the excessive noise coming to them from the public address systems of houses of prayer." The Israel Democracy Institute ,

1976-454: The pandemic as preventive measures to stop the chain of the outbreak. The basis for the authority to change a phrase in the adhan was justified by Muhammad's instructions while calling for adhan during adverse conditions. The Fittja Mosque in Botkyrka , south of Stockholm , was in 2013 the first mosque to be granted permission for a weekly public call to Friday prayer , on condition that

2028-521: The praying people recites the iqama as in all prayers. The basis for this is that at the time of the Caliph Uthman he ordered two adhans to be made, the first of which was to be made in the marketplace to inform the people that the Friday prayer was soon to begin, and the second adhan would be the regular one held in the mosque. Not all Sunnis prefer two adhans as the need for warning the people of

2080-575: The presence of Your Prophet (God bless him and his progeny and grant him peace) a dwelling and a rest." While listening to the adhan, it is recommended to silently repeat after the caller, except when they say "come to prayer" ( ḥayya ʿala ṣ-ṣalāh ) and "come to success" ( ḥayya ʿala l-falāḥ ), to which it is recommended to silently say " there is no ability and no power except by God, [the Most High, Most Great] " ( lā ḥawla wa-lā quwwata illā bi-llāh [l-ʿaliyyi l-ʿaẓīm ] ). Most scholars, including

2132-402: The presence of a muezzin. This way, the mosque operator has the ability to edit or mix the message and adjust the volume of the message while also not having to hire a full-time muezzin or in case of the absence of a muezzin. This is why in many Muslim countries, the sound of the prayer call can be exactly identical between one mosque and another, as well as between one Salah hour and another, as

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2184-404: The requirement that there should be someone to guide in the name of God, which states Muhammad is God's Messenger. This is the acceptance of prophethood or Nabuwat of Muhammad. Muhammad declared Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor , at Ghadir Khumm , which was required for the continuation of his guidance. According to the hadith of the pond of Khumm , Muhammad stated that "Of whomsoever I am

2236-463: The same year. The usage of loudspeakers to broadcast the adhan was banned in 2009 with Law No. 489 of 26 March 2009 on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Unions . As an extension of the reforms brought about by the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Turkish government at the time, encouraged by Atatürk , introduced secularism to Turkey. The program involved implementing

2288-508: The second should be called out; this was the practice of the people of Mecca . The Maliki school uses the same adhan, except allāhu akbar should only be said twice in the beginning; this was the practice of the people of Medina . Both positions also use a narration in Sahih Muslim as evidence. On rare occasions, the muezzin may say " ṣallu fī buyūtikum " (pray in your homes) or " ṣallu fī riḥālikum " (pray in your dwellings) if it

2340-644: The sound volume does not exceed 60 dB. In Karlskrona (province of Blekinge , southern Sweden) the Islamic association built a minaret in 2017 and has had weekly prayer calls since then. The temporary mosque in Växjö filed for a similar permission in February 2018, which sparked a nationwide debate about the practice. A yearlong permission was granted by the Swedish Police Authority in May

2392-403: The station and virtuousness, and raise him to the praiseworthy station that you promised him. Indeed, you do not neglect promises." 4. Any personal supplication made to God between the adhan and iqamah. It was narrated this is a time when supplications are especially answered and not rejected. The call to prayer is said after entering the time of prayer. The muezzin usually stands during

2444-628: The sunset prayer. During festivals, it may be performed antiphonally as a duet . Duration can be 1 minutes, but also longer, and then continuing with the shorter iqama. There are controversies due to community-centric disagreements at mosques in Australia, such as ongoing parking disputes at Al Zahra in Arncliffe, noise complaints at Gallipoli Mosque and Lakemba Mosque in Sydney , and public filming at Albanian Australian Islamic Society and

2496-578: The term is also sometimes used to describe a greedy or gluttonous individual. The term was first used in English literature in 1786 in William Beckford 's Orientalist novel Vathek , which describes the ghūl of Arabic folklore. This definition of the ghoul has persisted until modern times with ghouls appearing in popular culture . In Arabic folklore, the ghul is said to dwell in cemeteries and other uninhabited places. A male ghoul

2548-469: The wall of sleep. This is demonstrated in Lovecraft's " The Dream Quest of Unknown Kadath " in which Randolph Carter encounters Pickman in the dream world after his complete transition into a mature ghoul. Ghouls in this vein are also changelings in the traditional way. The ghoul parent abducts a human infant and replaces it with one of its own. Ghouls appear entirely human as children but begin to take on

2600-462: The wilderness of Afghanistan and Iran . Al-Dimashqi describes the ghoul as cave-dwelling animals who only leave at night and avoid the light of the sun. They would eat both humans and animals. In a Syrian folktale, The Woodcutter's Wealthy Sister , which was adapted into a animated story in the series Britannica's Tales Around the World , a poor, arrogant and spiteful woodcutter encounters

2652-604: Was an Akkadian demon of the underworld responsible for the abduction of the vegetation god Dumuzid to the realm of death. The name is derived from Sumerian ' gal5-lá' , which was originally a term for a policeman (Katz 2003: 127-135). The word ghoul entered the English tradition and was further identified as a grave-robbing creature that feeds on dead bodies and children. In the West , ghouls have no specific shape and have been described by Edgar Allan Poe as "neither man nor woman... neither brute nor human." In " Pickman's Model ",

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2704-401: Was born, three heavenly spheres were forbidden to them. With the arrival of Muhammad , the other four were forbidden. The marid among the shayatin continued to rise to the heavens, but were burned by comets. If these comets didn't burn them to death, they were deformed and driven to insanity. They then fell to the deserts and were doomed to roam the earth as ghouls. In one hadith it

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