80-596: The Hollow Crown may refer to: a passage in Shakespeare's play Richard II The Hollow Crown (anthology) , a 1961 work by John Barton The Hollow Crown (TV series) , a BBC adaptation of Shakespeare plays Hollow Crown , a 2009 album by British metalcore band Architects Dan Jones ' The Wars of the Roses: The Fall of the Plantagenets and
160-449: A French chronicle offers the only support for the modern assertion that Edward was styled 'of Norwich', and both Cokayne and Horrox suggest that the phrase 'de Norwik' found therein is a corruption or misreading of 'Deverwik', the usual French rendering for the phrase 'of York' at the time. Edward was knighted at the coronation of his cousin, King Richard II , on 16 July 1377, and in May 1387
240-448: A body natural, and a body politic . The theme of the king's two bodies is pertinent throughout Richard II , from the exile of Bolingbroke to the deposition of King Richard II. The body natural is a mortal body, subject to all the weaknesses of mortal human beings. On the other hand, the body politic is a spiritual body which cannot be affected by mortal infirmities such as disease and old age. These two bodies form one indivisible unit, with
320-543: A performance at the Globe Theatre on the eve of their armed rebellion. By this agreement, reported at the trial of Essex by the Chamberlain's Men actor Augustine Phillips , the conspirators paid the company forty shillings "above the ordinary" (i.e., above their usual rate) to stage this play, which the players felt was too old and "out of use" to attract a large audience. Eleven of Essex's supporters attended
400-518: A reference to the still-living Richard, an ambitious nobleman, Exton, goes to the prison and murders him. King Henry is appalled by the murder and vows to journey to Jerusalem to cleanse himself of his part in Richard's death. In his final lines, Henry completes the tragic structure of the play by mourning over Richard's coffin and affording the deposed king forgiveness. Shakespeare's primary source for Richard II , as for most of his chronicle histories,
480-780: A sensation in his 1937 Broadway performance, revived it in New York in 1940 and then immortalised it on television for the Hallmark Hall of Fame in 1954. In England, Paul Scofield , who played it at the Old Vic in 1952, was considered the definitive Richard of more modern times. In the 1968–1970 seasons of the Prospect Theatre Company , Ian McKellen made a breakthrough performance as Richard, opposite Timothy West as Bolingbroke. The production, directed by Richard Cottrell , toured Britain and Europe, featuring in
560-407: A symbol of his royal power and is of more concern to him than his actual kingly duties. The play was performed and published late in the reign of Elizabeth I of England , at a time when the queen's advanced age made succession an important political concern. The historical parallels in the succession of Richard II may not have been intended as political comment on the contemporary situation, with
640-414: A tripartite indenture that proposed a threefold division of the kingdom. This agreement was apparently connected to a plot to free Mortimer's nephew Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March , from King Henry's custody and carry him into Wales. On 13 February 1405, the young Edmund Mortimer and his brother Roger were abducted from Windsor Castle, but quickly recaptured near Cheltenham . Edward's sister Constance
720-476: Is alleged by a French chronicler to have betrayed to the King a conspiracy at the end of 1399 by a group of Richard II's former favourites who planned to murder Henry IV and his sons at a jousting tournament at Windsor Castle on 6 January 1400. But according to James Tait, contemporary English sources that describe the conspiracy make no mention of Edward, and his role in it is open to question. In October 1400,
800-506: Is determined to hang onto his kingship even though the title no longer fits his appearance. However, at Westminster the image of the divine kingship is supported by the Bishop of Carlisle rather than Richard, who at this point is becoming mentally unstable as his authority slips away. Biblical references are used to liken the humbled king to the humbled Christ. The names of Judas and Pilate are used to further extend this comparison. Before Richard
880-504: Is modified to portray a central political theme: the rise of Bolingbroke to the throne and the conflict between Richard and Bolingbroke over the kingship. In Acts IV and V, Shakespeare includes incidents irrelevant to Richard's fate that are resolved in the future plays of the Richard II – Henry V tetralogy. The literary critic Hugh M. Richmond notes that Richard's beliefs about the divine right of kings tend to fall more in line with
SECTION 10
#1732780514830960-456: Is more eloquent than that of the earlier history plays, and serves to set the tone and themes of the play. Shakespeare uses lengthy verses, metaphors, similes and soliloquies to reflect Richard's character as a man who likes to analyse situations rather than act upon them. He always speaks in tropes, using analogies such as the sun as a symbol of his kingly status. Richard places great emphasis on symbols that govern his behaviour. His crown serves as
