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148-429: Described as countercultural patriots, they are ardent conspiracy theorists , government watchdogs and computer hackers who frequently assist central X-Files characters Mulder and Scully , though they sometimes have their own adventures. The Lone Gunmen author a news publication called The Lone Gunman (once referred to as The Magic Bullet Newsletter ; a pejorative reference to the single bullet theory and, like

296-548: A Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television in 1997. In total, Anderson received for the role, four Emmy nominations, four Golden Globe nominations, nine SAG nominations and eight Saturn nominations. Film critic Scott Mendelson, writing in The Huffington Post , cited Scully as an example of strong female characters on television, calling her "one of the most iconic characters in the science-fiction genre." Radio Times 's Laura Pledger also named her as

444-417: A forensic pathologist , often performing or consulting on autopsies of victims on X-Files cases. In season two , Scully was kidnapped by an ex-FBI agent turned mental patient named Duane Barry, and then taken from Barry by a military covert operation that was working with the alien conspirators , but was later returned. In season three , she found out that a super hi-tech microchip had been implanted in

592-623: A materialist interpretation of the American Dream . White, middle class youth—who made up the bulk of the counterculture in Western countries —had sufficient leisure time, thanks to widespread economic prosperity , to turn their attention to social issues . These social issues included support for civil rights , women's rights , and LGBT rights movements , and opposition to the Vietnam War . The counterculture also had access to

740-402: A public relations worker for the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). He was a conservative dresser with a neatly trimmed beard, a stark contrast to his grungier comrades. He had at least some working knowledge of medicine , genetics and chemistry and is known for the famous line, "That's why we like you, Mulder. Your ideas are weirder than ours". He was born on November 22, 1963,

888-564: A television show that aired on the Fox network, featuring the characters of the same name. The show first aired in March 2001 and, despite good reviews, was canceled due to a drop in ratings. The last episode aired in June 2001. The debut of the show involved Byers' father faking his death to uncover a conspiracy to hijack an airliner and fly it into the world trade center. The Lone Gunmen try to get to

1036-522: A Washington, DC, hospital. After she recovered from the trauma of her abduction, he returned the cross to her. The abduction visibly tested the limits of her faith – Mulder believes that Scully was taken aboard an alien spaceship and was subjected to tests. Because of Scully's skepticism, though, she believes she was kidnapped by men, not aliens, and subjected to tests. She believes she could have been brought there by Barry, and she began to exhibit symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder on

1184-417: A better life or a new society. It does not look favorably on party politics or authoritarianism . Cultural development can also be affected by way of counterculture. Scholars such as Joanne Martin and Caren Siehl, deem counterculture and cultural development as "a balancing act, [that] some core values of a counterculture should present a direct challenge to the core values of a dominant culture". Therefore,

1332-487: A case involving a murdering fetishist named Donnie Pfaster. This psychological re-victimization continued after Pfaster escaped from prison five years later and again attempted to kill her in her home, ending only after she fatally shot him. She struggled with what motivated her actions to kill Pfaster, and questioned whether it was God compelling her to kill him, or "something else." Sometime after her recovery from cancer, Scully began to regularly attend mass again. At

1480-587: A computer hacker, who succeeded in accessing Majestic 12 files and encrypting them onto a digital tape in the season 2 finale of the X-Files titled " Anasazi ". The Thinker first appeared in the season 2 episode titled " One Breath ". The Thinker was killed by assassins working for the Cigarette Smoking Man , who eventually re-acquired the tape. He was referred to in the first episode of season 3 titled " The Blessing Way " as being murdered, but he

1628-433: A contradiction to her otherwise rigid skepticism of the paranormal. Due to her career in science and medicine, she drifted from her Catholic Christian upbringing, but remained somewhat entrenched in her religious beliefs. Scully almost always wears a gold cross necklace . Two conflicting stories exist of how Scully received the necklace. After Scully's abduction in season two, Scully's mother told Fox Mulder she gave Scully

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1776-544: A disease, but as victims of ostracism and hatred. Most importantly, the disease became a rallying point for a previously complacent gay community. AIDS invigorated the community politically to fight not only for a medical response to the disease, but also for wider acceptance of homosexuality in mainstream America. During the early 1980s what was dubbed " New Music ", New wave , "New pop" popularized by MTV and associated with gender bending Second British Music Invasion stars such as Boy George and Annie Lennox became what

1924-528: A disillusionment or disengagement with political figures and the government. Large protests were held in the country's most populated cities such as Sydney and Melbourne , one prominent march was held in Sydney in 1971 on George Street . The photographer Roger Scott , who captured the protest in front of the Queen Victoria Building , remarked: "I knew I could make a point with my camera. It

2072-473: A kind of quiet wisdom that occasionally surfaced when he consoled his friends about the sorry nature of their lives. In The Lone Gunmen episode "Tango de los Pistoleros", Frohike was revealed to be a former tango champion who danced under the stage name "El Lobo". Richard Langly ( Dean Haglund ) was the most confrontational and youngest of the three. He was a big fan of the Ramones , he enjoyed critiquing

2220-454: A lower culture shows the influential connection between counterculture and the music produced. Although music may be considered base and counter culture, it may actually enjoy a lot of popularity which can be seen by the labelling of hip hop as a counterculture genre, despite it being one of the most commercially successful and high charting genres. Many of these artists though once being taboo, have been assimilated into culture and are no longer

2368-632: A media which was eager to present their concerns to a wider public. Demonstrations for social justice created far-reaching changes affecting many aspects of society. Hippies became the largest countercultural group in the United States. "The 60s were a leap in human consciousness . Mahatma Gandhi , Malcolm X , Martin Luther King , Che Guevara , Mother Teresa , they led a revolution of conscience. The Beatles , The Doors , Jimi Hendrix created revolution and evolution themes. The music

2516-607: A movie premiere, and watching a movie at Mulder's apartment. In the season seven episode " all things ," Scully is shown getting dressed in Mulder's bathroom, while Mulder sleeps, apparently naked, in the bedroom. In "Trust No 1" a man reveals to Scully that he works for a new Syndicate like-organization, and his job requires him and a few other colleagues to spy on her around the clock. Due to this he knows intimate details of Scully's personal life, right down to her "natural hair color" ( Titian , as later confirmed by Chris Carter ). It

2664-405: A prevalent culture and a counterculture should coexist in an uneasy symbiosis, holding opposite positions on valuable issues that are essentially important to each of them. According to this theory, a counterculture can contribute a plethora of useful functions for the prevalent culture, such as "articulating the foundations between appropriate and inappropriate behavior and providing a safe haven for

2812-416: A relationship. Scully was concerned that Mulder's continuing pursuit of the unknown was taking its toll on their relationship, and they could not be together if he could not "escape the darkness." However, the film ends with the couple sharing a passionate kiss, and in the "secret ending" after the majority of the credits, a happily-smiling Scully is seen in a small rowboat with Mulder, both clad in swimwear, in

