A domino mask is a small and (often) rounded mask covering only the area around the eyes and the space between them. The mask has seen special prevalence since the 18th century, when it became traditional wear in particular local manifestations of Carnival , particularly with Venetian Carnival , as part of a domino costume, which included the mask and a black cloak. Domino masks have found their way into a variety of high and popular art forms.
60-600: The Lone Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fought outlaws in the American Old West with his Native American friend Tonto . The character has been called an enduring icon of American culture. He first appeared in 1933 in a radio show on WXYZ (Detroit), conceived either by station owner George W. Trendle or by Fran Striker , the show's writer. Test episodes aired earlier on radio station WEBR in Buffalo . The radio series proved to be
120-587: A sidekick , Kato . One major difference between the two characters is that everyone considers the Green Hornet to be a bad guy. Reid embraces this persona, thus enabling him to infiltrate real crime syndicates, while secretly aiding the police. Rights to The Lone Ranger and The Green Hornet have been acquired by separate owners and the familial link has been ignored in the Western character's various incarnations. The Lone Ranger – Green Hornet connection
180-432: A band of deserters to conquer Texas and rule it as a dictator. In one of his first actions, he captures and assumes the identity of Texas's new Finance Commissioner, Colonel Marcus Jeffries, after having the real man murdered. When a contingent of Texas Rangers enters the territory, Snead, one of Smith's men, leads them into an ambush by Smith's "troopers". The Rangers are apparently wiped out, although one injured survivor
240-426: A hit, and spawned a series of books (largely written by Striker), an equally popular television show that ran from 1949 to 1957, comic books, and several films. The title character was played on the radio show by Earle Graser for some 1,300 episodes, but two others preceded him, according to The New York Times : "a man named Deeds, who lasted only a few weeks; a George Stenius [actually George Seaton according to
300-467: A long time, Tonto rides a white horse called White Feller. In "Four Day Ride" (August 5, 1938), Tonto is given a paint horse by his friend Chief Thundercloud, who then takes White Feller. Tonto rides this horse and refers to him simply as "Paint Horse" for several episodes. The horse is finally named Scout in "Border Dope Smuggling" (September 2, 1938). In another episode, however, the Lone Ranger, in
360-471: A painting by Henri Gervex in 1885. The subject is 22-year old Parisienne Marie Renard wearing only a domino mask. In the 1910 novel Le Fantôme de l’Opera (The Phantom of the Opera) , Christine Daaé instructs her childhood sweetheart, Raoul, to wear a “domino” (presumably a mask and cape) to meet her, as she is trying to hide their relationship from the jealous “Opera Ghost” who is stalking her. The mask
420-625: A plot to steal the valuable Martin Copper Mine and Dan's being fooled by a Lone Ranger impostor into helping him steal it. The Lone Ranger and the Mounties foil the plot and capture the impostor and his gang. In the final episode of the arc, "A Nephew Is Found" (December 25, 1942), dying Grandma Frisby reveals to the Lone Ranger Dan's true identity and how he came to be with her. Fifteen years previously, Grandma Frisby had been part of
480-655: A radio station serving Detroit, Michigan , on January 31, 1933. As Dunning writes in On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio: "There may have been a few late-night on-air shakedown shows prior to the official January 31, 1933, premiere date. Lacking concrete evidence, [ Lone Ranger authority Terry] Salomonson is inclined to doubt it. "There is nothing in any of the Detroit papers to indicate this, but that in itself doesn't mean much. The papers didn't even list
540-469: A ring and the name Kemo Sabe , which he said means "trusty scout". John Reid then tells Tonto that he intends to hunt down Cavendish and his men and to bring them to justice . To conceal his identity and honor his fallen brother, Reid fashions a black domino mask using cloth from his late brother's vest. To aid in the deception, Tonto digs a sixth grave and places at its head a cross-bearing John Reid's name so that Cavendish and his gang will believe that all