1040-461: Is nothing like a hypothetical manuscript to resolve an awkwardness of chronology", as Hayward noted he had written the work several years before its publication. Hayward dedicated his version to Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex , and when Essex was arrested for rebellion in February 1601 Hayward had already been imprisoned, to strengthen the case against the earl for "incitement to the deposing of
1120-498: Is presented by the anonymous play sometimes known as The First Part of Richard II . This play, which exists in one incomplete manuscript copy (at the British Museum ), is subtitled Thomas of Woodstock , and scholars since F. S. Boas have usually called it by that name. This play treats the events leading up to the start of Shakespeare's play (though the two texts do not have identical characters). This closeness, along with
1200-558: Is sent to his death, he "un-kings" himself by giving away his crown, sceptre, and the balm that is used to anoint a king to the throne. The mirror scene is the final end to the dual personality. After examining his plain physical appearance, Richard shatters the mirror on the ground and thus relinquishes his past and present as king. Stripped of his former glory, Richard finally releases his body politic and retires to his body natural and his own inner thoughts and griefs. Critic J. Dover Wilson notes that Richard's double nature as man and martyr
1280-528: Is the dilemma that runs through the play eventually leading to Richard's death. Richard acts the part of a royal martyr, and due to the spilling of his blood, England continually undergoes civil war for the next two generations. The play ends with the rise of Bolingbroke to the throne, marking the start of a new era in England. According to historical research, an English translation of Machiavelli 's The Prince might have existed as early as 1585, influencing
1360-459: Is very formal, with a long, ceremonial introduction, but as the combatants are about to fight, Richard interrupts and sentences both men to banishment from England. Bolingbroke is originally sentenced to ten years' banishment, but Richard reduces this to six years upon seeing John of Gaunt's grieving face. Mowbray is banished permanently. The king's decision can be seen as the first mistake in a series leading eventually to his overthrow and death, since
1440-448: Is what ultimately leads to Richard's failure, adding that Bolingbroke's ability to relate and speak with those of the middle and lower classes allows him to take the throne. Although it is largely historically accurate, Richard II is a tragedy. Most of Shakespeare's tragedies follow a similar arc: a series of catastrophes lead to a death, which resolves in forgiveness. Richard II follows this pattern. A long line of mistakes, mostly on
1520-515: The Duke of Alençon . York's intervention saved the King's life but cost Edward his own. His death has been variously attributed to a head wound and to being 'smouldered to death' by 'much heat and pressing'. Edward was buried in the Church of St Mary and All Saints, Fotheringhay , where he had earlier established a college for a master and twelve chaplains. The monument now in the church was erected during
1600-728: The Armagnac party against the Burgundians . Henry IV died on 20 March 1413. Edward may have returned to England for a brief time after the King's death, but by June 1413 he was preparing to campaign in Aquitaine. In August he was in Paris, negotiating for a marriage between the new King, Henry V , and Catherine of Valois , daughter of King Charles VI of France , but was back in England in October and active in diplomatic negotiations in
1680-727: The Channel Islands , Constable of the Tower , Warden of the New Forest , Keeper of Carisbrooke Castle and Lord of the Isle of Wight . On 11 July 1397, Richard II arrested his uncle Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester . Edward was granted Gloucester's office of Constable of England on 12 July and was one of an eight-member commission that on 5 August determined to accuse Gloucester, Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick , and Richard FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel of high treason. Edward
SECTION 20
#17327805148301760-623: The Duke of Aumerle (son of the Duke of York ), cousin of both Richard and Bolingbroke. When Richard leaves England to attend to the war in Ireland, Bolingbroke seizes the opportunity to assemble an army and invades the north coast of England. Executing both Bushy and Green, Bolingbroke wins over the Duke of York, whom Richard has left in charge of his government in his absence. Upon Richard's return, Bolingbroke not only reclaims his lands but lays claim to
