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40-429: The Housemaid can refer to: The Housemaid (1960 film) , a Korean film The Housemaid (1964 film), a Korean film The Housemaid (2010 film) , a Korean film The Housemaid (2016 film) , a Vietnamese film The Housemaid , a novel by Freida McFadden Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

80-411: A blood transfusion (optionally with the clotting factors present) can save a person who has been poisoned, an advantage over some older poisons. A unique enzyme produced by the liver enables the body to recycle vitamin K. To produce the blood clotting factors that prevent excessive bleeding, the body needs vitamin K. Anticoagulants hinder this enzyme's ability to function. Internal bleeding could start if

120-512: A calciferol in rodenticidal bait was in the Sorex product Sorexa D (with a different formula than today's Sorexa D), back in the early 1970s, which contained 0.025% warfarin and 0.1% ergocalciferol. Today, Sorexa CD contains a 0.0025% difenacoum and 0.075% cholecalciferol combination. Numerous other brand products containing either 0.075-0.1% calciferols (e.g. Quintox) alone or alongside an anticoagulant are marketed. The Merck Veterinary Manual states

160-515: A flight of stairs. Myung-Sook later states that it was just normal tap water. Instead of turning her in to the police, Mrs. Kim offers to support Myung-sook in order to keep her from losing her job and damaging Mr. Kim's reputation in the fallout, saying that Myung-Sook can have anything she wants; Myung-Sook then asks to have Mr. Kim. She forces him to move upstairs into her room while Mrs. Kim labors over her sewing machine, falling asleep at her work every day. Unable to stand their new arrangement, both

200-464: A means of killing rodents and are considered single-dose fast acting rodenticides (death occurs commonly within 1–3 days after single bait ingestion). A bait consisting of food and a phosphide (usually zinc phosphide ) is left where the rodents can eat it. The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate toxic phosphine gas. This method of vermin control has possible use in places where rodents are resistant to some of

240-411: A move, threatening to blackmail Mr. Kim over what she saw of him and Miss Cho. Distraught, Mr. Kim succumbs to her and the two engage in an affair. Myung-Sook feels ill as the weeks pass, revealing her pregnancy by Mr. Kim. Mr. Kim eventually decides to come clean to his wife, who, despite her initial depression over the affair, convinces Myung-Sook to throw herself down the flight of stairs that leads to

280-513: A sum of toxicities of the anticoagulant and the calciferol in the bait, so that a massive hypercalcemic effect can be achieved by a substantially lower calciferol content in the bait, and vice versa, a more pronounced anticoagulant/hemorrhagic effects are observed if the calciferol is present. This synergism is mostly used in calciferol low concentration baits, because effective concentrations of calciferols are more expensive than effective concentrations of most anticoagulants. The first application of

320-431: A truly extraordinary image maker, but in his film such an utterly unpredictable work". Comparing the director to Luis Buñuel , Frodon wrote Kim is "capable of probing deep into the human mind, its desires and impulses, while paying sarcastic attention to the details". He called The Housemaid "shocking", noting that "the shocking nature of the film is both disturbing and pleasurable". Frodon pointed out that The Housemaid

360-451: A two-story house with his pregnant wife and two children, much larger than their previous residence. Mrs. Kim, also supporting the family as a dressmaker , becomes too exhausted to clean the house, and so Mr. Kim asks Miss Cho if she can find a woman who would be interested in becoming Kim's housemaid. Miss Cho returns with Myung-Sook, a cleaner from the factory. She behaves strangely as their new housemaid, catching rats with her hands, teasing

400-450: Is a domestic horror, following the story of an upper-middle-class family falling into destruction due to the introduction of a sexually predatory femme fatale housemaid into the household. A piano teacher, Mr. Dong-sik Kim, reads a newspaper story to his wife about a man falling in love with his maid. Mr. Kim works at a factory of primarily female employees, as the piano accompanist for the factory's extracurricular choir group. Mr. Kim

