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65-539: The Voyage Home may refer to: Film [ edit ] Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home , a 1986 American science fiction film directed by Leonard Nimoy The Voyage Home (2004 film) , an Italian historical drama film directed by Claudio Bondì Literature [ edit ] The Voyage Home , a 1930 novel by Storm Jameson ; the second installment in The Triumph of Time trilogy Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home ,

130-400: A 1940 American drama film directed by John Ford "The Short Voyage Home", Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. season 5, episode 24 (1969) "Long Voyage Home", Owen, M.D. series 2, episode 9 (1973) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Voyage Home . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

195-524: A Gothic chieftain named Alaric was declared king by a group of Visigoths, though the exact time this happened ( Jordanes says Alaric was made king in 400 and Peter Heather says 395 ) and nature of this position are debated. He then led an invasion into Eastern Roman territory outside of the Goths' designated lands. Alaric was defeated by Theodosius and his general Flavius Stilicho in 392, who forced Alaric back into Roman vassalage. In 394, Alaric led

260-455: A UFO in the Italian cinema of today". He thought there were problems with the "economic poverty of the staging", parts of the casting, and the lack of intensity, but wrote that "a few well-chosen sets" partially save the film. The film was shown at the 2005 Philadelphia Film Festival . Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote that it has "an odd static quality about it" where "only

325-591: A few unnamed cities and besieged the Western Roman capital Mediolanum . Stilicho, now with Alan and Vandal federates in his army, relieved the siege, forcing a crossing at the Adda river. Alaric retreated to Pollentia . On Easter Sunday, 6 April 402, Stilicho launched a surprise attack which became the Battle of Pollentia . The battle ended in a draw, and Alaric fell back. After brief negotiations and maneuvers,

390-495: A film where the poet's political and philosophical themes are apparent. The Voyage Home was produced by Misami Film. It received support from the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities . It was made on a budget of three million euros. Bondì aimed to be historically accurate when depicting phenomena like slavery , and at the same time make The Voyage Home relevant for contemporary viewers. The actor Elia Schilton won

455-583: A force of Visigoths as part of Theodosius' army to invade the Western Roman Empire . At the Battle of the Frigidus , around half the Visigoths present died fighting the Western Roman army led by the usurper Eugenius and his general Arbogast . Theodosius won the battle, and although Alaric was given the title comes for his bravery, tensions between the Goths and Romans grew as it seemed

520-735: A lot to love". Sack of Rome (410) The sacking of 410 is seen as a major landmark in the fall of the Western Roman Empire . St. Jerome , living in Bethlehem , wrote: "the city which had taken the whole world was itself taken". The Germanic tribes had undergone massive technological, social, and economic changes after four centuries of contact with the Roman Empire . From the first to fourth centuries, their populations, economic production, and tribal confederations grew, and their ability to conduct warfare increased to

585-418: A meeting with Alaric about 12 kilometres outside of Ravenna. As Alaric waited at the meeting place, Sarus, who was a sworn enemy of Ataulf and now allied to Honorius, attacked Alaric and his men with a small Roman force. Peter Heather speculates Sarus had also lost the election for the kingship of the Goths to Alaric in the 390s. Alaric survived the attack and, outraged at this treachery and frustrated by all

650-479: A new English translation of the poem was published in 2016. Claudio Bondì became familiar with De reditu suo when he studied Latin literature at the Sapienza University of Rome as a 20-year-old in 1964. He was attracted to the poem for its understanding of ancient culture and thought it had an "extraordinary modernity". Bondì characterised Rutilius as a Stoic and Epicurean and wanted to make

715-791: A novelization of the 1986 Star Trek film by Vonda N. McIntyre Commander Toad and the Voyage Home , a 1998 novel by Jane Yolen; the seventh installment in the Commander Toad series The Voyage Home , a 2004 novel by Jane Rogers The Voyage Home , a 2024 novel by Pat Barker ; the third installment in the Women of Troy trilogy Television [ edit ] "The Voyage Home", Manhattan, AZ episode 13 (2000) "The Voyage Home", The Outer Limits (1995) season 1, episode 15 (1995) See also [ edit ] Journey Home (disambiguation) The Long Voyage Home ,

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780-400: Is a 2004 Italian historical drama film directed by Claudio Bondì  [ it ] and starring Elia Schilton  [ it ] . It tells the story of a nobleman who travels from Rome by boat to his native Gaul five years after the sack of Rome . It is loosely based on the 5th-century poem De reditu suo  [ it ] by Rutilius Claudius Namatianus . Five years after