1840-599: The Edinburgh Festival in 1969 and on BBC TV in 1970. In 1974, Ian Richardson and Richard Pasco alternated the roles of Richard and Bolingbroke in a production from John Barton at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre : nearly fifty years later this was still a standard by which performances were being judged. One of the most accessible versions was the 1978 television production by the BBC of
1920-563: The First Folio (1623) includes the play among the histories, the earlier Quarto edition of 1597 calls it The Tragedie of King Richard the second . The play spans only the last two years of Richard's life, from 1398 to 1400. It begins with King Richard sitting majestically on his throne in full state, having been requested to arbitrate a dispute between Thomas Mowbray and Richard's cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV , who has accused Mowbray of squandering money Richard gave him for
2000-681: The Hart Hounds. Between 1406 and 1413 he translated and dedicated to the Prince of Wales the Livre de Chasse of Gaston III, Count of Foix , one of the most famous of the hunting treatises of the Middle Ages , to which he added five chapters of his own, the English version being known as The Master of Game . As a grandson of the sovereign in the male line Edward of Norwich bore the arms of
2080-542: The King during a campaign in Ireland in 1394–5. Prior to that, although no patent has been found, he was created Earl of Cork . He used the styles of Rutland and Cork throughout the remainder of his life. In the late 1390s, Edward was sent on embassies to France and to the Count Palatine and was appointed to numerous offices, including Constable of Dover Castle , Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports , Keeper of
2160-507: The King made Edward Keeper of North Wales, and on 5 July 1401, his lieutenant in Aquitaine . On 1 August 1402, Edward's father died, and he succeeded to the Duchy of York , at which time his earldom of Rutland became extinct by the terms of its charter, although he continued to sign himself Earl of Rutland. By May 1403, he was back in England. He was employed by the King in a campaign in Wales in
2240-585: The Queen". That Hayward had made his dedication was fortunate for Shakespeare; otherwise he too might have lost his liberty over the affair. Shakespeare's play appears to have played a minor role in the events surrounding the final downfall of Essex. On 7 February 1601, just before the uprising, supporters of the Earl of Essex, among them Charles and Joscelyn Percy (younger brothers of the Earl of Northumberland ), paid for
2320-583: The Rise of the Tudors , New York, Viking, 2014, ISBN 978-0-670-02667-8 ; also published as The Hollow Crown: The Wars of the Roses and the Rise of the Tudors , London, 2014, ISBN 978-0-571-28807-6 . Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Hollow Crown . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
2400-528: The Saturday performance. Elizabeth was aware of the political ramifications of the story of Richard II: according to a well-known but dubious anecdote, in August 1601 she was reviewing historical documents relating to the reign of Richard II when she supposedly remarked to her archivist William Lambarde , "I am Richard II, know ye not that?" In the same historical report the Queen is said to have complained that
2480-585: The Second , often shortened to Richard II , is a history play by William Shakespeare believed to have been written around 1595. Based on the life of King Richard II of England (ruled 1377–1399), it chronicles his downfall and the machinations of his nobles. It is the first part of a tetralogy , referred to by some scholars as the Henriad , followed by three plays about Richard's successors: Henry IV, Part 1 ; Henry IV, Part 2 ; and Henry V . Although
The Hollow Crown - Misplaced Pages Continue
2560-460: The Stuart court by highlighting Richard's noble qualities and downplaying his weaknesses. Neither expedient prevented the play from being "silenc'd on the third day," as Tate wrote in his preface. Lewis Theobald staged a successful and less troubled adaptation in 1719 at Lincoln's Inn Fields ; Shakespeare's original version was revived at Covent Garden in 1738. The play had limited popularity in
2640-430: The Tower on 31 August 1399, shortly after his accession. On 20 October 1399, he was imprisoned at Windsor Castle , and on 3 November deprived of the dukedom of Aumale, but not his other titles. Edward's period of disfavour was not long-lasting, however. The King confirmed him in his offices in connection with the Channel Islands and the Isle of Wight , and by 4 December 1399 had made him a member of his council. Edward
2720-643: The aborted judicial combat between Henry Bolingbroke, the future Henry IV and Thomas de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk , which ended with Bolingbroke and Norfolk being exiled by King Richard. Additional royal grants followed during the final years of King Richard's reign. On 10 February 1398 Edward was appointed Warden of the West March . On 11 August 1398 he was granted custody of the lands of Roger Mortimer, Earl of March , during Mortimer's son 's minority, and on 20 March 1399 lands which had lately belonged to John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster , and which were part of
