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57-397: The Unsinkable Molly Brown may refer to: Margaret Brown (1867–1932), American socialite and philanthropist The Unsinkable Molly Brown (film) , a 1964 American Metrocolor musical comedy film The Unsinkable Molly Brown (musical) , a 1960 musical Gemini 3 , crewed American space mission whose spacecraft was named Molly Brown after

114-474: A Titanic survivor helped her promote the philanthropic and activism issues she felt strongly about. She was concerned about the rights of workers and women, education and literacy for children, historic preservation, and commemoration of the bravery and chivalry displayed by the men aboard the Titanic . Avoca Lodge, known as The Molly Brown Summer House , is in southwest Denver, Colorado near Bear Creek ;

171-518: A graduate degree such as M.Eng, M.S., M.Sc. or M.A.Sc. in mining engineering after graduating from a different quantitative undergraduate program. The fundamental subjects of mining engineering study usually include: In the United States , about 14 universities offer a B.S. degree in mining and mineral engineering. The top rated universities include West Virginia University , South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Virginia Tech ,

228-977: A 4-year Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng in Mining Engineering) as well as post-graduate studies in various specialty fields such as rock engineering and numerical modelling, explosives engineering, ventilation engineering, underground mining methods and mine design; and the University of the Witwatersrand offering a 4-year Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.Sc.(Eng.)) in Mining Engineering as well as graduate programs (M.Sc.(Eng.) and Ph.D.) in Mining Engineering. Some mining engineers go on to pursue Doctorate degree programs such as Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D., DPhil), Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng., Eng.D.). These programs involve

285-423: A certain quantity of that mineral, and analysis of the cost associated with the operation. This pre-feasibility study determines whether the mining project is likely to be profitable; if so, a more in-depth analysis of the deposit is undertaken. After the full extent of the ore body is known and has been examined by engineers, the feasibility study examines the cost of initial capital investment, methods of extraction,

342-754: A man presented himself who could give to the tired older man the things I longed for him. Jim was as poor as we were and had no better chance. I struggled hard with myself in those days. I loved Jim, but he was poor. Finally, I decided that I'd be better off with a poor man whom I loved than with a wealthy one whose money had attracted me. So I married Jim Brown. Margaret and J.J. married in Leadville Annunciation Church on September 1, 1886. They had two children: Lawrence Palmer Brown (1887–1949), known as Larry, and Catherine Ellen Brown (1889–1969), known as Helen. They also raised three of their nieces: Grace, Florence, and Helen Tobin. In 1893,

399-674: A mining engineer works at an active mine, they are subject to the same rights, violations, mandatory health and safety regulations, and compulsory training as any other worker at the mine. The mining engineer can be legally identified as a "miner". The act establishes the rights of miners. The miner may report at any time a hazardous condition and request an inspection. The miners may elect a miners' representative to participate during an inspection, pre-inspection meeting, and post-inspection conference. The miners and miners' representatives shall be paid for their time during all inspections and investigations. Waste and uneconomic material generated from

456-668: A museum since 1971. It is called the Molly Brown House Museum . There is a trail marker outside it as part of the National Votes for Women Trail; the marker was stolen in November 2023, but was found later that month. In 1985, Brown was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame . Mining engineering From prehistoric times to the present, mining has played a significant role in

513-413: A prospective mineral is located, the mining geologist and engineer determine the ore properties. This may involve chemical analysis of the ore to determine the sample's composition. Once the mineral properties are identified, the next step is determining the quantity of the ore. This involves determining the extent of the deposit and the purity of the ore. The geologist drills additional core samples to find

570-553: A separation agreement in 1909. She received a US$ 700 monthly allowance (equivalent to $ 24,000 in 2023) to continue her travels and political work. Brown assisted in fundraising for Denver's Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception , which was completed in 1911. She also worked with Judge Ben Lindsey to help destitute children and establish one of the United States' first juvenile courts . Brown spent

627-621: A significant original research component and are usually seen as entry points into academia . In the Russian Federation , 85 universities across all federal districts are training specialists for the mineral resource sector. 36 universities are training specialists for extracting and processing solid minerals (mining). 49 are training specialists for extracting, primary processing, and transporting liquid and gaseous minerals (oil and gas). 37 are training specialists for geological exploration (applied geology, geological exploration). Among