2960-585: A source of moral panic since they do not cross overtly controversial topics or challenge staples of current culture. Instead of being a topic to fear, they have initiated subtle trends that other artists and sources of media may follow. Digital countercultures are online communities, and patterns of tech usage, that significantly deviate from mainstream culture. To understand the elements that shape digital countercultures, its best to start with Lingel's classifications of mainstream approaches to digital discourse: "[T]hat online activity relates to (dis)embodiment, that

3108-435: A strong TV woman, placing her at No. 1. Rebecca Traister of Salon.com opined that Scully had a better character arc than Mulder. She wrote, "The very fact that her character was such a hard sell made her repeated brushes with the supernatural all the more powerful. Mulder's desire to believe was so expansive, his credulity so flexible, that it's not as though he was ever going to have either shaken from him. But Scully's surety

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3256-465: A tropical sea, having taken him up on his offer to run away together. In the 10th season , Scully and Mulder are no longer a couple, as she chose to leave him. At the end of the season, Scully gets a vision, which is revealed to have come from her son, William, at the beginning of season 11. Over the course of season 11, Scully and Mulder search for William. Skinner learns from the Smoking Man that

3404-737: A vibrant queer nightlife. While utilizing social media platforms such as Facebook to post and record their cultural events, the drag community has noticed the large schism between its "queerer and more countercultural community of drag queens" and Facebook's claimed global community. This gap is further realized through Facebook's change in the policy from "real-name" to "authentic-name" in 2015 when hundreds of drag queens ' accounts were frozen and shut down because they had not registered with their legal names. Communities with "queerer culture" culture and "marginalized needs" continue to struggle to fulfill their social media needs while balancing their counterculture identity in today's social media landscape where

3552-610: A way that maintains some similarities from the Counterculture of the 1960s, but it is different as well. Photographer Steve Schapiro investigated and documented these contemporary hippie communities from 2012 to 2014. He traveled the country with his son, attending festival after festival. These findings were compiled in Schapiro's book Bliss: Transformational Festivals & the Neo Hippie. One of his most valued findings

3700-552: Is Lois Runce , and she is the daughter of an arms dealer. Jimmy Bond is emotionally attached to her, although his feelings are unrequited . Kimmy the Geek ( Jim Fyfe ) *** an expert hacker and a Star Trek fan who occasionally helps the trio. He is the twin brother of Jimmy the Geek , a character killed by a bus in The X-Files episode " Three of a Kind ", played by the same actor. Susanne Modeski ( Signy Coleman ) ***

3848-440: Is [the show's] heart, and any time she's in danger, it feels like the show itself is about to be stabbed through the heart." The character of Scully has become something of a sci-fi heroine due to her intelligence and resilience, frequently appearing on lists of important female science fiction characters, such as Total Sci-Fi Online ' s list of The 25 Women Who Shook Sci-Fi , where she came in fourth. TV Squad named her

3996-427: Is a fictional character and one of the two protagonists in the Fox science-fiction , supernatural television series The X-Files , played by Gillian Anderson . Scully is a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Special Agent and a medical doctor ( MD ), partnered with fellow Special Agent Fox Mulder for seasons one to seven and seasons 10 and 11, and with John Doggett in the eighth and ninth seasons. In

4144-460: Is about to arrest them when all five of them are ambushed by two hitmen sent to kill Modeski. A shootout ensues, and Mulder takes cover. Modeski kills the hitmen as they are about to execute Mulder and promptly flees. A team led by X sanitizes the scene, cautioning the guys to stay out of trouble. The trio got their name as a result of Byers confronting X at this point about the assassination of John F. Kennedy. X's cynical reply was, "I heard that it

4292-630: Is heavily influenced by the LGBT club scene. Starting in the late 1960s the counterculture movement spread quickly and pervasively from the US. Britain did not experience the intense social turmoil produced in America by the Vietnam War and racial tensions. Nevertheless, British youth readily identified with their American counterparts' desire to cast off the older generation's social mores. The new music

4440-520: Is meant to outright question the norms within cultures and even create change usually towards a more modern way of thought. More often than not, sources of these controversies can be found in art such as Marcel Duchamp whose piece Fountain was meant to be "a calculated attack on the most basic conventions of art" in 1917. Contentious artists like Banksy base most of their works off of mainstream media and culture to bring pieces that usually shock viewers into thinking about their piece in more detail and

4588-399: Is named after yet another character from Moby-Dick . In " Home Again " Dana's mother, Margaret Scully , dies after suffering a heart attack . In the show's 10th-season finale, " My Struggle II ," Scully is in a race against time to save humankind , creating a vaccine from her own extraterrestrial DNA. Throughout the series, Scully's Catholic faith served as a cornerstone, although

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4736-493: Is often hyphenated as: Counter-Culture or Counter-culture. John Milton Yinger originated the term "contraculture" in his 1960 article in American Sociological Review . Yinger suggested the use of the term contraculture "wherever the normative system of a group contains, as a primary element, a theme of conflict with the values of the total society, where personality variables are directly involved in

4884-472: Is on online communication as placeless, asserting that the consequences of geographic distance are rendered null and void by the Internet. Lingel argues that this approach is technologically determinist in its assumption that the placelessness provided by access to technology can single-handedly remedy structural inequality . Moreover, Mark Graham states that the persistence of spatial metaphors in describing

5032-464: Is revealed that Langly is a "32-year-old virgin". At some point during his life he uploaded a part of his mind into a computer server, which activated when he died. In the 2018 X-Files episode " This ", the part of his mind he had uploaded contacted Fox Mulder and Dana Scully, and told them to destroy the server. When they did, it was revealed he was still "alive" in the backup he created. Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) *** an FBI Special agent who

5180-497: Is so important in so many ways, from giving us the gift of Gillian Anderson's acting, to inspiring an entire generation of young women to pursue careers in STEM . Intelligent, loyal, flawed and brave, Scully was the show's beating heart and saving grace even in its lowest years. As Chris Carter himself has said: 'It's Scully's show'." The character is believed by some to have initiated a phenomenon referred to as "The Scully Effect," as

5328-428: Is suggested by this man that Scully ultimately initiated a sexual relationship with Mulder, as he remarked that he was very surprised when she invited Mulder "into her bed." The last scene of the series finale featured Mulder and Scully holding each other on a bed, facing an uncertain future together in love. In the film, The X-Files: I Want to Believe , which takes place six years later, Mulder and Scully are still in

5476-577: Is supposed to locate her daughter. The file is encrypted, so Byers enlists the aid of computer hacker/cable salesman Melvin Frohike. Frohike decrypts the file, but when they confront Mulder, they discover he is an FBI agent (who has not yet been assigned to the X-Files). Suspicious, Byers and Frohike get Richard Langly to hack into the FBI network. They discover that Holly's real name is Susanne Modeski , and she

5624-543: Is that it gives the "tourist" a false impression that they understand the experiences and history of that identity, even if their Internet interactions are superficial. Moreover, it is especially harmful when used as a means to deceptively masquerade oneself to appeal to digital counterculture communities. However, especially for countercultures that are marginalized or demonized, experimentation can allow users to embrace an identity that they align with, but hide offline out of fear, and engage with that culture. The final approach

