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66-560: The Sullivans is an Australian period drama television series produced by Crawford Productions which ran on the Nine Network from 15 November 1976 until 10 March 1983. The series tells the story of a fictional average middle-class Melbourne family and the effect that the Second World War and the immediate post-war events had on their lives. It covers the period between 1 September 1939 to 22 August 1948. It

132-558: A barrier to drift and limiting recolonisation of these taxa and not to flow regulation. The upper Snowy River sites are all below the confluence of the Mowamba River which provides a pathway for recolonisation of the Snowy River. Therefore, the reduced flow and altered flow regime is likely to be the primary cause of reduced densities of these taxa in the upper Snowy River rather than the barrier effects of Jindabyne Dam. There

198-545: A genre directed towards women. Historical dramas have also been described as a conservative genre, glorifying an imagined past that never existed. Historical drama may include mostly fictionalized narratives based on actual people or historical events, such as the history plays of Shakespeare , Apollo 13 , The Tudors , Braveheart , Chernobyl , Enemy at the Gates , Les Misérables , and Titanic . Works may include references to real-life people or events from

264-477: A major environmental concern in Victoria , New South Wales and across Australia. After the scheme was built downstream flows were insufficient to keep the channel clear of vegetation or move sediment in the stream bed . Salt water intrusion extended seven to ten kilometres up the estuary and outdoor recreational activities were curtailed along the lower reaches of the river. This period of increased awareness of

330-485: A network of four dams (i.e. Guthega, Island Bend, Eucumebene and Jindabyne) and many smaller water diversion structures were built to collect and divert 99% (as measured at Jindabyne) of the Snowy River's flow through the mountains, to provide more water to the Murray and Murrumbidgee River agricultural basins for irrigation . Several hydro-electric power stations were also constructed to generate electricity . While there

396-515: A peak discharge of 3,080 megalitres (680,000,000 imp gal; 810,000,000 US gal) per day, and was sufficient to start to scour the fines sediment from some sections of the bed of the Snowy. In October 2011, with substantially greater water available a much larger spring snow melt release has occurred i.e. 84 gigalitres (1.8 × 10  imp gal; 2.2 × 10  US gal) over 19 days. This second and substantially larger release with

462-399: A peak discharge rate of 12,000 megalitres (2.6 × 10  imp gal; 3.2 × 10  US gal) per day over three days is expected to scour the bed of the river. This releases targeted much larger particles, up to the size of 256 millimetres (10.1 in), as the bed of the river is heavily "armoured" and larger flows are required to move these particles to improve the instream habitat of

528-679: A pinch point named Hutchings pass, water flows uphill. In 1986, Jennings and Mabbutt mapped four geomorphic classes in the Snowy River Basin; (i) Australian Alps; (ii) the Monaro Tablelands; (iii) the East Victorian Uplands and (iv) the Gippsland Plains. Each class is physically distinct from one another. The general distribution of rainfall over the Snowy River drainage basin (catchment)

594-435: A snow melt river. The mountain streams and rivers are typically low in nutrients and electrical conductivity . Conductivity is generally below 50 μS/cm. Large dams can essentially influence downstream water quality via two key mechanisms, either by poor water quality released from the waters of the dam itself and reduced mixing of the river water column attributable to lower water velocities leading to anoxic conditions at

660-702: Is a major river in south-eastern Australia . It originates on the slopes of Mount Kosciuszko , Australia's highest mainland peak, draining the eastern slopes of the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales , before flowing through the Alpine National Park and the Snowy River National Park in Victoria and emptying into Bass Strait . While the river's course and surroundings have remained almost entirely unchanged,

726-720: Is controlled by orographic effects . There is a strong rainfall gradient across the basin. The highest average annual rainfall is recorded in the higher alpine reaches of the Snowy Catchment, with 1,800 millimetres (70.9 in) recorded in areas above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). The lowest average rainfall is recorded in the rain shadow affected north eastern catchment on the Monaro Plains around Dalgety, with average rain below 500 millimetres (20 in). The lower eastern sub-catchments are more strongly influenced by coastal rainfall patterns. For example, peak rainfall in