600-410: A surge of conscience, releases Silver back to the wild. The episode ends with Silver returning, bringing along a companion that becomes Tonto's horse Scout. In an echo of the Lone Ranger's line, Tonto frequently says, "Git-um up, Scout!" (The phrase became so well embedded in the Lone Ranger mythos that International Harvester used it as an advertising line to promote their Scout utility vehicle in
660-720: A wagon train travelling to Fort Laramie . Also on that wagon train had been Linda Reid, wife of Texas Ranger Captain Dan Reid, and her six-month-old son, Dan Jr., who were travelling from their home in Virginia to join her husband. Before the wagon train could reach Fort Laramie, Indians attacked it and Linda Reid was among those killed. Grandma Frisby took charge and care of Dan Jr., but upon reaching Fort Laramie, found two messages waiting, one that Captain Reid (voiced in this story by Al Hodge ) had been killed in an ambush at Bryant's Gap and
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#1732765290053720-529: Is left. The survivor, nursed back to health by Tonto, swears to avenge the massacre and defeat "Colonel Jeffries" and his men. When he is not operating as the Ranger, he appears under an assumed identity as one of a group of Texans resisting Smith's rule. Smith, through a henchman, has narrowed the field of suspects down to five specific members of the resistance. One of these five—Allen King, Bob Stuart, Bert Rogers, Dick Forrest, and Jim Clark—actually
780-567: Is more likely the word derives from the Anishinaabe language . Gimoozaabi is said to mean "he looks out in secret." These catchphrases , the Ranger's trademark silver bullets, and the theme music from the William Tell Overture have become tropes of popular culture. Republic Pictures released two serials starring the Lone Ranger. The first, released in 1938, used several actors playing different Texas Rangers, one of whom
840-440: Is never mentioned in that episode. In the final chapter of the 1938 Republic The Lone Ranger movie serial, he is revealed to be Texas Ranger Allen King. In the second serial, The Lone Ranger Rides Again , he identifies himself as Bill Andrews. The Lone Ranger's first name is also thought to have not been mentioned in contemporary Lone Ranger newspaper comics, comic books, and tie-in premiums , though some have stated that
900-400: Is part of Philip José Farmer 's Wold Newton Universe , which connects disparate fictional characters. At the beginning of each episode, the magnificent white stallion, Silver, would rear up with the Lone Ranger on his back, then they would dash off, the Ranger encouragingly shouting, "Hi-Yo, Silver!" Tonto could occasionally be heard to urge on his mount by calling out, "Get-um up, Scout!" At
960-530: Is popular in superhero comics, where it is often worn by costumed heroes and villains such as Zorro , The Lone Ranger , Robin the Boy Wonder and the Green Hornet with the implication that they hide the hero's secret identity The Lone Ranger (serial) The Lone Ranger is a 1938 American Republic Pictures movie serial based on The Lone Ranger radio program . It was the ninth of
1020-471: Is the Ranger, but only Tonto and the other four Texans know which one it is. Together, they operate as an effective team attempting to end Smith's rule. A contract between Republic and George W. Trendle for a Lone Ranger serial, and the right to release a condensed version, was signed in June 1937. Trendle and The Lone Ranger Inc. were paid $ 18,750 plus 10% of any rental share above a $ 390,000 minimum. There
1080-636: The Los Angeles Times ]. After Graser died in 1941, Brace Beemer assumed the role after serving as the program's narrator. On the radio, Tonto was played by John Todd and Roland Parker, among others. Clayton Moore portrayed the Lone Ranger on television, although during a contract dispute, Moore was replaced for a season by John Hart . Jay Silverheels , a Mohawk from the Six Nations Indian Reserve in Ontario , Canada,
1140-489: The "Ranger", and Liz playing damsels in distress). The part of nephew Dan Reid was played by various child actors, including Bob Martin, James Lipton , and Dick Beals . The theme music was primarily taken from the "March of the Swiss Soldiers" finale of Gioachino Rossini 's William Tell Overture , which thus came to be inseparably associated with the series. The theme was conducted by Daniel Pérez Castañeda, with