2800-511: The authenticity of this record is doubted. The play was performed at the Globe on 12 June 1631. The play retained its political charge in the Restoration : a 1680 adaptation at Drury Lane by Nahum Tate was suppressed for its perceived political implications. Tate attempted to mask his version, called The Sicilian Usurper , with a foreign setting; he attempted to blunt his criticism of
2880-692: The bigger events of the play. Even Bolingbroke's last statement follows Machiavellian philosophy as he alludes to making a voyage to the Holy Land, since Machiavellian philosophy states rulers must appear pious. Therefore, this particular play can be viewed as a turning point in the history of England as the throne is taken over by a more commanding king in comparison to King Richard II. On 9 December 1595, Sir Robert Cecil enjoyed "K. Richard" at Sir Edward Hoby's house in Canon Row, and it might have been Shakespeare's Richard II , although some suspected that it
2960-595: The body politic superior to the body natural. Many critics agree that in Richard II , this central theme of the king's two bodies unfolds in three main scenes: the scenes at the Coast of Wales, at Flint Castle, and at Westminster. At the coast of Wales, Richard has just returned from a trip to Ireland and kisses the soil of England, demonstrating his kingly attachment to his kingdom. This image of kingship gradually fades as Bolingbroke's rebellion continues. Richard starts to forget his kingly nature as his mind becomes occupied by
3040-412: The bookseller Andrew Wise ; he published the first quarto later that year, printed by Valentine Simmes . The second and third quartos followed in 1598—the only time a Shakespeare play was printed in three editions in two years. Q4 followed in 1608 and Q5 in 1615. The play was next published in the First Folio in 1623. Richard II exists in a number of variations. The quartos vary to some degree, and
3120-435: The death of the Duke of Gloucester—in fact, by handling the situation so high-handedly and offering no coherent explanation for his reasoning, Richard only manages to appear more guilty. Mowbray correctly predicts that the king will sooner or later fall at the hands of Bolingbroke. After an impassioned invective against the visiting king from his sick-bed, John of Gaunt dies and Richard seizes all his land and money. This angers
3200-467: The early twentieth century, but John Gielgud exploded onto the world's theatrical consciousness, through his performance as Richard at the Old Vic Theatre in 1929, returning to the character in 1937 and 1953 in what ultimately was considered as the definitive performance of the role. Another legendary Richard was Maurice Evans , who first played the role at the Old Vic in 1934 and then created
3280-404: The error highlights many of his character flaws, including indecisiveness (in terms of whether to allow the duel to go ahead), abruptness (Richard waits until the last possible moment to cancel the duel), and arbitrariness (there is no apparent reason Bolingbroke should be allowed to return and Mowbray not). In addition, the decision fails to dispel the suspicions surrounding Richard's involvement in
The Hollow Crown - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-555: The fall of that year, and on 12 November, he was appointed Lieutenant for South Wales for three years. Both this and his appointment in Aquitaine proved very costly, and by June 1404, he had sold or pledged his plate and was contemplating mortgaging his lands to pay his troops in Wales. In February 1405, the Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr , Glyndŵr's son-in-law Sir Edmund Mortimer and Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland , entered into
3440-478: The final months prior to Henry V's invasion of France in 1415. A few days before the invasion of France, King Henry uncovered the Southampton Plot and the participation in it of Edward's younger brother, Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge , for which the younger brother was beheaded on 5 August 1415. Edward himself was not implicated in the conspiracy, and he departed with the army for France. He
3520-514: The folio presents further differences. The first three quartos (printed in 1597 and 1598, commonly assumed to have been prepared from Shakespeare's holograph) lack the deposition scene. The fourth, published in 1608, includes a version of the scene shorter than the one later printed, presumably from a prompt-book , in the First Folio. The scant evidence makes explaining these differences largely conjectural. Traditionally, it has been supposed that
3600-410: The formula stated by Machiavelli. At the start of Richard II , Bolingbroke accuses Mowbray and ulteriorly attacks the government of King Richard. He keeps Northumberland by his side as a tool to control certain constituents. From the minute Bolingbroke comes into power, he destroys the faithful supporters of Richard such as Bushy, Green and the Earl of Wiltshire. Also, Bolingbroke is highly concerned with