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684-588: A society lady, Brown became immersed in the arts and fluent in French, German, Italian, and Russian. Brown co-founded a branch in Denver of the Alliance Française to promote her love of French culture . She lobbied for women's right to vote. J.J. was not interested in the social life that Brown enjoyed and the couple began to drift apart. After 23 years of marriage, Margaret and J.J. privately signed

741-486: A two-room log cabin, and she found work sewing carpets and draperies at a dry goods store, Daniels, Fisher and Smith. Daniel was a miner. In Leadville, she met and married James Joseph Brown (1854–1922), nicknamed "J.J.", an imaginative, self-educated man. He was not a rich man, and she married J.J. for love. After his death she said, I wanted a rich man, but I loved Jim Brown. I thought about how I wanted comfort for my father and how I had determined to stay single until

798-744: A university or college degree. Training includes a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. or B.E.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. or B.S.), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) or Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in mining engineering. Depending on the country and jurisdiction, to be licensed as a mining engineer may require a Master of Engineering (M.Eng.), Master of Science (M.Sc or M.S.) or Master of Applied Science (M.A.Sc.) degree. Some mining engineers who have come from other disciplines, primarily from engineering fields (e.g.: mechanical, civil, electrical, geomatics or environmental engineering) or from science fields (e.g.: geology, geophysics, physics, geomatics, earth science, or mathematics), typically completing

855-547: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Margaret Brown Margaret Brown (née Tobin ; July 18, 1867 – October 26, 1932), posthumously known as the " Unsinkable Molly Brown ", was an American socialite and philanthropist. She was a survivor of the RMS Titanic , which sank in 1912 , and she unsuccessfully urged the crew in Lifeboat No. 6 to return to

912-459: Is done on softer minerals such as clays and phosphate removed. Smoother coal seams can also be extracted this way. With placer mining , dredge mining can also remove minerals from the bottoms of lakes, rivers, streams, and even the ocean. In addition, in-situ mining can be done from the surface using dissolving agents on the ore body and retrieving the ore via pumping. The pumped material is then set to leach for further processing. Hydraulic mining

969-725: Is much more intensive, organized, involved, and professional than mineral prospecting – though it frequently utilizes services exploration, enlisting geologists and surveyors in the necessary pre-feasibility study of the possible mining operation. Mineral exploration and estimation of the reserve can determine the profitability conditions and advocate the form and type of mining required. Mineral discovery can be made from research of mineral maps, academic geological reports, or government geological reports. Other sources of information include property assays and local word of mouth. Mineral research usually includes sampling and analysing sediments, soil, and drill cores. Soil sampling and analysis

1026-403: Is one of the most popular mineral exploration tools. Other common tools include satellite and aerial surveys or airborne geophysics, including magneto-metric and gamma-spectrometric maps. Unless the mineral exploration is done on public property, the owners of the property may play a significant role in the exploration process and might be the original discoverers of the mineral deposit. After

1083-405: Is utilized as water jets to wash away either overburden or the ore itself. Legal attention to health and safety in mining began in the late 19th century. In the 20th century, it progressed to a comprehensive and stringent codification of enforcement and mandatory health and safety regulation. In whatever role, a mining engineer must follow all mine safety laws. The United States Congress, through

1140-940: The Mississippi River in Hannibal, Missouri , on Denkler's Alley. The three-room cottage where she was born is now the Molly Brown Birthplace and Museum; it is on 600 Butler Street in Hannibal. Her parents were Irish Catholic immigrants John Tobin and Johanna (Collins) Tobin. Her siblings were Daniel Tobin, Michael Tobin, William Tobin, and Helen Tobin. Both of Margaret's parents had previously been married to other spouses who had died. Brown had two half-sisters: Catherine Bridget Tobin, by her father's first marriage, and Mary Ann Collins, by her mother's first marriage. Called Maggie by her family, she attended her maternal aunt Mary O'Leary's grammar school, which

1197-662: The Molly Brown House , in Denver for US$ 30,000 (equivalent to $ 1,056,000 in 2023). In 1897, they built a summer house, Avoca Lodge , in Southwest Denver near Bear Creek , which gave the family more social opportunities. Margaret became a charter member of the Denver Woman's Club, whose mission was the improvement of women's lives by continuing education and philanthropy. Adjusting to the trappings of