1200-623: The 1970s.) In the Format Films animated cartoon, which ran from 1966 to 1968 , Tonto also had an eagle he called Taka, and installments that focused exclusively on him or had him team up with the Lone Ranger ended with his saying, "Fly, Taka! On, Scout!" (Those where he teamed with the Lone Ranger had the Ranger following this up with the customary "Hi-yo, Silver! Away!") The creators of the character were George Trendle (manager of WXYZ radio station) and writer Fran Striker. The first of 2,956 radio episodes of The Lone Ranger premiered on WXYZ ,
1260-460: The 2013 Disney film The Lone Ranger . The name Luke Hartman was used in the 2003 TV-movie/unsold series pilot . The character made his initial appearance in the 11th episode of the radio show. Fran Striker told his son that Tonto was added so the Lone Ranger would have someone to talk to. He was named by James Jewell , who also came up with the term " Kemosabe " based on the name of a summer camp owned by his father-in-law in upstate Michigan. In
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#17327652900531320-493: The Lone Ranger but only one survived to the end. A similar approach was taken with The Masked Marvel (1943). After the second Lone Ranger serial , which featured Robert Livingston as the title character, who appeared in a mostly unmasked state, George Trendle decided to dissolve his relationship with Republic and offer the property to another studio. After apparently ordering all prints of both Republic serials to be destroyed to prevent further exhibition, Trendle took with him
1380-425: The Lone Ranger is: Although the Lone Ranger's last name in the radio shows was given as Reid, his first name was never specified in any of the radio or television shows. Various radio reference books, beginning with Radio's Golden Age (Eastern Valley Press, 1966), give the Lone Ranger's first name as John. Some cite the 20th-anniversary radio program in 1953 as the source of the name, but the Lone Ranger's first name
1440-447: The Lone Ranger removes his mask and lets her see his face. Her last words are, "Ride on, Lone Ranger ... ride on forever ... with Danny at your side." The Lone Ranger takes the grieving Dan outside the cabin, gives him the locket, and reveals their true relationship. Dan Reid Jr. went on to be a recurring character throughout the remainder of the series, riding with the Lone Ranger and Tonto on his own horse Victor. Eventually, Dan Reid Jr.
1500-581: The Masked Man; the character is Captain Reid's son, and the Lone Ranger's nephew. When Trendle and Striker later created The Green Hornet in 1936, they made this Dan Reid the father of Britt Reid, alias the Green Hornet, thereby making the Lone Ranger the Green Hornet's great-uncle. In The Lone Ranger radio series, Dan was played by Ernest Winstanley, Bob Martin, Clarence Weitzel, James Lipton , and Dick Beals . The Lone Ranger's nephew made his first appearance in "Heading North" (December 14, 1942) under
1560-419: The Ranger's origin story as presented in the serial, and rights to the serial's music, both of which were later used on the radio and other media versions of the character's adventures. The Lone Ranger was budgeted at $ 160,315 although the final negative cost was $ 168,117 (a $ 7,802, or 4.9%, overspend). It was the most expensive Republic serial until the release of Dick Tracy Returns later in 1938. It
1620-555: The Rangers have been killed. In many versions, Reid continues fighting for justice as the Lone Ranger even after the Cavendish gang is captured. As generally depicted, the Lone Ranger conducts himself by a strict Moral Code based on that put in place by Striker at the inception of the character. It read: I believe that to have a friend, a man must be one. That all men are created equal and that everyone has within himself
1680-459: The Yukon ), Bill Saunders (as various villains, including Butch Cavendish), Paul Hughes (as the Ranger's friend Thunder Martin and as various army colonels and badmen), future movie star John Hodiak , Janka Fasciszewska (under the name Jane Fae), and Rube Weiss and Liz Weiss (later a married couple, both actors in several radio and television programs in Detroit, Rube usually taking on villain roles on
1740-476: The date the seventh chapter was made available to film exchanges. A 69-minute feature film version, created by editing the serial footage together, was released on 10 April 1940. It was one of fourteen feature films Republic made from their serials. The working title of this film was Return of the Ranger but it was released as Hi-Yo-Silver . The Lone Ranger was a huge financial success for both Republic and Trendle. The serial also created new interest in