5772-602: Is the skeptic for the first seven seasons, choosing to base her beliefs on what science can prove. She later on becomes a "believer" after Mulder's abduction at the end of season seven . Scully has appeared in all but five episodes of The X-Files , and in the 20th Century Fox films The X-Files , released in 1998, and The X-Files: I Want to Believe , released 10 years later. The episodes in which she does not appear are " 3 ," " Zero Sum ," " Unusual Suspects ," " Travelers " and " The Gift " (excluding archive footage). The eleventh season marked Anderson's final time portraying

5920-510: Is wanted for bombing an FBI lab. The three confront Modeski, and she admits that she works for the Army Advanced Weapons facility at Whitestone, NM. She has developed a gas that causes fear and paranoia, and the military plans to test it on civilians. She then enlists the help of the three to stop the government's plan. They track the material to a warehouse, where the gas is in a shipment of asthma inhalers. Mulder follows them and

6068-519: The American Psychiatric Association to remove homosexuality from the official list of mental disorders . Although gay radicals used pressure to force the decision, Kaiser notes that this had been an issue of some debate for many years in the psychiatric community, and that one of the chief obstacles to normalizing homosexuality was that therapists were profiting from offering dubious, unproven "cures". The AIDS epidemic

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6216-662: The Annenberg School for Communication , had conducted field research on examples of digital counterculture as part of her studies. In her book Digital Countercultures and the Struggle for Community , she focused on the Brooklyn Drag community and their battle for a Queerer Facebook to meet their specific needs of social media utilization. In the drag culture, there are many holiday and festivals such as Halloween, New Year's Eve, and Bushwig that they celebrate over

6364-729: The Harlem Renaissance ). There were also bars and bathhouses that catered to gay clientele and adopted warning procedures (similar to those used by Prohibition -era speakeasies ) to warn customers of police raids. But homosexuality was typically subsumed into bohemian culture, and was not a significant movement in itself. Eventually, a genuine gay culture began to take root, albeit very discreetly, with its own styles, attitudes and behaviors and industries began catering to this growing demographic group. For example, publishing houses cranked out pulp novels like The Velvet Underground that were targeted directly at gay people. By

6512-514: The Trio , a group of geeky would-be villains in season six of Buffy the Vampire Slayer and a pair of nerdy "paranormal investigator" bloggers who appear in the first season "Hell House" and third-season episode "Ghostfacers!" of the show Supernatural , while Invasion featured Dave, a rather Frohike-esque blogger journalist who was determined to bring the truth about alien "hybrids" to

6660-673: The University of Maryland , and in 1986, received a Bachelor of Science degree in physics . Her undergraduate thesis was titled Einstein 's Twin Paradox : A New Interpretation. Just out of medical school at Stanford University , she was recruited by the FBI; she accepted the agency's offer of employment because she felt she could distinguish herself there. After two years in the bureau, Section Chief Scott Blevins assigned her to work with agent Fox Mulder . Upon being partnered with Mulder, Scully maintained her medical skills by acting as

6808-547: The Van de Kamps in order to move forward in the search for Scully and Doggett. A few questions are on Mulder's mind however – although he's first told that their hand in the creation of the Stuxnet virus for the U.S. military in 2010 is what allows them to continue to fly under the radar, what Fox really wants to ask them is "how'd you boys know I was coming again?" The comic ends with a shadowy, silhouetted figure standing alone in

6956-699: The Vietnam War , and, less directly, the Cold War —with many young people fearing that America's nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union , coupled with its involvement in Vietnam, would lead to a nuclear holocaust . In the United States, widespread tensions developed in the 1960s in American society that tended to flow along generational lines regarding the Vietnam War , race relations , sexual mores , women's rights , traditional modes of authority, and

7104-528: The Western world include the Levellers (1645–1650), Bohemianism (1850–1910), the more fragmentary counterculture of the Beat Generation (1944–1964), and the globalized counterculture of the 1960s which consisted primarily of Hippies and Flower Children (ca. 1965–1975, peaking in 1967). Regarding this last group, when referring to themselves, counterculture will usually be capitalized and

7252-583: The World Trade Center with the airliner. This episode aired about six months before the actual September 11 attacks against the World Trade Center later that year. Their spin-off series involved investigating mostly corporate crime, aided (and sometimes hindered) by a mysterious thief named Yves Adele Harlow ( Zuleikha Robinson ). Despite fan loyalty, the show was ultimately canceled after 13 episodes. They return to The X-Files in

7400-417: The binary , ethnic minorities, punk culture /fashion), their lived experiences build a subjectivity that carries over into their online interactions. As put by Shaka McGlotten : "[T]he fluidity and playfulness of cyberspace and the intimacies it was supposed to afford have been punctuated by corporeality." Arguments that the Internet is a platform for authenticity and experimentation highlight its role in

7548-541: The fourth season . While in medical school, Scully carried on an affair with her married instructor, Dr. Daniel Waterston, who may have been the "college boyfriend" mentioned in " Trust No 1 ." In the show, whether or not the relationship became sexual is never indicated. According to Anderson in the episode's audio commentary, Scully came very close to having an affair with the married Waterston, but left before she could break up his marriage. The end of her relationship with Waterston came about following her decision to go into

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7696-657: The underground press . In the United States, this includes the work of Robert Crumb and Gilbert Shelton , and includes Mr. Natural ; Keep on Truckin' ; Fritz the Cat ; Fat Freddy's Cat ; Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers ; the album cover art for Cheap Thrills ; and in several countries contributions to International Times , The Village Voice , and Oz magazine . During the late 1960s and early 1970s, these comics and magazines were available for purchase in head shops along with items like beads, incense, cigarette papers, tie-dye clothing, Day-Glo posters, books, etc. During

7844-488: The "magic economy" of the 1960s gave way to the stagflation of the 1970s —the latter costing many in the middle-classes the luxury of being able to live outside conventional social institutions . The counterculture, however, continues to influence social movements , art, music, and society in general, and the post-1973 mainstream society has been in many ways a hybrid of the 1960s establishment and counterculture. The counterculture movement has been said to be rejuvenated in

7992-684: The 11-season series with the exceptions of "3," "Zero Sum," "Unusual Suspects," and "Travelers." She has appeared outside The X-Files on numerous occasions, the most notable being in the Millennium (also created by Chris Carter) episode "Lamentation," in which the main character, Frank Black, visits the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia, and Mulder and Scully are briefly seen descending a stairway. In fact, they are Duchovny and Anderson's stand-ins . An animated version of Scully, which featured

8140-639: The 1960s. Scholars differ in the characteristics and specificity they attribute to "counterculture". "Mainstream" culture is of course also difficult to define, and in some ways becomes identified and understood through contrast with counterculture. Counterculture might oppose mass culture (or "media culture"), or middle-class culture and values. Counterculture is sometimes conceptualized in terms of generational conflict and rejection of older or adult values. Counterculture may or may not be explicitly political. It typically involves criticism or rejection of currently powerful institutions, with accompanying hope for