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792-401: Is little information on the responses of Oniscigastridae to reduced flows and altered flow regimes, but it is probable that an elevated temperature regime combined with lack of suitable sandy edge habitat has reduced their densities in the Snowy River. The fish assemblage of the Snowy River below Jindabyne are clearly divided into two components. This division is based on that which occurred in

858-478: Is potentially larger than the environmental water releases to the river via Jindabyne Dam. Around 70–80% of the Snowy River's length is protected by national parks, these include, from upstream to downstream: The aquatic flora and fauna of the snowy mountain snow melt rivers have evolved with the predictable seasonal hydrological snow melt peaks and constant summer base flow conditions. Many of these flora and fauna are coldwater specialists. The instream habitat of

924-410: Is typically restricted to a few of the larger or deeper pools. In general thermal stratification is spatially restricted to the pools that are typically greater than 4–5 metres (13–16 ft) deep. Pools shallower than 4 metres (13 ft) have not displayed any thermal stratification. Stratification can occur between October and March, but typically does not persist for very long in the Snowy River in

990-573: The Partisans . John leaves Yugoslavia. Vera Plevnik won the Logie for Best New Talent for her performance. The series enjoyed success outside Australia when it was broadcast by networks in the United Kingdom, Ireland and continental Europe, usually as a daytime filler. The series was sold to over 45 countries worldwide. The first 26 episodes of the series were initially released on DVD in

1056-738: The war , focusing on either the fighting itself or its effect on the Sullivan family. Scenes of battles in North Africa , Greece , Crete , Britain , New Guinea and Malaya were all filmed in or around Melbourne. However, some of the exterior scenes in the Netherlands were actually filmed in Amsterdam . The series was renowned for its high production standards. The programme's researchers went to great lengths to ensure both historical and cultural accuracy. Many scenes were timestamped and

1122-448: The westerns and sword and sandal films that dominated North American cinema in the 1950s. The costume drama is often separated as a genre of historical dramas. Early critics defined them as films focusing on romance and relationships in sumptuous surroundings, contrasting them with other historical dramas believed to have more serious themes. Other critics have defended costume dramas, and argued that they are disparaged because they are

1188-563: The Delegate catchment is strongly influenced by east coast lows, rather than the alpine dominated precipitation patterns in the upper Snowy River catchment. These local variations in rainfall result in distinctly different hydrology in the rivers across the Snowy River catchment. The snow melt derived rivers in the Snowy Mountains typically have the lowest average stream flow in the months from November to June, with October having

1254-502: The Jindabyne Gorge. Breakdown of thermal stratification is frequently driven by the cooling overnight air temperature. This region experiences a very large temperature range between day and night (i.e. diurnal temperature range). Algae is present in the water column and on the bed of the Snowy River. The water column algae is called phytoplankton , whereas the riverbed algae is defined as periphyton (attached algae). Much of

1320-479: The Mowamba River essentially doubled the daily discharge at Dalgety from about 40 to 80 megalitres (8.8 × 10 ^ to 17.6 × 10 ^  imp gal; 11 × 10 ^ to 21 × 10 ^  US gal) per day. Additionally, it provided a small snow melt signal, peaking in September. Only a small percentage of the Mowamba River catchment is covered by snow in winter, compared to some of the upper catchments in

1386-919: The Netherlands. The DVD audio is in English with removable Dutch subtitles. By October 2016 in Australia, all 1,114 episodes are available to purchase through Crawfords DVD (Region 0) over 23 volumes. A bonus DVD is also available with volume six of "The John Sullivan Story" which was a stand-alone TV film. In the UK (Region 2), Volume 1 (episodes 1–50) was released on 12 March 2012 followed by Volume 2 (episodes 51–100) on 30 July 2012. Volume 3 (episodes 101–150) and Volume 4 (episodes 151–200) were released on 27 May 2013 and then Volume 5 (episodes 201–250) and Volume 6 (episodes 251–300) on 28 April 2014. Volume 7 (episodes 301–350) and Volume 8 (episodes 351–400) were released on 26 May 2014. From November 2015 all volumes can be purchased in

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1452-448: The Snowy River below Jindabyne has changed. Many of the in-stream features of a large upland river are not evident today. The substrate was previously typified by a clean cobble stone substrate. Today, the river channel has contracted and the substrate has a heavy cover of sediment, overlying much of the cobble stone riverbed. The bushfires of 2002–03, added to this problem as large amounts of sediment and organic matter were deposited in