3680-425: The inheritance of his son, Henry Bolingbroke, the future King Henry IV . In May 1399, Edward accompanied King Richard to Ireland, and in the King's absence, Henry Bolingbroke (the future King Henry IV ) landed towards the end of June near Ravenspur , Yorkshire , with a small band of exiles. During the following three weeks, Bolingbroke's forces were augmented by loyal Lancastrian supporters and were soon joined by
3760-462: The king's soldiers and of murdering Bolingbroke's uncle, the Duke of Gloucester . Bolingbroke's father, John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster, meanwhile, believes Richard himself was responsible for his brother's murder. After several attempts to calm both men, Richard acquiesces and it is determined that the matter be resolved in the established method of trial by battle between Bolingbroke and Mowbray, despite Gaunt's objections. The tournament scene
3840-531: The kingdom during King Richard's absence, and had raised an army on hearing of Bolingbroke's landing in Yorkshire, capitulated to Bolingbroke at Berkeley on 27 July. Edward speedily deserted to Bolingbroke as well and was reportedly wearing Bolingbroke's livery when he was among those sent by Bolingbroke to the King at Flint Castle . In response to public animosity towards King Richard's closest associates, Henry IV deprived Edward of his office of Constable of
3920-502: The kingdom, differenced by a label 3-point, per pale Castile and Leon . In 1402 he inherited his father's arms, which were those of the kingdom differentiated by a label argent of three points, each bearing three torteaux gules . As the Duke of Aumerle, Edward of Langley is a major character in William Shakespeare 's Richard II . His death at Agincourt (as Duke of York) is portrayed in Shakespeare's Henry V . There
4000-412: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hollow_Crown&oldid=1045721495 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Richard II (play) The Life and Death of King Richard
4080-421: The maintenance of legality to the kingdom, an important principle of Machiavellian philosophy, and therefore makes Richard surrender his crown and physical accessories to erase any doubt as to the real heir to the throne. Yet, Irving Ribner still notes a few incidents where Bolingbroke does not follow true Machiavellian philosophy, such as his failure to destroy Aumerle, but such incidents are minuscule compared with
SECTION 50
#17327805148304160-539: The manuscript's anonymity, have led certain scholars to attribute all or part of the play to Shakespeare, though many critics view it as a secondary influence on Shakespeare, not as his work. The earliest recorded performance of Richard II was a private one, in Canon Row, the house of Edward Hoby , on 9 December 1595. The play was entered into the Register of the Stationers Company on 29 August 1597 by
4240-447: The medieval view of the throne. Bolingbroke, on the other hand, represents a more modern view of the throne, arguing that not only bloodline but also intellect and political savvy contribute to the makings of a good king. Richard believes that as king he is chosen and guided by God. Therefore, in his eyes, he is not subject to human frailty and may exert total control over his subjects. Elliott argues that mistaken notion of his role as king
4320-542: The most powerful of the northern magnates, Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland and Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmorland . King Richard's fatal decision to divide his army while still in Ireland has been attributed to advice from Edward. The King sent some of his troops ahead to North Wales under the command of the John Montacute, Earl of Salisbury , and about 19 July arrived at Milford Haven in South Wales with
4400-433: The nobility, who accuse Richard of wasting England's money, of taking Gaunt's money (belonging by rights to his son, Bolingbroke) to fund war in Ireland, of taxing the commoners, and of fining the nobles for crimes their ancestors committed. They then help Bolingbroke return secretly to England, with a plan to overthrow Richard. There remain, however, subjects loyal to the king. Among them are Bushy, Bagot, and Green, as well as
4480-536: The noble class, uses a more plain and direct language. In Richard II , besides the usual blank verse (unrhymed pentameters), there are long stretches of heroic couplets (pairs of rhymed pentameters ). The play contains a number of memorable metaphors, including the extended comparison of England with a garden in Act III, Scene iv and of its reigning king to a lion or to the sun in Act IV. The language of Richard II
4560-462: The others being King John and the first and third parts of Henry VI . It thus contains no prose . There are also great differences in the characters' use of language. Traditionally, Shakespeare uses prose to distinguish social classes: the upper classes generally speak in poetry while the lower classes speak in prose. In Richard II , there is no prose, but Richard uses flowery, metaphorical language in his speeches, whereas Bolingbroke, also of