440-427: Is another method with no impact on scavenging wildlife. One such method has been commercialized and sold under the brand name Rat Ice . One of the potential problems when using rodenticides is that dead or weakened rodents may be eaten by other wildlife, either predators or scavengers. Members of the public deploying rodenticides may not be aware of this or may not follow the product's instructions closely enough. There

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480-533: Is evidence of secondary poisoning being caused by exposure to prey. The faster a rodenticide acts, the more critical this problem may be. For the fast-acting rodenticide bromethalin, for example, there is no diagnostic test or antidote. This has led environmental researchers to conclude that low strength, long duration rodenticides (generally first generation anticoagulants) are the best balance between maximum effect and minimum risk. In 2008, after assessing human health and ecological effects, as well as benefits,

520-548: Is lethal to most rodents after a single intake of larger portions of the bait) or sub-chronic (death occurring usually within days to one week after ingestion of the bait). Applied concentrations are 0.075% cholecalciferol (30,000 IU/g) and 0.1% ergocalciferol (40,000 IU/g) when used alone, which can kill a rodent or a rat. There is an important feature of calciferols toxicology, that they are synergistic with anticoagulant toxicant. In other words, mixtures of anticoagulants and calciferols in same bait are more toxic than

560-486: Is manifest by anorexia, vomiting and constipation. ... Loss of renal concentrating ability is a direct result of hypercalcemia. As hypercalcemia persists, mineralization of the kidneys results in progressive renal insufficiency." Additional anticoagulant renders the bait more toxic to pets as well as humans. Upon single ingestion, solely calciferol-based baits are considered generally safer to birds than second generation anticoagulants or acute toxicants. Treatment in pets

600-600: Is mostly supportive, with intravenous fluids and pamidronate disodium. The hormone calcitonin is no longer commonly used. Other chemical poisons include: In some countries, fixed three-component rodenticides, i.e., anticoagulant + antibiotic + vitamin D, are used. Associations of a second-generation anticoagulant with an antibiotic and/or vitamin D are considered to be effective even against most resistant strains of rodents, though some second generation anticoagulants (namely brodifacoum and difethialone), in bait concentrations of 0.0025% to 0.005% are so toxic that resistance

640-437: Is popular among the women at the factory. One of them, Kyeung-Hee 'Miss Cho' Cho, pressures her friend to write a letter to Mr. Kim confessing how much she is infatuated by him. This ends poorly, as her friend is subsequently fired from the factory. Miss Cho attempts to further pursue Mr. Kim by taking up his offer of piano lessons, which he proposed to help earn more income during his wife's pregnancy. Mr. Kim has just moved into

680-517: Is the rationale for poisons that kill only after multiple doses. Besides being directly toxic to the mammals that ingest them, including dogs, cats, and humans, many rodenticides present a secondary poisoning risk to animals that hunt or scavenge the dead corpses of rats. Anticoagulants are defined as chronic (death occurs one to two weeks after ingestion of the lethal dose, rarely sooner), single-dose (second generation) or multiple-dose (first generation) rodenticides, acting by effective blocking of

720-509: Is unknown, and even rodents resistant to other rodenticides are reliably exterminated by application of these most toxic anticoagulants. Powdered corn cob and corn meal gluten have been developed as rodenticides. They were approved in the EU and patented in the US in 2013. These preparations rely on dehydration and electrolyte imbalance to cause death. Inert gas killing of burrowing pest animals

760-449: The phosphine liberated by hydrolysis . The odor attracts (or, at least, does not repel) rodents, but has a repulsive effect on other mammals. Birds, notably wild turkeys , are not sensitive to the smell, and might feed on the bait, and thus fall victim to the poison. The tablets or pellets (usually aluminium, calcium or magnesium phosphide for fumigation/gassing) may also contain other chemicals which evolve ammonia , which helps reduce