1518-474: The Snowy River below Jindabyne, with these dependent on water savings in the Murray and Murrumbidgee River catchments. The targets included 15% by 2009 and 21% by 2012. From 28 August 2002 until January 2006, the first stage of environmental water was released to the Snowy River via the Mowamba River. The Mowamba River aqueduct was "turned out", preventing water being diverted to Jindabyne Dam. The releases from

1584-451: The Snowy River catchment. Additionally, the release increased daily river flow variability, between 3 and 523 megalitres (660 × 10 ^ and 115,040 × 10 ^  imp gal; 790 × 10 ^ and 138,160 × 10 ^  US gal) per day, and the timing of flows was in keeping with natural events across the catchment. These small discharges saw a 20% increase in wetted habitat and a doubling of running water habitat (i.e. riffles) in

1650-421: The Snowy River downstream can reach temperatures of 19 °C (66 °F) in summer. The Snowy River is on average 4 °C (7 °F) warmer than the surrounding unregulated snow melt rivers, with a peak difference of up to 8 °C (14 °F). The water temperature in spring appears to be the greatly warmer than the surrounding snow melt rivers. Thermal stratification in the river reaches below Jindabyne

1716-490: The Snowy River, for the extraction of energy, was by a water-powered flour mill, fed from a low weir across the river at Jindabyne. It was constructed by Stewart Ryrie, Junior , in 1847, and operated until around 1889. The Snowy River originally had a huge, often destructive flow during the spring snow-melt which flowed directly into the sea. In the 1950s and 1960s, as part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme,

1782-649: The Snowy River, near Buchan , was dated at up to 17,000 years. Despite the cold climate in the river's higher reaches, the Ngarigo nation held territory around the Australian Alps and the Snowy Mountains in modern-day New South Wales. As the river flowed southwards into modern day Victoria, it flowed in the Gunai nation's territory, particularly, the Krauatungalung clan's territory. The first use of

1848-594: The UK through Crawford's distributor, Eaton Films Ltd. Period drama Historical drama can be differentiated from historical fiction , which generally present fictional characters and events against a backdrop of historical events. A period piece may be set in a vague or general era such as the Middle Ages , or a specific period such as the Roaring Twenties , or the recent past. In different eras different subgenres have risen to popularity, such as

1914-406: The annual water availability jumped from about 38 to 150 gigalitres (8.4 × 10 to 3.30 × 10  imp gal; 1.0 × 10 to 4.0 × 10  US gal) per annum. Although water is released all year, this period has seen two significant spring snow melt environmental water releases to the Snowy River. In November 2010 the first spring snow melt release occurred. This small but important release had

1980-501: The bed of the Snowy River below Jindabyne contains high levels of attached algae. These taxa are typically filamentous algae. In the snowy mountains rivers unaffected by water diversions, large stands of filamentous algae are uncommon. During 2008–09, the river pools of Jindabyne Gorge and the Dalgety uplands were typically dominated by blue green algae. Two blue green algae Aphanotheca spp. and Aphanocaspa spp. comprise about 25% of

2046-411: The biggest budget ever for a commercial network series. It reputedly cost one million dollars to set up. The story began in 1939, with the declaration of war against Germany . From the outset the series focused on the Sullivan family of fictitious address 7 Gordon Street, Camberwell, Victoria , along with neighbourhood friends, relatives and associates. The majority of the show's storylines related to

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2112-412: The bottom of deep river pools. Possibly the main influence on downstream water quality from Jindabyne Dam, is the influence on water temperature. Unlike many other dams where coldwater pollution is a concern, where water is released from the below the thermocline in the reservoir (i.e. the bottom water of the lake), the water is released from the surface waters of lake Jindabyne. The water temperature of

2178-400: The bugs of the snowmelt rivers. Dams have been shown to have an adverse impact on the water bugs of rivers. Caenid mayflies (riffles) and oligochaete worms (pool edges) are generally typical of the upland regulated Snowy River. Other studies have also found greater densities of Caenidae mayflies in regulated rivers compared to unregulated rivers. Reduced high flows and constant low flows in