4640-418: The part of Richard himself, lead to his incarceration and murder. But when his body is presented to Henry IV, the now-king declares, "although I did wish him dead, I hate the murderer, love the murderèd." This line affords Richard absolution and cements this play's place among Shakespeare's tragedies. Unusually for Shakespeare, Richard II is written entirely in verse , one of only four of his plays that are,
4720-609: The play was performed forty times in "open streets and houses" but there is no extant evidence to corroborate this tale. At any rate, the Chamberlain's Men do not appear to have suffered for their association with the Essex group; but they were commanded to perform it for the Queen on Shrove Tuesday in 1601, the day before Essex's execution. In his analysis of medieval political theology , The King’s Two Bodies , Ernst Kantorowicz describes medieval kings as containing two bodies:
4800-471: The play with David Tennant in the lead role in 2013. It has been released as a Cineplex Odeon special worldwide movie event. Tennant reprised the role for his U.S. stage debut, at BAM , in April 2016. The Almeida Theatre , Islington, London, produced the play with Simon Russell Beale in the lead role in 2019. Duke of Aumerle Edward, 2nd Duke of York , ( c. 1373 – 25 October 1415)
4880-473: The play, shown as part of "The Shakespeare Plays" (a several years-long project to put all of Shakespeare's plays on tape). This version, still available on DVD, starred Derek Jacobi as Richard, with John Gielgud making an appearance as John of Gaunt. In 1997, Fiona Shaw played the role as a man. More recently, the play was staged by Trevor Nunn in modern costume at the Old Vic in 2005, with Kevin Spacey in
SECTION 60
#17327805148304960-588: The quartos lack the deposition scene because of censorship, by either the playhouse or the Master of the Revels Edmund Tylney , and that the Folio version may better reflect Shakespeare's original intentions. But there is no external evidence for this hypothesis, and the title page of the 1608 quarto refers to a "lately acted" deposition scene (although, again, this could be due to earlier censorship that
5040-520: The rebellion. This change is portrayed in the scene at Flint Castle during which the unity of the two bodies disintegrates and the king starts to use more poetic and symbolic language. Richard's body politic has been shaken as his followers have joined Bolingbroke's army, diminishing Richard's military capacity. He has been forced to give up his jewels, losing his kingly appearance. He loses his temper at Bolingbroke, but then regains his composure as he starts to remember his divine side. At Flint Castle, Richard
5120-576: The reign of Queen Elizabeth I . As Edward did not have any sons, his four-year-old nephew Richard , son of his brother Richard, inherited the titles of Duke of York and Earl of Rutland. As head of the House of York Richard would go on to challenge the Lancastrian claims to the English crown and thus start the Wars of the Roses . He married twice, but left no children: York was Henry IV's Master of
5200-541: The reigns of the kings of England. Critic Irving Ribner notes that a manifestation of Machiavellian philosophy may be seen in Bolingbroke. Machiavelli wrote The Prince during a time of political chaos in Italy, and writes down a formula by which a leader can lead the country out of turmoil and return it to prosperity. Bolingbroke seems to be a leader coming into power at a time England is in turmoil, and follows closely
5280-575: The rest of his forces. News of the strength of Bolingbroke's army then caused the King to desert the troops with him and travel to North Wales in an attempt to join Salisbury. However Salisbury's troops, having heard rumours of the King's death, had dispersed, and the army left behind by the King did so as well. Although he could have made his escape by sea, the King ensnared himself in negotiations with Bolingbroke. Meanwhile, Edward's father Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York , who had been left in charge of
5360-516: The right wing of the English army. Edward of Norwich was born c. 1373 , likely at Langley, now Kings Langley in Hertfordshire . He was the eldest son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (a younger son of King Edward III of England ), and his first wife, Isabella of Castile (a daughter of King Peter of Castile ). He had a sister Constance and a younger brother Richard, 3rd Earl of Cambridge . According to G. E. Cokayne,
5440-542: The throne. After a dramatic, public ceremony where he has the captive king publicly renounce his crown, he crowns himself King Henry IV , and has Richard taken prisoner in the castle of Pomfret . Aumerle and others plan a rebellion against the new king, but York discovers his son's treachery and reveals it to Henry. The King executes every conspirator except Aumerle, who is spared after the Duchess of York intervenes on his behalf. After interpreting King Henry's "living fear" as