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1254-482: The Petroşani Institute of Mines , or rarely as the Petroşani Institute of Coal ) is the only university that offers a degree in Mining Engineering, Mining Surveying or Underground Mining Constructions, albeit, after the closure of Jiu Valley coal mines, those degrees had fallen out of interest for most high-school graduates. In South Africa , leading institutions include the University of Pretoria , offering

1311-558: The Sorbonne in Paris, decided to take a side trip to London with friends. Brown boarded the Titanic as a first-class passenger on the evening of April 10, conveyed aboard the tender SS Nomadic at Cherbourg, France , and sailed for New York City that night. The Titanic sank early on April 15, 1912, at around 2:20 a.m., after striking an iceberg at around 11:40 p.m. the previous night. Brown helped other people board

1368-691: The Technical University of Madrid offers degrees in Mining Engineering with tracks in Mining Technology, Mining Operations, Fuels and Explosives, Metallurgy. In the United Kingdom , The Camborne School of Mines offers a wide choice of BEng and MEng degrees in Mining engineering and other Mining related disciplines. This is done through the University of Exeter . In Romania , the University of Petroșani (formerly known as

1425-525: The United States , there are an estimated 6,150 employed mining engineers, with a mean yearly wage of US$ 103,710. As there is considerable capital expenditure required for mining operations, an array of pre-mining activities are normally carried out to assess whether a mining operation would be worthwhile. Mineral exploration is the process of locating minerals and assessing their concentrations (grade) and quantities (tonnage), to determine if they are commercially viable ores for mining . Mineral exploration

1482-622: The University of British Columbia in Vancouver offers a Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) in Mining Engineering and also graduate degrees (M.A.Sc. or M.Eng and Ph.D.) in Mining Engineering. In Europe , most programs are integrated (B.S. plus M.S. into one) after the Bologna Process and take five years to complete. In Portugal , the University of Porto offers an M.Eng. in Mining and Geo-Environmental Engineering and in Spain

1539-411: The University of Kentucky , the University of Arizona , Montana Tech , and Colorado School of Mines . Most of these universities offer M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. In Canada , there are 19 undergraduate degree programs in mining engineering or equivalent. McGill University Faculty of Engineering offers both undergraduate (B.Sc., B.Eng.) and graduate (M.Sc., Ph.D.) degrees in Mining Engineering. and

1596-685: The copper mines at Rio Tinto in Spain, where one sequence comprised 16 such wheels arranged in pairs, lifting water about 80 feet (24 m). Black powder was first used in mining in Banská Štiavnica , Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Slovakia ) in 1627. This allowed blasting of rock and earth to loosen and reveal ore veins, which was much faster than fire-setting. The Industrial Revolution saw further advances in mining technologies, including improved explosives and steam-powered pumps, lifts, and drills. Becoming an accredited mining engineer requires

1653-435: The mineral extraction process are the primary source of pollution in the vicinity of mines. Mining activities, by their nature, cause a disturbance of the natural environment in and around which the minerals are located. Mining engineers should therefore be concerned not only with the production and processing of mineral commodities but also with the mitigation of damage to the environment both during and after mining as

1710-761: The 1914 Ludlow Massacre and she helped organize the International Women's Rights conference that year, which was held in Newport, Rhode Island . During and after World War I, she worked in France with the Red Cross and later with the American Committee for Devastated France to help wounded French and American soldiers and rebuild areas behind the front line. For her work organizing female ambulance drivers, nurses, and food distributors, Brown

1767-594: The Brown family acquired great wealth when J.J.'s mining engineering efforts proved instrumental in the exploration of a substantial ore seam at the Little Jonny Mine . His employer, Ibex Mining Company, awarded him 12,500 shares of stock and a seat on the board. In Leadville, Margaret helped by working in soup kitchens to assist miners' families. In 1894, the Browns bought a Victorian mansion, now known as

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1824-467: The cost of operation, an estimated length of time to pay back the investment, the gross revenue and net profit margin , any possible resale price of the land, the total life of the reserve, the full value of the account, investment in future projects, and the property owner or owners' contract. In addition, environmental impact, reclamation , possible legal ramifications, and all government permitting are considered. These steps of analysis determine whether

1881-484: The crewman in charge of lifeboat 6. Hichens was fearful that if they were to go back, the lifeboat would either be pulled down due to suction, or those in the water would swamp the boat in an effort to get in. After several attempts to urge Hichens to turn back, Brown threatened to throw him overboard. Upon being rescued by the ship RMS Carpathia , Brown proceeded to organize a committee with other first-class survivors. The committee worked to secure basic necessities for