2244-402: The cone values) at Jindabyne Dam the environmental water releases were essentially released from Jindabyne Dam, rather than the Mowamba River. The second stage of environmental flow releases saw a very small increase in the median flow rate, but also a decline in daily flow variability compared to base flow compared to stage one. Overall the annual volume released remained around 38GL year given

2310-645: The differences between un-regulated tributary streams and the highly regulated main channel of the Snowy River within either zone. In the upper catchment, river blackfish, brown trout and short-finned eel were more abundant in un-regulated tributaries, whilst long-finned eel and goldfish were more abundant in the regulated upper part of the Snowy River. In the lower zone, eastern gambusia, long-finned eel, Australian smelt, short-finned eel and congolli were all more abundant in Snowy River while common galaxias and short-headed lamprey were more abundant at tributaries. River scientists are currently undertaking studies to determine

2376-405: The era. The set designer Nick Rossendale said it was a "fascinating job" to find these items. He went on to say that the big companies would say to him they didn't have anything for him but he persisted by asking if he could look through their warehouses. "When I got in, I usually found something", he said. "It's amazing what a bit of research and looking around will dig up. The forgotten stuff that

2442-546: The extreme age of soils and consequent extremely high water absorption to absorb minimal phosphorus via proteoid and similar root types. The mixed snow melt-rainfall rivers of the Snowy Mountains can be defined by strong seasonal patterns and remain permanent throughout the year, with no record of zero flow ever observed in the Lower Snowy. Prolonged base flows over the summer months are another feature of these types of rivers, driven by snowmelt derived groundwater . In

2508-428: The first full year of production, The Sullivans won five Logies in 1978. Paul Cronin was Most Popular Australian Actor , Lorraine Bayly was Most Popular Australian Actress , Michael Caton won for Best Sustained Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role , Vivean Gray won for Best Sustained Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role and, finally, the show won Most Popular Australian Drama . It would win

2574-426: The flow regime in the lower tributaries is far more variable and unpredictable. The Snowy River below Jindabyne Dam contains four major waterfalls; Stone Bridge Falls, Corrowong Falls, Snowy Falls and Pinch Falls. Potentially, many of these waterfalls act as barriers for the large scale movement of aquatic species in the main stem of the Snowy River. The flows required to drown out the largest barrier, Snowy Falls,

2640-523: The flow thresholds for a range of riverine processes. Some preliminary flow thresholds that have been developed include: Further defining of ecological flow thresholds is currently in progress via modelling, field based studies, and flow trials. See Snowy Flow Response Monitoring and Modelling . The Snowy River was initially utilised sustainably as a food and water resource by Indigenous Australians for around 30,000–40,000 years prior to European settlement. Evidence of human occupation at Cloggs Cave, near

2706-576: The historical record drought. During this stage the "Water for Rivers" were able to secure more water entitlements (i.e. up 190 gigalitres (4.2 × 10  imp gal; 5.0 × 10  US gal)) in the Western Rivers and the allocations increased as the drought broke in South Eastern Australia. Actual allocations are weather dependent, so in dry periods the allocation will be smaller than during wet periods. During this period

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2772-658: The idea was shelved making it the only official TV film spin-off from the series. After his troopship is sunk in 1941, John Sullivan is saved by Yugoslav Chetniks , whose leader Marko forces John to travel with him up through Greek Macedonia to a village where he has to practice as a doctor. He saves the life of a Jewish girl, Nadia, with whom he falls in love. John is then captured by the Gestapo but escapes. He meets British Special Operations Executive (SOE) agents Major Barrington and Captain Meg Fulton. He goes to live with

2838-553: The impacts of water diversions lead to the Snowy Water Inquiry, which looked at options to improve the health of the Snowy River. The key outcomes of the Snowy Water Inquiry was an initial agreement to increase environmental water releases to the Snowy River below Jindabyne by 15% and the Snowy Montane Rivers. These series of staged flow targets (up to 28% of mean annual natural discharge) were set for

2904-567: The largest monthly flows of the year, e.g. , mean monthly flow for October at Dalgety was 283,973 megalitres (62,465 × 10 ^  imp gal; 75,018 × 10 ^  US gal) prior to the Snowy Scheme. The large flows in September and October are derived from snowmelt and hydrologically it is one of the key aspects that defines these mountain waterways. Typically, Australian rivers can be defined as having highly variable river flows, with frequent zero flows even in humid areas due to