8288-406: The 1970s—and continues today—is the lesbian land , landdyke movement, or womyn's land movement. Radical feminists inspired by the back-to-the-land initiative and migrated to rural areas to create communities that were often female-only and/or lesbian communes. "Free Spaces" are defined by Sociologist Francesca Polletta as "small-scale settings within a community or movement that are removed from

8436-613: The Asian jungles. The " Ban the Bomb " protests centered around opposition to nuclear weaponry ; the campaign gave birth to what was to become the peace symbol of the 1960s. Although not exactly equivalent to the English definition, the term Контркультура ( Kontrkul'tura ) became common in Soviet Union ( Russian , Ukrainian underground and other) to define a 1990s cultural movement that promoted acting outside of cultural conventions:

8584-562: The Atlantic the 1950s " Beat Generation " had fused existentialist philosophy with jazz , poetry , literature , Eastern mysticism , and drugs —themes that were all sustained in the 1960s counterculture . In the United States, the counterculture of the 1960s became identified with the rejection of conventional social norms of the 1950s. Counterculture youth rejected the cultural standards of their parents, especially with respect to racial segregation and initial widespread support for

8732-601: The Earth, and connection to nature is essential members of the Landdyke Movement's way of life. The watershed event in the American gay rights movement was the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City. Following this event, gays and lesbians began to adopt the militant protest tactics used by anti-war and black power radicals to confront anti-gay ideology. Another major turning point was the 1973 decision by

8880-534: The FBI reopens the X-Files, 14 years after their closure, she rejoins the bureau. In " Mulder and Scully Meet the Were-Monster ," Scully jokes that she often enters dangerous situations alone due to the immortality she seemingly obtained during the events of the episode " Tithonus ." At the end of "Mulder and Scully Meet the Were-Monster," Scully steals a dog from an animal control center, named Daggoo , which

9028-416: The FBI. After her entrance to the FBI's Academy at Quantico , Scully began a year-long relationship with her Academy instructor, Jack Willis, with whom she shared a birthday. Towards the end of the series, her previously platonic friendship with partner Fox Mulder developed into a romantic relationship. When Mulder was injured in a boat crash, he awakened in a hospital and told Scully that he loved her. In

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9176-626: The Family Stone and, in their early years, Chicago . New forms of musical presentation also played a key role in spreading the counterculture, with large outdoor rock festivals being the most noteworthy. The climactic live statement on this occurred from August 15–18, 1969, with the Woodstock Music Festival held in Bethel, New York —with 32 of rock 's and psychedelic rock 's most popular acts performing live outdoors during

9324-420: The Internet is a platform for authenticity and experimentation, and that web-based interactions are placeless." The basis for online disembodiment is that, contrary to the corporeal nature of offline interactions, a user's physical being does not have any relevance to their online interactions. However, for users whose physical existence is marginalized or shaped by counterculture (ex: gender identities outside

9472-602: The Internet's societal impact creates "a dualistic offline/online worldview [that] can depoliticize and mask the very real and uneven power relationships between different groups of people." Subscribing to this perceived depoliticization prevents an understanding of digital countercultures. Socio-cultural, power hierarchies on the Internet shape the mainstream, and without these mainstreams as a point of comparison, there are no grounds to define digital counterculture. Marginalized communities often struggle to meet their needs on mainstream media . Jessa Lingel, an associate professor at

9620-490: The Jamaican middle class and is associated with the "bottom-end, low frequencies…basic lower frequencies and embodied resonances distinctly inferior to the higher notes" that appear in dancehall. According to Henriques, "base culture is bottom-up popular, street culture, generated by an urban underclass surviving almost entirely outside the formal economy". That the music is low frequency sonically and regarded as reflective of

9768-424: The Landdyke Movement are relationship with the land, liberation and transformation, living the politics, and bodily Freedoms. Most importantly, members of these communities seek to live outside of a patriarchal society that puts emphasis on "beauty ideals that discipline the female body, compulsive heterosexuality, competitiveness with other women, and dependence". Instead of adhering typical female gender roles ,

9916-461: The New York gay club scene of the early 1970s as a reaction to the stigmatization of gays and other outside groups such as blacks by the counterculture of that era. By later in the decade, disco was dominating the pop charts. The popular Village People and the critically acclaimed Sylvester had gay-themed lyrics and presentation. Another element of LGBT counter-culture that began in

10064-554: The Smoking Man, who is Mulder's father, also artificially impregnated Scully, thus is William's father, as well. In the third episode of the 11th season , " Plus One ," Scully and Mulder are intimate again. In the season 11 finale, " My Struggle IV ," she reveals to Mulder that she is pregnant with his child. Chris Carter named Scully after his favorite sportscaster, Vin Scully of the Los Angeles Dodgers . John Doggett

10212-653: The United States has been interpreted as lasting roughly from 1964 to 1972 —coincident with America's involvement in Vietnam—and reached its peak in August 1969 at the Woodstock Festival, New York, characterized in part by the film Easy Rider (1969). Unconventional or psychedelic dress ; political activism; public protests; campus uprisings; pacifist then loud, defiant music; recreational drugs ; communitarian experiments , and sexual liberation were hallmarks of

10360-576: The assistance of The Lone Gunmen as well. When Mulder was supposedly found "dead", The Gunmen appeared at his funeral, but when he proved to be alive, they were the ones who tearfully welcomed him back. Mulder was not able to attend the funeral of The Lone Gunmen, as he was still in hiding, but he talked to their apparitions following his resurfacing. Scully, Skinner, Doggett, and Reyes would attend their funeral, and Scully proclaimed that The Lone Gunmen "meant so much to [her]". Kenneth Soona aka The Thinker ( Bernie Coulson ) *** an unofficial fourth member,

10508-463: The back of her neck. After having it removed, she developed cancer in the fourth season and was hospitalized after the cancer became terminal. She was saved after Mulder broke into the Department of Defense to retrieve another chip to be implanted back into her neck. At the time, Scully was also undergoing experimental medical treatments and was having a dramatic renewal of her faith. Scully

10656-607: The cemetery, just having dumped an empty pack of Morley cigarettes behind him. Counterculture A counterculture is a culture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society , sometimes diametrically opposed to mainstream cultural mores . A countercultural movement expresses the ethos and aspirations of a specific population during a well-defined era. When oppositional forces reach critical mass , countercultures can trigger dramatic cultural changes. Countercultures differ from subcultures . Prominent examples of countercultures in

10804-417: The character of Morris Fletcher (played by Michael McKean ) was to have become a regular one, either assisting or antagonising (or possibly both) the three main protagonists. In the second issue of the ongoing comic book Season 10, ex-FBI agent Fox Mulder is investigating the disappearances of Dana Scully and John Doggett and receives a tip from someone with the initials "TLG". This leads Mulder to dig up