800-483: The vitamin-K cycle , resulting in inability to produce essential blood-clotting factors—mainly coagulation factors II ( prothrombin ) and VII ( proconvertin ). In addition to this specific metabolic disruption, massive toxic doses of 4-hydroxycoumarin , 4-thiochromenone and 1,3-indandione anticoagulants cause damage to tiny blood vessels ( capillaries ), increasing their permeability, causing internal bleeding. These effects are gradual, developing over several days. In

840-611: The Kim children, and spying on Mr. Kim while he lays with his wife and as he is giving Miss Cho piano lessons. At the factory, Miss Cho learns that her friend has committed suicide after being fired, due to being overcome by the pressure of not being able to secure a new job. Distraught, Miss Cho confesses later that day to Mr. Kim that she was actually the one in love with him, not her friend. Miss Cho then attempts to fling herself at Mr. Kim, who rejects her. Myung-Sook watches this entire encounter from afar. She uses this as her opportunity to make

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880-734: The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced measures to reduce risks associated with ten rodenticides. New restrictions by sale and distribution restrictions, minimum package size requirements, use site restriction, and tamper resistant products would have taken effect in 2011. The regulations were delayed pending a legal challenge by manufacturer Reckitt-Benkiser. The entire rat populations of several islands have been eradicated, most notably New Zealand's Campbell Island , Hawadax Island , Alaska (formerly known as Rat Island), Macquarie Island and Canna, Scotland (declared rat-free in 2008). According to

920-452: The anticoagulants, particularly for control of house and field mice; zinc phosphide baits are also cheaper than most second-generation anticoagulants, so that sometimes, in the case of large infestation by rodents, their population is initially reduced by copious amounts of zinc phosphide bait applied, and the rest of population that survived the initial fast-acting poison is then eradicated by prolonged feeding on anticoagulant bait. Inversely,

960-423: The bait ceases (usually within 2–4 days). These methods of alternating rodenticides with different modes of action gives actual or almost 100% eradications of the rodent population in the area, if the acceptance/palatability of baits are good (i.e., rodents feed on it readily). Zinc phosphide is typically added to rodent baits in a concentration of 0.75% to 2.0%. The baits have strong, pungent garlic-like odor due to

1000-441: The body's reserve of anticoagulant runs out from exposure to enough of it. Because they bind more closely to the enzyme that produces blood clotting agents, single-dose anticoagulants are more hazardous. They may also obstruct several stages of the recycling of vitamin K. Single-dose or second-generation anticoagulants can be stored in the liver because they are not quickly eliminated from the body. Metal phosphides have been used as

1040-420: The body. Vitamins D are essential in minute quantities (few IUs per kilogram body weight daily, only a fraction of a milligram), and like most fat soluble vitamins , they are toxic in larger doses, causing hypervitaminosis D . If the poisoning is severe enough (that is, if the dose of the toxin is high enough), it leads to death. In rodents that consume the rodenticidal bait, it causes hypercalcemia , raising

1080-516: The calcium level, mainly by increasing calcium absorption from food, mobilising bone-matrix-fixed calcium into ionised form (mainly monohydrogencarbonate calcium cation, partially bound to plasma proteins, [CaHCO 3 ] ), which circulates dissolved in the blood plasma . After ingestion of a lethal dose, the free calcium levels are raised sufficiently that blood vessels , kidneys , the stomach wall and lungs are mineralised/calcificated (formation of calcificates, crystals of calcium salts/complexes in

1120-420: The crucial roles that rodents play in nature, there are times when they need to be controlled. Some rodenticides are lethal after one exposure while others require more than one. Rodents are disinclined to gorge on an unknown food (perhaps reflecting an adaptation to their inability to vomit ), preferring to sample, wait and observe whether it makes them or other rats sick. This phenomenon of poison shyness

1160-593: The final phase of the intoxication, the exhausted rodent collapses due to hemorrhagic shock or severe anemia and dies. The question of whether the use of these rodenticides can be considered humane has been raised. The main benefit of anticoagulants over other poisons is that the time taken for the poison to induce death means that the rats do not associate the damage with their feeding habits. These are harder to group by generation. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency considers chlorophacinone and diphacinone as first generation agents. According to some sources,