2970-415: The latter award for the next two years running. The John Sullivan Story is a 1979 telefilm spin off from the series. It was used to explain what happened to John Sullivan in the years in which he went missing on the show. It was first shown on GTV9 Melbourne and TCN9 Sydney on Sunday 5 August 1979. It was to be the first of a series of films based on characters from the show though due to moderate ratings

3036-506: The lower reaches of the Snowy River catchment, the larger tributaries have a distinctly different flow regime to the snow melt rivers of the Alps. These tributaries are typically dominated by the winter rainfall and often have peak monthly flows a few months earlier than the snow melt tributaries. The peak monthly flows for these lower Snowy River tributaries occur in June through July. Additionally,

3102-668: The majority of it being protected by the Snowy River National Park, its flow was drastically reduced in the mid 20th century, to less than 1% (as measured at Jindabyne), after the construction of four large dams ( Guthega , Island Bend , Eucumbene , and Jindabyne ) and many smaller diversion structures in its headwaters in New South Wales, as part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme . The river has been immortalised in cultural folklore through

3168-531: The poem The Man from Snowy River , written by Banjo Paterson in 1890, which formed the basis of many subsequent works in film, TV and music theatre. The main headwaters of the Snowy River, which include the Eucumbene , Gungarlin and Thredbo Rivers and many smaller alpine watercourses, are predominantly located in Kosciuszko National Park and meet near Jindabyne . From this point

3234-543: The relevant time period or contain factually accurate representations of the time period. Works that focus on accurately portraying specific historical events or persons are instead known as docudrama , such as The Report . Where a person's life is central to the story, such a work is known as biographical drama , with notable examples being films such as Alexander , Frida , House of Saddam , Lincoln , Lust for Life , Raging Bull , Stalin , and Oppenheimer . Snowy River The Snowy River

3300-520: The river via tributary inflows. This input of sediment lead to the substrate becoming finer. This pattern of increased silt in the pools of rivers and streams has been observed across the Snowy Mountains following the bushfires. These bushfires are likely to have a long lasting influence on these waterways. Larger events are required to start to improve the condition of the river bed. Events of 1,000 megalitres (220 × 10 ^  imp gal; 260 × 10 ^  US gal) per day will start to move

3366-787: The river winds 352 kilometres (219 mi) southwards through inaccessible country, comprising private lands and the Snowy River National Park, eventually reaching the sea in the Snowy Inlet, at Marlo , near Orbost . In New South Wales, the river runs through the Snowy Monaro Regional Council . The tributaries of the Snowy River below Jindabyne include: the Mowamba , Wullwye Creek, Maclaughlin , Delegate , Jacobs , Pinch , Suggan Buggan , Deddick , Buchan , Rodger and Brodribb rivers. At

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3432-580: The river. Once the armouring had been removed it is expected the fine sediment would be scoured within the river bed profile. A political campaign began, which aimed to increase the water flow from 1% to 28% of its original flow from the dam at Jindabyne . An independent candidate from the East Gippsland district, Craig Ingram , was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1999 and re-elected in 2002 and 2006, on

3498-407: The scripts referenced actual military developments and events of the time, such as discussion of specific battles, sporting results and cinematic releases. For instance, this even went down to the weather, where the researchers checked through back copies of newspapers. Authentic 1930s furniture was located and used on sets, while kitchen pantries and the corner store were stocked with packaged goods of

3564-440: The series and three months later they still had only two cast members, Vikki Hammond and Noni Hazlehurst . When researching the period, the set designer Nick Rossendale said at the time "when you are dealing with a period of time that is well within living memory, you have to watch things very carefully". Hence, the painstaking research into the reality of the show. In 1976, the show was regarded as an ambitious project with

3630-488: The series to remain in production. In 1981 the war ended in the storyline and there were plans for the series to continue with examinations of elements of post-war Australian history such as the Snowy River hydro-electric scheme . However, the decision of Paul Cronin to leave the series at this time prompted the show's cancellation before any of this could come to fruition. The final scenes were shot on 19 July 1982. In