1800-588: The earlier influences of popular (and therefore exported) 18th century and later European and American purveyors of the same genre: for instance, Johnny Hidajat, the Indonesian New Order cartoonist (e.g., for Pos Kota and Stop in Jakarta), consistently features the character Djon Domino, and a relationship between this character and the domino mask has been argued. Domino masks have appeared in various images in art, such as La Femme au Masque ,
1860-482: The end of each episode, mission completed, one of the characters would always ask the sheriff or other authority, "Who was that masked man?" When it was explained, "Oh, he's the Lone Ranger!", the Ranger and Tonto would be seen galloping off with the cry, "Hi-Yo, Silver! Away!" catching the attention of one of the townspeople crossing the street. Tonto usually referred to the Lone Ranger as " Kemo sabe ", described as meaning either "faithful friend," or "trusty scout". It
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1920-458: The end of his contract with Republic, Lee Powell toured with a small circus as "The Lone Ranger of the Movies". This was not successful, possibly because he had never actually been billed as the Lone Ranger due to the element of mystery in the script. He was eventually forced by the copyright holders to stop. The Lone Ranger' s official release date is 12 February 1938, although this is actually
1980-572: The first serial, with added footage, was released by Republic in 1940 as Hi-Yo Silver . Domino mask The name is believed to derive from the Latin dominus , for "lord". The exact derivation is unknown. Domino masks are worn during Carnival , e.g. at the Venetian Carnival , where it is part of the more extensive black (though occasionally white and blue) domino costume worn by both male and female participants, which accomplishes
2040-427: The following, which was sometimes changed to reflect the storyline of the episode: In the early days of the western United States, a masked man and an Indian rode the plains, searching for truth and justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear, when from out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! The Lone Ranger rides again! By the time it was on ABC at 7:30 pm Eastern,
2100-424: The introduction, voiced by Fred Foy , had become "Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear", followed by, "From out of the west with the speed of light and a hearty 'Hi-yo, Silver! ' " The intro was later changed to: A fiery horse with the speed of light, a cloud of dust and a hearty Hi-Yo Silver! The Lone Ranger! ... With his faithful Indian companion Tonto, the daring and resourceful masked rider of
2160-532: The local Native American language, "Tonto" meant "wild one". The character spoke in broken English that emphasized Tonto had learned it as a second language. Because tonto means "stupid" or "ignorant" in Spanish, the character is renamed " Toro " (Spanish for "bull") or " Ponto " in Spanish-speaking countries. Dan Reid was introduced on the radio series in 1942 as a juvenile sidekick to
2220-507: The name Dan Frisby, the grandson of Grandma Frisby. The two lived in an area described as "the high border country of the northwest" near the town of Martinsville close to the Canada–US border. This and the following four episodes ("Design for Murder", December 16, 1942; "Rope's End", December 18, 1942; "Law of the Apex", December 21, 1942; and "Dan's Strange Behavior", December 23, 1942) centered on
2280-477: The name John Reid was used in an illustration of the grave marker made by Tonto, which appeared in either a comic-book version of the character's origin story or in a children's record set. The name John Reid is used in the 1981 film The Legend of the Lone Ranger . The Lone Ranger is also John Reid in Dynamite Entertainment 's licensed Lone Ranger comic-book series that began in 2006, and in
2340-489: The other that her own husband had been killed in an explosion. Taking Dan and certain items concerning his identity (including a small gold locket containing a picture of Dan's parents and a picture of Captain Reid's brother), Grandma Frisby travelled to Martinsville and raised Dan as her grandson. On hearing this story, the Lone Ranger reveals his true identity and his own story to Grandma Frisby, and promises that he will care for Dan like his own son. Before Grandma Frisby dies,