1938-413: The debris field to look for survivors. During her lifetime, her friends called her "Maggie", but by her death, obituaries referred to her as the "Unsinkable Mrs. Brown". Gene Fowler referred to her as "Molly Brown" in his 1933 book Timberline . The following year, she was referred to as the "Unsinkable Mrs. Brown" and "Molly Brown" in newspapers. Margaret Tobin was born on July 18, 1867, near

1995-470: The existence of the human race. Since the beginning of civilization, people have used stone and ceramics and, later, metals found on or close to the Earth's surface. These were used to manufacture early tools and weapons . For example, high-quality flint found in northern France and southern England were used to set fire and break rock. Flint mines have been found in chalk areas where seams of

2052-471: The first months of 1912 in Paris, visiting her daughter and as part of the John Jacob Astor IV party, until she received word from Denver that her eldest grandchild, Lawrence Palmer Brown Jr., was ill. She immediately booked passage on the first available liner leaving for New York, the RMS Titanic . Originally, her daughter Helen was supposed to accompany her, but Helen, who had studied at

2109-714: The home served as a summer retreat for Brown and her husband James Joseph Brown . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The three-room cottage where Brown was born is now the Molly Brown Birthplace and Museum; it is on 600 Butler Street in Hannibal, Missouri . The theme park Disneyland Paris features a 19th-century riverboat attraction, the Molly Brown Riverboat, named after her. In 1965, astronauts Gus Grissom and John Young named their Gemini spacecraft Molly Brown in her honor. Brown’s Denver, Colorado home has been

2166-528: The level of skill required, where the position is, and what kind of organization the engineer works for. Mining engineers in India earn relatively high salaries in comparison to many other professions, with an average salary of $ 15,250 . However, in comparison to mining engineer salaries in other regions, such as Canada, the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, Indian salaries are low. In

2223-504: The lifeboats but was finally persuaded to abandon ship in lifeboat no. 6 . More than 1,500 aboard RMS Titanic perished; there were a total of 2,224 people on the ship. After her death in 1932, Brown was called "Molly Brown" and "The Unsinkable Mrs. Brown" by authors because she helped in the ship's evacuation, taking an oar herself in her lifeboat and urging the lifeboat crew to go back and save more passengers. Her urgings were met with opposition from Quartermaster Robert Hichens ,

2280-443: The limits of the deposit or seam and estimates the quantity of valuable material present. Once the mineral identification and reserve amount are reasonably determined, the next step is to determine the feasibility of recovering the mineral deposit. A preliminary survey shortly after the discovery of the deposit examines the market conditions, such as the supply and demand of the mineral, the amount of ore needed to be moved to recover

2337-520: The main professional educational programs of higher education in the directions and specializations of training by forming their profile (name of the program). For example, within the framework of the specialization "Mining", universities often adhere to the classical names of the programs "Open-pit mining", "Underground mining of mineral deposits", "Surveying", "Mineral enrichment", "Mining machines", "Technological safety and mine rescue", "Mine and underground construction", "Blasting work", "Electrification of

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2394-400: The mine to add equipment and personnel. The engineer may also work in supervision and management or as an equipment and mineral salesperson. In addition to engineering and operations, the mining engineer may work as an environmental, health, and safety manager or design engineer. The act of mining requires different methods of extraction depending on the mineralogy , geology , and location of

2451-561: The mining company and its investors should proceed with the extraction of the minerals or whether the project should be abandoned. The mining company may decide to sell the rights to the reserve to a third party rather than develop it themselves. Alternatively, the decision to proceed with extraction may be postponed indefinitely until market conditions become favourable. Mining engineers working in an established mine may work as an engineer for operations improvement, further mineral exploration , and operation capitalization by determining where in

2508-568: The mining industry", etc. In the last ten years, under the influence of various factors, new names of programs have begun to appear, such as: "Mining and geological information systems", "Mining ecology", etc. Thus, universities, using their freedom to form new training programs for specialists, can look to the future and try to foresee new professions of mining engineers. After the specialist's degree, you can immediately enrol in postgraduate school (analogue of Doctorate degree programs, four years of training). Mining salaries are usually determined by