845-460: Is a major focus. Both visually and thematically, The Voyage Home ties in with Roberto Rossellini 's 1972 film Augustine of Hippo  [ it ] , for which Claudio Bondì  [ it ] had been an assistant director. Rossellini portrayed a corrupt Christianity but also praised the Christian faith of Augustine of Hippo . Bondì's film goes further and offers no positive view of

910-622: Is a matter of contention. It has been suggested that Stilicho's mostly-barbarian army had been unreliable or that another order from Arcadius and the Eastern government forced his withdrawal. Others suggest that Stilicho made an agreement with Alaric and betrayed the East. Whatever the case, Stilicho was declared a public enemy in the Eastern Empire the same year. Alaric's rampage in Epirus

975-576: Is impossibly high. Heather argues that Zosimus had misread his source and that 30,000 is the total number of fighting-men under Alaric's command after the refugees joined Alaric. Attempting to come to an agreement with Honorius, Alaric asked for hostages, gold, and permission to move to Pannonia, but Honorius refused. Alaric, aware of the weakened state of defenses in Italy, invaded in early October, six weeks after Stilicho's death. He also sent word of this news to his brother-in-law Ataulf asking him to join

1040-580: Is very similar to ours with the Islamic world". Both Bondì in interviews and Italian journalists who wrote about the film when it was released likened the sack of Rome to the September 11 attacks . Bondì described it as "a traumatic and unbelievable event, something like the tragedy of the Twin Towers , that is, a direct attack at the core of the world's greatest power". The same analogy was made when

1105-694: The Danubian provinces under his leadership, and instantly rebelled, invading Thrace and approaching the Eastern Roman capital of Constantinople . The Huns, at the same moment, invaded Asia Minor . The death of Theodosius had also wracked the political structure of the empire: Theodosius' sons, Honorius and Arcadius , were given the Western and Eastern empires, respectively, but they were young and needed guidance. A power struggle emerged between Stilicho, who claimed guardianship over both emperors but

1170-781: The praetorian prefecture of Illyricum for the Western Empire. To that end, Stilicho named Alaric magister militum of Illyricum in 405. However, the Goth Radagaisus invaded Italy that same year, putting any such plans on hold. Stilicho and the Romans, reinforced by Alans, Goths under Sarus, and Huns under Uldin, managed to defeat Radagaisus in August 406, but only after the devastation of northern Italy. 12,000 of Radagaisus' Goths were pressed into Roman military service, and others were enslaved. So many were sold into slavery by

1235-523: The sack of Rome by the Visigoths under Alaric , Rutilius Claudius Namatianus travels from Rome toward his native Tolosa in Gaul , with the intention to inspect what damages the invaders might have caused. Rutilius is a pagan nobleman with the high-ranking title of praefectus urbi . Because the land route is ruined and unsafe, he has to travel by boat. He also has a secret mission: to try to convince

1300-473: The 11-year-old Western emperor, Honorius, strengthening his grip on power in the West. Aurelianus , the new praetorian prefect of the east after Eutropius' execution, stripped Alaric of his title to Illyricum in 400. Between 700 and 7,000 Gothic soldiers and their families were slaughtered in a riot at Constantinople on 12 July 400. Gainas , who at one point had been made magister militum , rebelled, but he

1365-509: The Eastern Roman Empire in 408, and the Visigoths under Alaric had lost their value to Stilicho. Alaric then invaded and took control of parts of Noricum and upper Pannonia in the spring of 408. He demanded 288,000 solidi (four thousand pounds of gold), and threatened to invade Italy if he did not get it. This was equivalent to the amount of money earned in property revenue by a single senatorial family in one year. Only with

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1430-534: The Emperor's head never to make peace with Alaric. Alaric himself soon changed his mind when he heard Honorius was attempting to recruit 10,000 Huns to fight the Goths. He gathered a group of Roman bishops and sent them to Honorius with his new terms. He no longer sought Roman office or tribute in gold. He now only requested lands in Noricum and as much grain as the Emperor found necessary. Historian Olympiodorus

1495-596: The Emperor, who is installed in Ravenna , to restore the dominion of Rome. The basis for the film is a 5th-century poem by the Roman writer Rutilius Claudius Namatianus , discovered in incomplete form and titled De reditu suo  [ it ] in the 15th century. The original poem contains strong criticism of the Christian monastic movement , but not as a main theme. In the film, however, criticism of Christianity

1560-539: The Imperial government faded as the siege continued and Alaric took control of the Tiber River , which cut the supplies going into Rome. Grain was rationed to one-half and then one-third of its previous amount. Starvation and disease rapidly spread throughout the city, and rotting bodies were left unburied in the streets. The Roman Senate then decided to send two envoys to Alaric. When the envoys boasted to him that