2400-454: The plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States! Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice! Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear! From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! The Lone Ranger rides again! This was followed by Brace Beemer's voice, declaring, "Come on, Silver! Let's go, big fellow! Hi-yo, Silver! Away!" The Lone Ranger
2460-429: The power to make this a better world. That God put the firewood there but that every man must gather and light it himself. In being prepared physically, mentally, and morally to fight when necessary for what is right. That a man should make the most of what equipment he has. That 'this government, of the people, by the people and for the people' shall live always. That men should live by
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2520-408: The radio version and an additional hundred or so stations picked up the show. King Features even came out with a comic strip. In the words of Harmon and Glut, the serial contains "tight plotting that became certainly atypical of Republic serials." Most serials introduced all the characters and plot elements in the first chapter. The Lone Ranger , however, added new elements during the course of
2580-461: The requirement of the masquerade that participants be masked or otherwise disguised, and achieves the elements of adventure, conspiracy, intrigue, and mystery that are distinctive of the masquerade atmosphere; the costume includes the mask, as well as a cloak to envelope the body, and sometimes a hood ( bahoo ). The domino mask has also found its way into the political landscapes of non-Western cultures via political cartooning, though likely through
2640-413: The rule of what is best for the greatest number. That sooner or later... somewhere...somehow... we must settle with the world and make payment for what we have taken. That all things change but truth, and that truth alone, lives on forever. In my Creator, my country, my fellow man. In addition, Fran Striker and George W. Trendle drew up the following guidelines that embody who and what
2700-471: The serial. In chapter eight the outlaw Jeffries substitutes Confederate money for the local taxes. The tax silver then becomes one of the main focal points of the plot. Another development occurs in chapter ten when Jeffries tries to force Joan to marry him, which was an unusual plot element for a sound serial. The Lone Ranger was superior in terms of plot and execution when compared to the average western serial, although it contained many features standard to
2760-414: The series by John Todd, who played Tonto on The Lone Ranger radio series. According to the episode "The Legend of Silver" (September 30, 1938), before acquiring Silver, the Lone Ranger rode a chestnut mare called Dusty. The Lone Ranger saves Silver's life from an enraged buffalo, and in gratitude, Silver chooses to give up his wild life to carry him. The origin of Tonto's horse, Scout, is less clear. For
2820-542: The show in their radio logs at first." The show was an immediate success. Though it was aimed at children, adults made up at least half the audience. It became so popular, it was picked up by the Mutual Broadcasting System and, on May 2, 1942, by NBC's Blue Network , which in time became ABC . By 1939, some 20 million Americans were listening to the program. It also had numerous listeners in other countries. An announcer introduced each episode with
2880-524: The signature cry of "Hi-Yo Silver" ) and his stunt double (Dave Sharpe). Trendle objected to Republic's plans for the serial. However, he could not prevent it as the contract gave Republic Pictures the right to do whatever it pleased with the character. Republic was notorious for making changes in its adaptations, the worst case of which was Captain America (1944), Prior to the reveal, the audience had been presented with several candidates who may have been
2940-536: The sixty-six serials produced by Republic, the fourth Western (a third of Republic's serials were Westerns) and the first Republic serial release of 1938. The following year a sequel serial The Lone Ranger Rides Again was released. The fifteen chapters of the serial were condensed into the film Hi-Yo Silver , which was released in 1940. In 1865, Captain Mark Smith of the Confederate Army leads
3000-416: The softer parts excerpted from Die Moldau , composed by Bedřich Smetana . Many other classical selections were used as incidental music, including Wagner's Flying Dutchman Overture , Bizet 's Symphony in C , Mendelssohn 's Fingal's Cave Overture , Emil von Řezníček 's Donna Diana Overture, Liszt 's Les préludes , Tchaikovsky 's 1812 Overture and music by Schubert . Classical music