5520-538: The title role, and by Michael Grandage at the Donmar Warehouse in 2011–12 with Eddie Redmayne in the title role. Additionally the role was played by Mark Rylance at the Globe Theatre in 2003. An often overlooked production, the lead actor handles the character in, as The Guardian noted, perhaps the most vulnerable way ever seen. The play returned to the Globe in 2015 with Charles Edwards in
5600-497: The title role. In summer 2012, BBC Two broadcast a filmed adaptation together with other plays in the Henriad under the series title The Hollow Crown with Ben Whishaw as Richard II. No film version for cinema release has ever been made; however, the 1949 film Train of Events includes a sub-plot featuring an amateur dramatics society performing the last scenes of Richard II . The Royal Shakespeare Company produced
5680-519: The weak Richard II analogous to Queen Elizabeth and an implicit argument in favour of her replacement by a monarch capable of creating a stable dynasty, but lawyers investigating John Hayward 's historical work The First Part of the Life and Raigne of King Henrie IV , a book previously believed to have taken from Shakespeare's Richard II , made this connection. Samuel Schoenbaum contests that Hayward had written his work before Richard II , joking that "there
5760-503: Was Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande ; the publication of the second edition in 1587 provides a terminus post quem for the play. Edward Hall 's The Union of the Two Illustrious Families of Lancaster and York appears also to have been consulted, and scholars have also supposed Shakespeare familiar with Samuel Daniel 's poem on the civil wars. A somewhat more complicated case
5840-545: Was a different play, a painting, or a historical document. Another commissioned performance of a different type occurred at the Globe Theatre on 7 Feb. 1601. This was the performance paid for by supporters of the Earl of Essex's planned revolt (see Historical Context above). It is said that on 30 September 1607, the crew of Capt. William Keeling acted Richard II aboard the British East India Company ship The Red Dragon , off Sierra Leone , but
5920-508: Was admitted to the Order of the Garter . He was close to the King throughout his life, and benefited even in his youth from numerous royal grants and appointments. On 25 February 1390, the King created him Earl of Rutland , and on 22 March 1391 made him admiral of the northern fleet; he was made sole admiral the following November. In 1392, he became a member of King Richard's council, and was with
6000-513: Was again made Constable of the Tower and continued to serve in a military capacity in Wales. In the conflict over foreign policy between Henry IV and his heir, the Prince of Wales (the future King Henry V), that developed in the final years of Henry IV's reign, Edward apparently sided with the King. In 1412, he was again in France, this time in the company of the King's second son Thomas , to assist
6080-475: Was an English nobleman , military commander and magnate . He was the eldest son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York , and a grandson of King Edward III of England . He held significant appointments during the reigns of Richard II , Henry IV , and Henry V , and is also known for his translation of the hunting treatise The Master of Game . He was killed in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt , whilst commanding
6160-458: Was held responsible and accused her brother of involvement in the failed abduction. He at first denied the charge, but later admitted to knowledge of the conspiracy. He was arrested and imprisoned for 17 weeks at Pevensey Castle , after which he petitioned for release, and by October was gradually being returned to favour. His lands were restored to him on 8 December 1405, and in November 1406, he
6240-477: Was later accused of having sent his servants to assist in Gloucester's subsequent murder at Calais , an allegation he denied. However, on 28 September 1397, he received a large grant of Gloucester, Warwick and Arundel's forfeited lands. On 29 September, he was created Duke of Aumale , a title that had earlier been granted to Gloucester on 3 September 1385. On 16 September 1398 Edward presided as constable over
6320-408: Was later relaxed). The play is divided into five acts and its structure is as formal as its language. It has a double complementary plot describing Richard II's fall and the rise of Bolingbroke, later known as Henry IV. Critic John R. Elliott Jr. notes that this play can be distinguished from the other history plays because it has an ulterior political purpose. Shakespearean tragedy's normal structure
6400-519: Was present at the Siege of Harfleur , where he made his will on 17 August 1415, then he commanded the van on the army's march through northern France. He commanded the right wing at the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415, during which he became the highest-ranking English casualty. According to some, he rushed forward to save King Henry V who had been assisting the King's younger brother, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester , and had been assailed and wounded by
#829170