10952-406: The character's role as a medical doctor and FBI Special Agent inspired many young women to pursue careers in science , medicine , engineering , and law enforcement , and as a result brought a perceptible increase in the number of women in those fields. At the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con , Anderson noted that she has long been aware of "The Scully Effect" and stated: "We got a lot of letters all

11100-514: The character. Dr. Dana Katherine Scully was born on February 23, 1964, in Annapolis, Maryland , to William ( Don S. Davis ) and Margaret Scully ( Sheila Larken ), into a close-knit Catholic family with Irish ancestry. She has an older brother, Bill Jr. , an older sister, Melissa , and a younger brother, Charles, who is never seen on the show except in flashbacks. In the canonical 2016 comic book series , published by IDW Publishing ,

11248-525: The characters Scully has influenced live up to her? Definitely not. Gillian Anderson's performance and her chemistry with David Duchovny aren't exactly elements that can be replicated. But these characters prove that Scully isn't only the heart of The X-Files , but also the character who had the most profound influence on popular culture." Indiewire 's Liz Shannon Miller ranked Scully as the No. 1 most important character of The X-Files , writing: "Scully's legacy

11396-524: The church because she likes art, but not as place of worship. Scully doesn't say otherwise and later she says to Agent Mulder the writer told her her life story. All this suggests that Scully isn't a devout Roman Catholic, although she attempted to approach again the Catholic community and the Catholic faith to which she was devout in her youth, after handling the strange case presented in "Revelations" and also after dealing with life-threatening cancer during

11544-482: The counterculture included interest in astrology , the term " Age of Aquarius " and knowing people's astrological signs of the Zodiac . This led Theodore Roszak to state "A [ sic ] eclectic taste for mystic , occult , and magical phenomena has been a marked characteristic of our post-war youth culture since the days of the beatniks ." In the United States, even actor Charlton Heston contributed to

11692-500: The country's traditional moral order . Authorities banned the psychedelic drug LSD , restricted political gatherings, and tried to enforce bans on what they considered obscenity in books, music, theater, and other media. The counterculture has been argued to have diminished in the early 1970s, and some have attributed two reasons for this. First, it has been suggested that the most popular of its political goals— civil rights , civil liberties , gender equality , environmentalism , and

11840-518: The country, the Southern Hemisphere and the rest of the world. Bands such as The Master's Apprentices, The Pink Finks and Normie Rowe & The Playboys, along with Sydney's The Easybeats , Billy Thorpe & The Aztecs and The Missing Links began to emerge in the 1960s. One of Australia's most noted literary voices of the counter-culture movement was Frank Moorhouse , whose collection of short stories, Futility and Other Animals ,

11988-496: The creation or enhancement of identities. This approach asserts that norms of non-virtual social life restrict users' ability to express themselves fully in person, but online interactions eliminate these barriers and allow them to identify in new ways. One means by which this exploration takes place is online "identity tourism," which allows users to appropriate an identity without any of the offline, corporeal risks associated with that identity. A critique of this form of experimentation

12136-399: The deformations and deaths of the girls. Scully continued to have visions of Emily, and when the last girl died, Scully believed she was returning the girl to God. Upon her return to Washington, DC, she went to confession to gain peace of mind and acceptance for Emily's death. In confession, she regretted her decision of letting the girl go. This suggests Scully had doubts about her faith. In

12284-525: The development and maintenance of the group's values, and wherever its norms can be understood only by reference to the relationships of the group to a surrounding dominant culture." Some scholars have attributed the counterculture to Theodore Roszak , author of The Making of a Counter Culture . It became prominent in the news media amid the social revolution that swept the Americas , Western Europe , Japan , Australia , and New Zealand during

12432-426: The development of innovative ideas". During the late 1960s, hippies became the largest and most visible countercultural group in the United States. According to Sheila Whiteley, "recent developments in sociological theory complicate and problematize theories developed in the 1960s, with digital technology, for example, providing an impetus for new understandings of counterculture". Andy Bennett writes that "despite

12580-473: The direct control of dominant groups, are voluntarily participated in, and generate the cultural challenge that precedes or accompanies political mobilization. Women came together in Free Spaces like music festivals, activist groups and collectives to share ideas with like-minded people and to explore the idea of the lesbian land movement. The movement is closely tied to eco-feminism . The four tenets of

12728-515: The early 1960s, openly gay political organizations such as the Mattachine Society were formally protesting abusive treatment toward gay people, challenging the entrenched idea that homosexuality was an aberrant condition, and calling for the decriminalization of homosexuality. Despite very limited sympathy, American society began at least to acknowledge the existence of a sizable population of gays. Disco music in large part rose out of

12876-467: The end of the Vietnam War —were "accomplished" (to at least some degree); and also that its most popular social attributes—particularly a " live and let live " mentality in personal lifestyles (including, but not limited to the " sexual revolution ")—were co-opted by mainstream society. Second, a decline of idealism and hedonism occurred as many notable counterculture figures died, the rest settled into mainstream society and started their own families, and

13024-552: The entire generation of that era was derived from a rock festival: the 'Woodstock Generation'." Songs, movies, TV shows, and other entertainment media with socially-conscious themes—some allegorical, some literal—became very numerous and popular in the 1960s. Counterculture-specific sentiments expressed in song lyrics and popular sayings of the period included things such as "do your own thing", " turn on, tune in, drop out ", "whatever turns you on", " eight miles high ", " sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll ", and " light my fire ". Spiritually,

13172-451: The episode "Jump the Shark" in the show's ninth season where they were exposed to a deadly biological agent and ultimately died. They briefly reappeared in the season nine finale of The X-Files as Mulder spoke to their ghosts (this episode stood as the series finale for 14 years until season ten aired in 2016). Frank Spotnitz confirmed that had The Lone Gunmen returned for a second season,

13320-413: The episode, but co-star Duchovny declined. Anderson won many awards for her portrayal of Special Agent Scully during the ten seasons of The X-Files , including an Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1997, a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Television Drama Series in 1997, two SAG Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series in 1996 and 1997 and

13468-407: The film, Scully is contacted by the FBI, who are looking for Fox Mulder in the hope that he will assist them with the investigation of a missing FBI agent. In exchange for his help, the charges against him will be dropped. Unlike Mulder, Scully was apparently not considered a fugitive by the FBI. However, she did continue to maintain her romantic relationship with Mulder throughout the six years that he

13616-501: The former, the deaths of such iconic figures as Brian Jones , Jimi Hendrix , Jim Morrison and Janis Joplin , the nihilistic mayhem at Altamont , and the shadowy figure of Charles Manson cast a darker light on its underlying agenda, one that reminds us that 'pathological issues [are] still very much at large in today's world". The counterculture of the 1960s and early 1970s generated its own unique brand of notable literature, including comics and cartoons, and sometimes referred to as