1625-460: The Roman generals had sought to weaken the Goths by making them bear the brunt of the fighting. Alaric was also enraged he had not been granted a higher office in the imperial administration. When Theodosius died on 10 January 395, the Visigoths considered their 382 treaty with Rome to have ended. Alaric quickly led his warriors back to their lands in Moesia , gathered most of the federated Goths in

1690-411: The Roman people were trained to fight and ready for war, Alaric laughed at them and said, "The thickest grass is easier to cut than the thinnest." The envoys asked under what terms the siege could be lifted, and Alaric demanded all the gold and silver, household goods, and barbarian slaves in the city. One envoy asked what would be left to the citizens of Rome. Alaric replied, "Their lives." Ultimately,

1755-481: The Roman population, and governmental corruption turned the Goths against the empire. The Goths rebelled and began looting and pillaging throughout the eastern Balkans . A Roman army , led by the Eastern Roman emperor Valens , marched to put them down. At the Battle of Adrianople in 378, Fritigern decisively defeated emperor Valens, who was killed in battle. Peace was eventually established in 382 when

1820-618: The Romans, but the positive aspect of Rome is equated with its pre-Christian elements, rather than the Christianity of Constantine or Theodosius . The role of "barbarians", present in 20th-century films like Douglas Sirk 's Sign of the Pagan (1954), is not occupied by Goths or Huns , but by Christian fundamentalists. Similar perspectives on late antiquity appear in other early 21st-century films, such as Alejandro Amenábar 's Agora from 2009. Several different languages appear in

1885-534: The Senate sent an embassy to the imperial court at Ravenna to encourage the Emperor to come to terms with the Goths, and to give Roman aristocratic children as hostages to the Goths as insurance. Alaric would then resume his alliance with the Roman Empire. Honorius, under the influence of Olympius, refused and called in five legions from Dalmatia , totaling six thousand men. They were to go to Rome and garrison

1950-602: The Visigoths' demands. The imperial government also received word that Ataulf, Alaric's brother-in-law, had crossed the Julian Alps with his Goths into Italy with the intent of joining Alaric. Honorius summoned together all available Roman forces in northern Italy. He placed 300 Huns of the imperial guard under the command of Olympius, and possibly the other forces as well, and ordered him to intercept Ataulf. They clashed near Pisa , and despite his force supposedly killing 1,100 Goths and losing only 17 of his own men, Olympius

2015-450: The Western Roman capital to Ravenna , which was more defensible with its natural swamps and more escapable with its access to the sea. Moving the capital to Ravenna may have disconnected the Western court from events beyond the Alps towards a preoccupation with the defense of Italy, weakening the Western Empire as a whole. In time, Alaric became an ally of Stilicho, agreeing to help claim

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2080-555: The Younger , writing many years later, considered these terms extremely moderate and reasonable. But it was too late: Honorius' government, bound by oath and intent on war, rejected the offer. Alaric then marched on Rome. The 10,000 Huns never materialized. Alaric took Portus and renewed the siege of Rome in late 409. Faced with the return of starvation and disease, the Senate met with Alaric. He demanded that they appoint one of their own as Emperor to rival Honorius, and he instigated

2145-466: The apparent influence of those hostile to Stilicho, commanded him to leave Thessaly. Stilicho obeyed the orders of his emperor by sending his Eastern troops to Constantinople and leading his Western ones back to Italy. The Eastern troops Stilicho had sent to Constantinople were led by a Goth named Gainas . When Rufinus met the soldiers, he was hacked to death in November 395. Whether that was done on

2210-476: The case, Alaric marched away from Constantinople to Greece, looting the diocese of Macedonia . Magister utriusque militiae Stilicho marched east at the head of a combined Western and Eastern Roman army out of Italy. Alaric fortified himself behind a circle of wagons on the plain of Larissa , in Thessaly, where Stilicho besieged him for several months, unwilling to seek battle. Eventually, Arcadius, under

2275-477: The city was forced to give the Goths 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds of silver, 4,000 silken tunics, 3,000 hides dyed scarlet, and 3,000 pounds of pepper in exchange for lifting the siege. The barbarian slaves fled to Alaric as well, swelling his ranks to about 40,000. Many of the barbarian slaves were probably Radagaisus' former followers. To raise the needed money, Roman senators were to contribute according to their means. This led to corruption and abuse, and