3060-491: The studio's life span — and where the later TV series The Lone Ranger would also shoot much of its outdoor footage. Additional footage for the serial was shot in the Alabama Hills near Lone Pine, California , giving the serial a strikingly different overall look from that of the more widely seen television version. The Lone Ranger was the biggest serial event since Universal's Flash Gordon (1936). Following
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#17327652900533120-431: The unsuspecting rangers into an ambush at a canyon known as Bryant's Gap. Later, a Native American named Tonto stumbles onto the grisly scene. He discovers one of the rangers, Captain Reid's younger brother John, barely alive, and he nurses the man to health. In some versions, Tonto recognizes the lone survivor as the man who had saved his life when they both were children. According to the television series, Tonto gave Reid
3180-497: Was also the masked hero, like Don Diego de la Vega was also Zorro. Unlike Vega/Zorro, however, the Lone Ranger's true identity remained unknown to the audience until the conclusion. The character played by Lee Powell is ultimately revealed to be the Lone Ranger. The second serial, The Lone Ranger Rides Again , was released in 1939 and starred Robert Livingston . Tonto was played in both by Victor Daniels, billed under his usual stage name, Chief Thundercloud . A feature version of
3240-519: Was cast as Tonto. While details differ, the basic story of the Lone Ranger's origin is consistent in most versions of the franchise. The Lone Ranger is the sole survivor of a group of six ambushed Texas Rangers . A posse of six members of the Texas Ranger Division, led by Captain Dan Reid, pursue a band of outlaws led by Bartholomew "Butch" Cavendish but are betrayed by a civilian guide who was secretly working with Cavendish, and who led
3300-627: Was filmed between 28 November and 31 December 1937. At nineteen days, this was the shortest production for a Republic serial until Zombies of the Stratosphere in 1952 . The serial's production number was 794. The bulk of the outdoor action in the serial The Lone Ranger was filmed at the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Calif. , where Republic shot virtually all of its serials, along with most of its B-Westerns, during
3360-403: Was originally used because it was in the public domain , thus allowing production costs to be kept low while providing a wide range of music as needed without the cost of a composer. In the late 1930s, Trendle acquired the rights to use incidental music from Republic Pictures motion picture serials as part of a deal for Republic to produce a serial based (loosely) on the Lone Ranger. This music
3420-426: Was played by several actors: Tonto was played throughout the run by actor John Todd (although in a few isolated occasions, he was replaced by Roland Parker, better known as Kato for much of the run of sister series The Green Hornet ). Other supporting players were selected from Detroit area actors and studio staff. These included Jay Michael (who also played the lead on Challenge of the Yukon , or Sgt. Preston of
3480-410: Was sent East to gain an education, making infrequent appearances on the series whenever Fran Striker wanted to remind the audience of the family connection, and later became part of The Green Hornet radio series, first appearing on October 22, 1936, establishing the connection between the Lone Ranger and the Green Hornet in the episode "Too Hot to Handle" (November 11, 1947) and being played throughout
3540-423: Was some disagreement between Republic and Trendle but the contract gave Republic authority over the script and characters. Republic planned that the Lone Ranger would unmask in the last chapter, revealing himself to Joan Blanchard (Lynn Roberts) as Allen King (Lee Powell). Prior to this the issue was confused by two voices for the Lone Ranger (mainly Billy Bletcher but with Earle Graser from the radio series providing
3600-466: Was then modified by NBC radio arranger Ben Bonnell and recorded in Mexico to avoid American union rules. This music was used in both the radio and later television shows. The radio series inspired a spinoff called The Green Hornet, which depicts the son of the Lone Ranger's nephew Dan, Britt Reid , originally played by Al Hodge , who in contemporary times, fights crime with a similar secret identity and
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