13764-602: The graves of The Lone Gunmen in Arlington National Cemetery to which, despite initially surprising Fox while masquerading as the cemetery's security, he is confronted by the alive and breathing Frohike. A descending staircase is unearthed beneath one of the caskets and Mulder is reunited with the rest of the trio. Their deaths in " Jump the Shark " being faked so they could continue their operations more discreetly, TLG are ready to jump into action when Mulder tells them he needs help pinpointing information on

13912-456: The group's name, a reference to the John F. Kennedy assassination), to which Mulder loyally subscribed. None of them have day jobs; they rely on financial backers who believe in their cause, and the revenue generated by the subscriptions to their paper. They share a loft apartment where they also work, and use a 1974–79 VW Transporter to commute. John Fitzgerald Byers ( Bruce Harwood ) was once

14060-641: The guys are visited by Mulder, who says that he has weird ideas in his head that he cannot seem to shake. Despite only minor appearances in early X-Files episodes, the Gunmen became fan favorites, getting their own T-shirts. They also appeared prominently in episodes written by acclaimed science fiction authors William Gibson and Tom Maddox . Since becoming X-Files mainstays, Gunmen-styled technogeeks have appeared on other television series, such as Brian Roedecker on Millennium and Abby Sciuto on NCIS . Similar characters have appeared in many genre series:

14208-424: The hospital in a tailored suit carrying a bouquet. His unique sense of fashion made him stand out: leather jackets, black vests, combat boots, fingerless gloves, etc. Frohike considered himself the "action man" of the trio and would often be seen doing very intense stunts (many rigged to look more impressive than they really were). Despite his childish scraps with Langly and others, Frohike's age and experience gave him

14356-663: The importance of Scully's character in popular culture by listing all the strong female characters she inspired or may have influenced in some aspects, including: Temperance "Bones" Brennan of Bones , Peggy Carter of Agent Carter , Veronica Mars of Veronica Mars , Olivia Moore of iZombie , Dr. Maura Isles of Rizzoli & Isles , Olivia Benson of Law and Order: SVU , Joan Watson of Elementary , Sydney Bristow of Alias , Abbie Mills of Sleepy Hollow , Zoë Washburne of Firefly , Stella Gibson (another character portrayed by Anderson) of The Fall and Olivia Dunham of Fringe . Jade Bastién wrote: "Do all

14504-476: The internet is largely monopolized by several big technology firms. Gay liberation (considered a precursor of various modern LGBT social movements ) was known for its links to the counterculture of the time (e.g. groups like the Radical Faeries ), and for the gay liberationists' intent to transform or abolish fundamental institutions of society such as gender and the nuclear family ; in general,

14652-548: The jaded Gunmen wish they still held. Yves Adele Harlow ( Zuleikha Robinson ) - is the alias for a fictional character from the X-Files and its spin-off The Lone Gunmen. The alias is an anagram for Lee Harvey Oswald . She is a femme fatale who sometimes works with the Lone Gunmen (though she's sometimes at odds with them, as her goals are rarely as selfless as theirs) and often employs various disguises. Her real name

14800-560: The late 1960s and early 1970s, some of these shops selling hippie items also became cafés where hippies could hang out, chat, smoke cannabis , read books, etc., e.g. Gandalf's Garden in the King's Road , London, which also published a magazine of the same name. Another such hippie/anarchist bookshop was Mushroom Books, tucked away in the Lace Market area of Nottingham . Some genres tend to challenge societies with their content that

14948-479: The movement, with the statement "Don't trust anyone over thirty" (a saying coined in 1965 by activist Jack Weinberg ) in the 1968 film Planet of the Apes ; the same year, actress and social activist Jane Fonda starred in the sexually-themed Barbarella . Both actors opposed the Vietnam War during its duration, and Fonda would eventually become controversially active in the peace movement . The counterculture in

15096-455: The necklace as a 15th birthday present. In season five, Scully recalls receiving the necklace as a Christmas present. Scully's sister, Melissa, also receives a similar necklace on that occasion. When she was abducted by Duane Barry, a self-proclaimed alien abductee, it was the only item left behind in Barry's getaway car. Mulder wore it as a talisman of her until Scully miraculously reappeared in

15244-451: The others helped her assume a new identity. Modeski appears in The X-Files episodes " Unusual Suspects " and " Three of a Kind ". In the X-Files season 5 episode " Unusual Suspects ", it is revealed how the Gunmen initially got together. In 1989, John Byers meets a woman named Holly in an electronics expo. Holly claims that her ex-boyfriend (Mulder) is stalking her and has kidnapped her daughter. She gives Byers an internet address which

15392-450: The part with a seriousness and intensity that I knew the Scully character had to have and I knew [...] she was the right person for the part." However, Fox executives had wanted a more glamorous " bombshell " for the part (in a 2008 interview Anderson stated that Pamela Anderson had actually been the network's first choice), hoping that this would lead to the series involving a romantic element. This led Carter to insist that he did not want

15540-567: The politics were radical, anti-racist , and anti-capitalist in nature. In order to achieve such liberation, consciousness raising and direct action were employed. At the outset of the 20th century, homosexual acts were punishable offenses in these countries. The prevailing public attitude was that homosexuality was a moral failing that should be punished, as exemplified by Oscar Wilde 's 1895 trial and imprisonment for "gross indecency". But even then, there were dissenting views. Sigmund Freud publicly expressed his opinion that homosexuality

15688-514: The quality of existing works led to parody, such as how the Russian anecdotal joke tradition turned the setting of War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy into a grotesque world of sexual excess. Another well-known example is black humor (mostly in the form of short poems) that dealt exclusively with funny deaths and/or other mishaps of small, innocent children. Dana Scully Tegan Moss (young Scully) Dr. Dana Katherine Scully, M.D. ,

15836-400: The request of Father McCue , Scully got involved in a case concerning a paraplegic girl who was found dead in a kneeling position with her palms outstretched and eye sockets charred. After Scully discovered the girl was a quadruplet and two more were murdered, Father McCue shared with her the story of the seraphim and the nephilim , which Scully interpreted as a possible explanation for

15984-499: The roles of Mulder and Scully to become romantically involved. Carter decided Scully would be the skeptic to play against established stereotypes ; typically on television the quality was attributed to a male. Because Duchovny was much taller than Anderson, during scenes where Mulder and Scully stand or walk next to each other Anderson stood on "the Gilly-Board," an apple box named after her. Scully appears in every episode of

16132-518: The same day that President Kennedy was assassinated, so his parents named him after the fallen president. His name would have been Bertram otherwise. Byers was the most "normal" of the three, and while Frohike and Langly were seemingly born angry misfits, Byers dreamed of a quiet, uneventful, suburban life. Byers' father was a high-ranking government official, but they never saw eye to eye and when Byers' father appears in The Lone Gunmen pilot,

16280-497: The scientific inaccuracies of the short-lived sci-fi series Earth 2 , and he had a long-running competition with Frohike over who was a better computer hacker. He also had "a philosophical aversion to having his image bounced off a satellite". His nickname was "Ringo". Langly was a Dungeons & Dragons player (as "Lord Manhammer") and enjoyed video games like Quake . In the Lone Gunmen episode "Like Water for Octane", it