2565-485: The musical Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Unsinkable Molly Brown . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Unsinkable_Molly_Brown&oldid=1142969968 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2622-866: The passage of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 , known as the Miner's Act, created the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) under the US Department of Labour . The act provides miners with rights against retaliation for reporting violations, consolidated regulation of coal mines with metallic and non-metallic mines, and created the independent Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission to review violations reported to MSHA. The act codified in Code of Federal Regulations § 30 (CFR § 30) covers all miners at an active mine. When

2679-404: The qualification of mining engineer (5 years of training); "Mining" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training); "Physical Processes in Mining or Oil and Gas Production" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training); "Oil and Gas Engineering and Technologies" with the qualification of mining engineer (5.5 years of training). Universities develop and implement

2736-414: The resources. Characteristics such as mineral hardness , the mineral stratification , and access to that mineral will determine the method of extraction. Generally, mining is either done from the surface or underground. Mining can also occur with surface and covert operations on the same reserve. Mining activity varies as to what method is employed to remove the mineral. Surface mining comprises 90% of

2793-476: The second- and third-class survivors, and even provided informal counseling. In 1914, six years before the Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote, Brown ran for Colorado's U.S. Senate seat, but she ended her campaign to serve abroad as the director of the American Committee for Devastated France during World War I . Also in 1914, she contributed to miners and their families after

2850-519: The stone were followed underground by shafts and galleries. The oldest known mine on the archaeological record is the "Lion Cave" in Eswatini . At this site, which radiocarbon dating indicates to be about 43,000 years old, paleolithic humans mined mineral hematite , which contained iron and was ground to produce the red pigment ochre . The ancient Romans were innovators of mining engineering. They developed large-scale mining methods, such as

2907-601: The theater. She died in her sleep at 10:55 p.m. on October 26, 1932, at age 65, in New York City's Barbizon Hotel . Subsequent autopsy revealed a brain tumor. She was buried next to J.J. at St. Brigid's cemetery, now known as Cemetery of the Holy Rood , in Westbury, New York, following a small ceremony on October 31, 1932, attended by close friends and family. There was singing, but no eulogy. Brown’s fame as

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2964-496: The universities that train specialists for the mineral resource sector, 7 are federal universities, and 13 are national research universities of Russia. Personnel training for the mineral resource sector in Russian universities is currently carried out in the following main specializations of training (specialist's degree): "Applied Geology" with the qualification of mining engineer (5 years of training); "Geological Exploration" with

3021-487: The use of large volumes of water brought to the minehead by aqueducts for hydraulic mining . The exposed rock was then attacked by fire-setting , where fires were used to heat the rock, which would be quenched with a stream of water. The thermal shock cracked the rock, enabling it to be removed. In some mines, the Romans utilized water-powered machinery such as reverse overshot water-wheels . These were used extensively in

3078-642: The world's mineral tonnage output. Also called open pit mining , surface mining removes minerals in formations near the surface. Ore retrieval is done by material removal from the land in its natural state. Surface mining often alters the land's characteristics, shape, topography , and geological makeup. Surface mining involves quarrying and excavating minerals through cutting, cleaving, and breaking machinery. Explosives are usually used to facilitate breakage. Hard rocks such as limestone, sand, gravel, and slate are generally quarried into benches. Using mechanical shovels, track dozers, and front-end loaders, strip mining

3135-511: Was across the street from her home. Nearby was also the Hannibal Gas Works where her father worked as a laborer. Their neighborhood was a tight-knit Irish Catholic community, where people traveled westward through the town for the gold fields. At age 18, Margaret relocated to Leadville, Colorado , with her siblings Daniel Tobin, Mary Ann Collins Landrigan, and Mary Ann's husband John Landrigan. Margaret and her brother Daniel shared

3192-465: Was awarded the French Legion of Honor in 1932. J.J. Brown died on September 5, 1922. Margaret told newspapers, that although she had met royalty and other great people around the world, "I've never met a finer, bigger, more worthwhile man than J.J. Brown." J.J. Brown left vast, yet complicated, real estate, mining, and stock holdings. It was unknown to the Browns and their lawyers how much

3249-404: Was left in the estate. Prior to J.J.'s death, he had transferred a large amount of money to his children. Their children were also unaware of how much money Margaret had, but were displeased at the large amounts she spent on charity. Margaret Brown and her children fought in court for six years to settle the estate. In the 1920s, Margaret Brown focused her energy on personal passions, especially

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