1200-714: The following: Although this rodenticide [cholecalciferol] was introduced with claims that it was less toxic to nontarget species than to rodents, clinical experience has shown that rodenticides containing cholecalciferol are a significant health threat to dogs and cats. Cholecalciferol produces hypercalcemia, which results in systemic calcification of soft tissue, leading to kidney failure , cardiac abnormalities, hypertension, CNS depression and GI upset. Signs generally develop within 18-36 hours of ingestion and can include depression, anorexia, polyuria and polydipsia. As serum calcium concentrations increase, clinical signs become more severe. ... GI smooth muscle excitability decreases and

1240-407: The indandiones are considered second generation. Vitamin K 1 has been suggested, and successfully used, as antidote for pets or humans accidentally or intentionally exposed to anticoagulant poisons. Some of these poisons act by inhibiting liver functions and in advanced stages of poisoning, several blood-clotting factors are absent, and the volume of circulating blood is diminished, so that

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1280-412: The individual rodents that survived anticoagulant bait poisoning (rest population) can be eradicated by pre-baiting them with nontoxic bait for a week or two (this is important to overcome bait shyness, and to get rodents used to feeding in specific areas by specific food, especially in eradicating rats) and subsequently applying poisoned bait of the same sort as used for pre-baiting until all consumption of

1320-533: The potential for spontaneous combustion or explosion of the phosphine gas. Metal phosphides do not accumulate in the tissues of poisoned animals, so the risk of secondary poisoning is low. Before the advent of anticoagulants, phosphides were the favored kind of rat poison. During World War II, they came into use in United States because of shortage of strychnine due to the Japanese occupation of

1360-432: The second story, which successfully results in her having a miscarriage. After this incident, Myung-Sook's behavior becomes increasingly erratic. She threatens to kill Mr. Kim's newborn son. Mrs. Kim fights her off as she tries to grab the baby. Myung-Sook then offers Mr. Kim's other son water, and after he drinks it, she says that she has poured rat poison into it. As she tells him this, he panics and falls to his death down

1400-462: The territories where the strychnine tree is grown. Phosphides are rather fast-acting rat poisons, resulting in the rats dying usually in open areas, instead of in the affected buildings. Phosphides used as rodenticides include: Cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3 ) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D 2 ) are used as rodenticides . They are toxic to rodents for the same reason they are important to humans: they affect calcium and phosphate homeostasis in

1440-424: The tissues, damaging them), leading further to heart problems (myocardial tissue is sensitive to variations of free calcium levels, affecting both myocardial contractibility and action potential propagation between the atria and ventricles), bleeding (due to capillary damage) and possibly kidney failure. It is considered to be single-dose, cumulative (depending on concentration used; the common 0.075% bait concentration

1480-479: The title The Housemaid . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Housemaid&oldid=1253922108 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages The Housemaid (1960 film) The film

1520-503: The very beginning of the film. The film's narrative has apparently been told by the piano teacher, who then warns the audience that this is the sort of thing that could happen to anyone. In 2003, Jean-Michel Frodon , editor-in-chief of Cahiers du cinéma , wrote that the discovery of The Housemaid by the West, over 40 years after the film's debut, was a "marvelous feeling—marvelous not just because one finds in writer-director Kim Ki-young

1560-408: The wife and daughter attempt to poison Myung-sook, to no avail. Myung-sook persuades Mr. Kim to commit suicide with her by swallowing rat poison on the grounds that she will not harm anyone else in his family. He crawls downstairs and dies next to his wife, asking her to "Take good care of the children." The film ends with the piano teacher reading the story from a newspaper with his wife, returning to

1600-459: Was only one early major film in the director's career, and that Kim Ki-young would continue "running wild through obsessions and rebellion" with his films for decades to come. Rat poison Rodenticides are chemicals made and sold for the purpose of killing rodents . While commonly referred to as " rat poison ", rodenticides are also used to kill mice , woodchucks , chipmunks , porcupines , nutria , beavers , and voles . Despite

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