16428-490: The season six episode " How the Ghosts Stole Christmas ," a ghost that seems to know the inner workings of Scully's mind suggests that her source of intimacy for Mulder comes from her desire to always prove him wrong. By the end of the sixth season , Mulder and Scully were increasingly shown enjoying more light-hearted activities together, such as practicing baseball, using FBI funds for a "night out" during

16576-492: The sixth-season episode " Milagro ," Agent Scully's vulnerability is exposed. In this episode, the murderer takes the victim's heart out. The suspect, a writer named Phillip Padgett, has a particular interest in Scully and is fascinated by her beauty and personality. When she goes to a church to observe a painting, the writer is there and talks to her about the Sacred Heart of Jesus . During the conversation he says she visits

16724-403: The sixties counterculture—most of whose members were young, White, and middle class . In the United States, the movement divided the population. To some Americans, these attributes reflected American ideals of free speech , social equality , world peace , and the pursuit of happiness ; to others, they reflected a self-indulgent, pointlessly rebellious, unpatriotic, and destructive assault on

16872-458: The sometimes rainy weekend to an audience of half a million people. ( Michael Lang stated 400,000 attended, half of which did not have a ticket.) It is widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history—with Rolling Stone calling it one of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll . According to Bill Mankin, "It seems fitting… that one of the most enduring labels for

17020-548: The status quo and those not. Since many minority groups are already considered countercultural, the music they create and produce may reflect their sociopolitical realities and their musical culture may be adopted as a social expression of their counterculture. This is reflected in dancehall with the concept of base frequencies and base culture in Julian Henriques 's "Sonic diaspora", where he expounds that "base denotes crude, debased, unrefined, vulgar, and even animal" for

17168-539: The television series, they work out of a cramped basement office at FBI headquarters in Washington, DC to investigate unsolved cases labeled " X-Files ." In 2002, Scully left government employment, and in 2008, she began working as a surgeon in Our Lady of Sorrows , a private Catholic hospital – where she stayed for seven years, until rejoining the FBI. In contrast to Mulder's credulous "believer" character, Scully

17316-493: The themes behind them. A great example can be found in Dismaland , the biggest project of " anarchism " to be organised and exhibited which showcases multiple works such as an "iconic Disney princess's horse-drawn pumpkin carriage, [appearing] to re-enact the death of Princess Diana ". Counterculture is very much evident in music particularly on the basis of the separation of genres into those considered acceptable and within

17464-447: The theoretical arguments that can be raised against the sociological value of counterculture as a meaningful term for categorising social action, like subculture , the term lives on as a concept in social and cultural theory … [to] become part of a received, mediated memory". However, "this involved not simply the utopian but also the dystopian and that while festivals such as those held at Monterey and Woodstock might appear to embrace

17612-556: The thirteenth greatest woman on television, while the site also listed her among the most memorable female science fiction television characters. She is also often cited as being an unlikely sex symbol , frequently being included in lists of sexy TV characters. She was listed in AfterEllen.com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters. The pairing Mulder/Scully was ranked number 15 on Sleuth Channel 's poll of America's Top Sleuths . Angelica Jade Bastién of Vulture emphasized

17760-408: The time, and I was told quite frequently by girls who were going into the medical world or the science world or the FBI world or other worlds that I reigned, that they were pursuing those pursuits because of the character of Scully. And I said, 'Yay!'" Anne Simon , a biology professor and a science adviser for the series recalls: "I asked my Intro Bio class back then how many of them were influenced by

17908-410: The truth of his supposed death and uncover the conspiracy. One retrospectively relevant aspect of this pilot episode is that the airliner has been hijacked (via remote control of the plane's autopilot) and, by the end, both Byers and his father have boarded the plane to try to stop the hijacking. Through the aid of the other Gunmen, they are able to regain control of the plane and just miss crashing into

18056-456: The truth. Though she was unsuccessful in bringing her story to the public, and was abducted by the mysterious government operative known as X shortly thereafter, she was unwittingly responsible for the formation of the group as investigative journalists and their first introduction to Mulder. A decade later, Byers (who harbored feelings for Susanne) encountered her in Las Vegas, where he and

18204-427: The two had not spoken for some time. Melvin Frohike ( Tom Braidwood ) was a former 1960s radical and the oldest of the three. Though a skilled computer hacker, Frohike was primarily the photography specialist for the newsletter. Frohike had a lascivious attitude toward women. However, he had a more purely romantic attitude towards Dana Scully; when she was gravely ill in the episode " One Breath ", Frohike appeared at

18352-548: The two-part issue "Ishmael" revealed Scully had a paternal half-brother, named Tam Minh Nguyen. Scully's father was a navy captain , who died of a heart attack in early January 1994. Dana Scully grew up in Annapolis, Maryland and later in San Diego, California . As a young girl, Scully's favorite book was Moby-Dick and she came to nickname her father " Ahab " from the book, and in return, he called her " Starbuck ." Due to this, she named her dog Queequeg . Scully attended

18500-595: The use of explicit language; graphical descriptions of sex, violence and illicit activities; and uncopyrighted use of "safe" characters involved in such activities. During the early 1970s, the Soviet government rigidly promoted optimism in Russian culture. Divorce and alcohol abuse were viewed as taboo by the media. However, Russian society grew weary of the gap between real life and the creative world, and underground culture became "forbidden fruit". General satisfaction with

18648-400: The voice acting of Anderson, appeared on season eight of The Simpsons , in the episode " The Springfield Files ," as well as Canadian animated series Eek! The Cat , on the episode " Eek Space 9 ." The animated television series ReBoot featured characters Fax Modem and Data Nully, obvious spoofs of Mulder and Scully, in the episode " Trust No One ." Anderson provided her voice work for

18796-462: The women of Landdyke communities value "self-sufficiency, bodily strength, autonomy from men and patriarchal systems, and the development of lesbian-centered community". Members of the Landdyke movement enjoy bodily freedoms that have been deemed unacceptable in the modern Western world—such as the freedom to expose their breasts, or to go without any clothing at all. An awareness of their impact on

18944-457: The world. On the FX series Terriers , the main characters repeatedly utilized the services of a tech-savvy trio who operated out of an RV and were especially skilled in surveillance and computer hacking. One or all of the Gunmen appeared in the following X-Files episodes, as well as all episodes of The Lone Gunmen . All three characters died in the X-Files episode " Jump the Shark ", which aired

19092-454: The year after The Lone Gunmen series was cancelled. Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 The X-Files: The Game (Video game) Season 4 Season 5 The X-Files: Fight the Future (Feature film) Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 10 Season 11 The Lone Gunmen , a spin-off of the popular series The X-Files , is

19240-427: Was "assuredly no advantage, but it is nothing to be ashamed of, no vice, no degradation; it cannot be classified as an illness; we consider it to be a variation of the sexual function, produced by a certain arrest of sexual development". According to Charles Kaiser's The Gay Metropolis , there were already semi-public gay-themed gatherings by the mid-1930s in the United States (such as the annual drag balls held during