3696-438: The snow melt rivers from regulated Snowy River. Marchant and Hehir (2002) reported that AUSRIVAS models (>50% probability) predicted Conoesucidae and elmids to be present in the upper Snowy River, but these taxa were not found in their study. The greater density of these taxa in snowmelt rivers compared the Snowy River is consistent with river regulation. Marchant and Hehir attribute the absence of these taxa to dams acting as

3762-425: The total abundance. However, these abundances are still under the guidelines and its unclear if this is solely related to river regulation, but also reflects other catchment inputs. The composition of algae in the free flowing snow melt rivers are typically defined by diatoms. Over 58% of taxa are diatoms, with Fragilaria spp. being the most numerically abundant taxa. The water bugs in the Snowy River differ from

3828-421: The unconsolidated fine particles of the riverbed. Events between 1,000 and 3,000 megalitres (220 × 10 ^ and 660 × 10 ^  imp gal; 260 × 10 ^ and 790 × 10 ^  US gal) per day are important for conditioning the riffle habitats ( i.e. , a type of flowing water habitat). The current poor condition of the river bed is one of the key factors inhibiting the aquatic fauna typical in

3894-733: The upper Snowy River are likely to have favoured high densities of worms through the buildup of silt and organic matter in the pools. Nichols et al. (2006) and Petts et al. (1993) also found greater densities of segmented worms associated with soft sediments and coarse organic debris in response to river regulation. Chironomids were also numerically dominant in riffles sampled in the regulated Snowy River. This response has been found in many other studies of regulated rivers and has been attributed to an increase of periphytic growth in riffles that increased overall habitat area and food availability. Conoesucidae caddisflies (riffles), larval and adult elmids (riffles) and Oniscigastridae (pool edges) distinguished

3960-466: The upper catchment (above Snowy Falls) and that in the lower catchment (below Snowy Falls). The major differences between the two zones were the low abundance or absence of diadromous migratory fish (except eels) and the greater abundance of short-finned eel and trout in the upper catchment, and the greater abundance of Australian smelt , congolli and long-finned eel below Snowy Falls. These upper and lower Snowy River zone differences were greater than

4026-485: The upper reaches of the Snowy River in the Dalgety Uplands, whereas the rest of the river saw a decline in discharge due to the prevailing drought. This stage increased flows from 1% to approximately 4% of mean annual river discharge. Typically an annual release of 38 gigalitres (8.4 × 10  imp gal; 1.0 × 10  US gal) per year. After the completion of capital works (i.e. multi-level offtake and

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4092-520: Was a consistent ratings success in Australia, and also became popular in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland , the Netherlands, Gibraltar , Greece and New Zealand. The show was purchased by Channel Nine without a television pilot program being produced. They commissioned 34 hours with a view to extension. Fourteen writers were assigned to the thirteen plot lines which had been devised. The cast had not been established when they started writing

4158-484: Was also one of Australia's most popular drama series, screening in half-hour episodes at 7.00 p.m. In 1978 it was the third most popular show on Australian TV, after Are You Being Served? and Against the Wind . The show's popularity waned somewhat after 1979 following the departure of Lorraine Bayly. When she asked to leave the series the show's producers instead offered her six months' leave. Her character Grace

4224-409: Was initial public opposition to the diversion of the river's water during the 1950s and '60s, it was largely ignored as the scheme provided agriculture with more water. It generated a large number of jobs in construction initially, then in agriculture and logistics, and added permanent and reliable, on-demand electricity generation to two states. By the 1990s, the reduced flows in the Snowy River became

4290-418: Was lying around was unbelievable. No one knew it was there." For instance, he found "hundreds of old pub mirrors labels, completely clean and unused" with every one of them "for a certain period of time". He said "to reproduce these would have cost a fortune but we can now label any product – can or bottle – with a real label so it won't be a reproduction at all." The Sullivans attracted critical acclaim and

4356-461: Was sent to London to care for her injured son John, and a series of pre-taped segments were used in her absence to maintain her presence. The London scenes featured actors imported from New Zealand so Australian viewers would not recognise familiar actors. When Bayly refused to return after six months, she was written out of the series and Grace was killed by a V1 bomb during a London air raid. Despite Bayly's departure ratings remained high enough for

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