19388-424: Was a lone gunman." The police arrive soon after. All three of the Gunmen are arrested, and Byers recounts his story to Detective John Munch . Munch is skeptical, but Mulder verifies the story, so the guys are released. They find Modeski, and she implores them to tell as many people as they can about the government conspiracy. Without warning, a black rental car pulls up, and the occupants force Modeski inside. Later,

19536-610: Was a powerful weapon. Rock music, which had first been introduced from the US in the 1950s, became a key instrument in the social uprisings of the young generation and Britain soon became a groundswell of musical talent thanks to groups like the Beatles , Rolling Stones , the Who , Pink Floyd , and more in coming years. The antiwar movement in Britain closely collaborated with their American counterparts, supporting peasant insurgents in

19684-598: Was an employee at the Advanced Weapon Research Centre at White Stone Army Base in New Mexico in 1989, who assisted in the development of a biological weapon that creates psychotic hallucinations. After she turned against their employers, she enlisted the help of Byers (then an employee of the FCC), Frohike and Langley (then both freelance hackers, selling bootleg cable hardware) in order to uncover

19832-527: Was born at the end of the eighth season . The show did not initially reveal the cause of Scully's pregnancy, but later episodes and movies would see Mulder and Scully call William "our son"; the pair had unsuccessfully tried for a child through in vitro fertilization . Around this time, Mulder was fired from the FBI by Deputy Director Alvin Kersh , and Scully left the field to teach forensics at Quantico . William

19980-546: Was described by Newsweek at the time as an alternate mainstream to the traditional masculine/heterosexual rock music in the United States. In 2003, the United States Supreme Court officially declared all sodomy laws unconstitutional in Lawrence v. Texas . Bill Osgerby argues that: the counterculture's various strands developed from earlier artistic and political movements. On both sides of

20128-428: Was exciting. The old conservative world was ending and a new Australia was beginning. The demonstration was almost silent. The atmosphere was electric. The protesters were committed to making their presence felt … It was clear they wanted to show the government that they were mighty unhappy". Political upheaval made its way into art in the country: film, music and literature were shaped by the ongoing changes both within

20276-566: Was first published in Sydney 1969. Its "discontinuous narrative" was said to reflect the "ambience of the counter-culture". Helen Garner 's Monkey Grip (1977), released eight years later, is considered a classic example of the contemporary Australian novel, and captured the thriving countercultural movement in Melbourne's inner-city in the mid 1970s, specifically open relationships and recreational drug use. Years later, Garner revealed it

20424-474: Was in charge of The X-Files . Mulder first met the trio when they first formed, and they would prove to be his longtime allies and friends. He turned to The Lone Gunmen numerous times when needing information on elements of the paranormal or when he needed to access highly guarded government institutions. After he disappeared from the FBI, his X-Files partner Dana Scully , his boss Walter Skinner , and his replacements John Doggett and Monica Reyes would ask for

20572-773: Was initially an unexpected blow to the movement, especially in North America. There was speculation that the disease would permanently drive gay life underground. Ironically, the tables were turned. Many of the early victims of the disease had been openly gay only within the confines of insular "gay ghettos" such as New York City's Greenwich Village and San Francisco's Castro ; they remained closeted in their professional lives and to their families. Many heterosexuals who thought they did not know any gay people were confronted by friends and loved ones dying of "the gay plague" (which soon began to infect heterosexual people also). LGBT communities were increasingly seen not only as victims of

20720-697: Was like Dalí , with many colors and revolutionary ways. The youth of today must go there to find themselves." — Carlos Santana Rejection of mainstream culture was best embodied in the new genres of psychedelic rock music, pop art , and new explorations in spirituality . Musicians who exemplified this era in the United Kingdom and United States included The Beatles , John Lennon ,   Neil Young , Bob Dylan , The Grateful Dead , Jefferson Airplane , Jimi Hendrix , The Doors , Frank Zappa , The Rolling Stones , Velvet Underground , Janis Joplin , The Who , Joni Mitchell , The Kinks , Sly and

20868-542: Was likewise named after Vin Scully's longtime broadcasting partner, Jerry Doggett . Scully's character was also inspired by Jodie Foster 's portrayal of Clarice Starling in the film The Silence of the Lambs . The casting for Scully caused a conflict between Carter and the Fox network. Carter had chosen 24-year-old Gillian Anderson, whom Carter felt was perfect for the role. Of her audition, Carter said, "she came in and read

21016-403: Was not in that episode. Jimmy Bond (Stephen Snedden) *** another "fourth member", who joined the trio in The Lone Gunmen series. Though he shares the bravery and physicality of his namesake , he initially appears to be rich but not very bright, and is fascinated with the trio, who often consider him a nuisance. His saving grace is his boundless optimism, coupled with an idealistic view that

21164-411: Was on the run from the American government. In the movie, they are shown to be living together in a secluded house. In the first episode of season 10 , " My Struggle " (2016), Scully is still working as a doctor for Our Lady of Sorrows hospital, now performing surgeries on children with severe birth defects . She has extraterrestrial DNA , as the test that she performs on herself confirms. After

21312-502: Was placed for adoption during the end of the ninth season after Scully felt she could no longer provide the safety that William needed. William was a "miracle child," of some importance to the alien conspirators. He demonstrated extraordinary powers, including telekinesis . In The X-Files: I Want to Believe , she is shown working as a medical doctor at the Our Lady of Sorrows , a private Catholic hospital in Virginia . Early on in

21460-502: Was pronounced infertile during the fifth season. In the season five episode " Emily ," Scully discovers that she unknowingly mothered a daughter during her abduction (in season two). Her daughter Emily was adopted by another family. Emily died shortly afterwards, and they were unable to further investigate after Emily's body went missing. In the seventh-season finale, " Requiem ," Scully mysteriously became pregnant. The child, named William, after her own father, as well as Mulder's father,

21608-427: Was solid, stable, rigid; every time she saw something she thought she'd never see, we saw it crack, sparks fly from it. She was forced to question herself, grow, change." She praised her for being more "rational, resilient, [and] mature" than her partner and for their mature relationship. In a review of " Irresistible ," Emily VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club wrote that it was a cliché to put Scully in danger, as "Scully

21756-478: Was strongly autobiographical and based on her own diaries. Additionally, from the 1960s, surf culture took rise in Australia given the abundance of beaches in the country, and this was reflected in art, from bands such as The Atlantics and novels like Puberty Blues as well as the film of the same name . As delineations of gender and sexuality have been dismantled, counter-culture in contemporary Melbourne

21904-468: Was that these "Neo Hippies" experience and encourage such a spiritual commitment to the community. Australia's countercultural trend followed the one burgeoning in the US, and to a lesser extent than the one in Great Britain. Political scandals in the country, such as the disappearance of Harold Holt , and the 1975 constitutional crisis , as well as Australia's involvement in Vietnam War , led to

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