2340-416: The city, but their commander, a man named Valens, marched his men into Etruria, believing it cowardly to go around the Goths. He and his men were intercepted and attacked by Alaric's full force, and almost all were killed or captured. Only 100 managed to escape and reach Rome. A second Senatorial embassy, this time including Pope Innocent I, was sent with Gothic guards to Honorius to plead with him to accept

2405-429: The city. Alaric wanted to send Gothic soldiers to invade Africa and secure the province, but Attalus again refused, distrustful of the Visigoths' intentions for the province. Counseled by Jovius to do away with his puppet emperor, Alaric summoned Attalus to Ariminum and ceremonially stripped him of his imperial regalia and title in the summer of 410. Alaric then reopened negotiations with Honorius. Honorius arranged for

2470-472: The election of the elderly Priscus Attalus to that end, a pagan who permitted himself to be baptized. Alaric was then made magister utriusque militiae and his brother-in-law Ataulf was given the position comes domesticorum equitum in the new, rival government, and the siege was lifted. Heraclian, governor of the food-rich province of Africa , remained loyal to Honorius. Attalus sent a Roman force to subdue him, refusing to send Gothic soldiers there as he

2535-408: The film. In addition to the characters who speak Italian, there is an Albanian-speaking Isis priestess, a Polish-speaking helmsman, and an Eritrean maid. The intention was to show how the Roman Empire had lost the unifying element of a shared language. Bondì thought the setting shortly after the sack of Rome made the story relevant in the early 21st century, saying that the protagonist's "difficulty

2600-555: The greatest difficulty was Stilicho able to get the Roman Senate to agree to pay the ransom, which was to buy the Romans a new alliance with Alaric who was to go to Gaul and fight the usurper Constantine III. The debate on whether to pay Alaric weakened Stilicho's relationship with Honorius. Before payment could be received, however, the Eastern Roman Emperor Arcadius died of illness on 1 May 408. He

2665-478: The idea was abandoned. Serena , the wife of the proscribed Stilicho and a cousin of emperor Honorius, was in the city and believed by the Roman populace, with little evidence, to be encouraging Alaric's invasion. Galla Placidia , the sister of the emperor Honorius, was also trapped in the city and gave her consent to the Roman Senate to execute Serena, who was then strangled to death. Hopes of help from

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2730-408: The invasion as soon as he was able with reinforcements. Alaric and his Visigoths sacked Ariminum and other cities as they moved south. Alaric's march was unopposed and leisurely, as if they were going to a festival, according to Zosimus . Sarus and his band of Goths, still in Italy, remained neutral and aloof. The city of Rome may have held as many as 800,000 people, making it the largest in

2795-508: The killing of magister utriusque militiae Turpilio and magister equitum Vigilantius; he had both men killed. Jovius was a friend of Alaric's and had been a supporter of Stilicho, and thus the new government was open to negotiations. Alaric went to Ariminum to meet Jovius and present his demands. Alaric wanted yearly tribute in gold and grain, and lands in the provinces of Dalmatia, Noricum , and Venetia for his people. Jovius also wrote privately to Honorius, suggesting that if Alaric

2860-510: The leading role because Bondì thought his face looked ancient, because he spoke French, and because he had a peculiar accent. The Voyage Home was released in Italian cinemas by Orango Film Distribuzione on 16 January 2004. It received little attention and performed poorly at the box office. Emiliano Morreale wrote in FilmTV  [ it ] that it seems to be modeled on Roberto Rossellini 's television works, and therefore "appears like

2925-495: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Voyage_Home&oldid=1249633064 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages The Voyage Home (2004 film) The Voyage Home ( Latin : De reditu ; Italian : Il ritorno , lit.   'The Return')

2990-508: The mutineers, but Stilicho forbade it. Stilicho instead went to Ravenna to meet with the Emperor to resolve the crisis. Honorius, now believing the rumors of Stilicho's treason, ordered his arrest. Stilicho sought sanctuary in a church in Ravenna, but he was lured out with promises of safety. Stepping outside, he was arrested and told he was to be immediately executed on Honorius' orders. Stilicho refused to allow his followers to resist, and he

3055-517: The new Eastern emperor, Theodosius I , signed a treaty with the Thervings, who would become known as the Visigoths . The treaty made the Visigoths subjects of the empire as foederati . They were allotted the northern part of the dioceses of Dacia and Thrace , and while the land remained under Roman sovereignty and the Visigoths were expected to provide military service, they were considered autonomous. Fritigern died around 382. Possibly in 391,

3120-664: The orders of Stilicho, or perhaps on those of Rufinus' replacement Eutropius , is unknown. The withdrawal of Stilicho freed Alaric to pillage much of Greece, including Piraeus , Corinth , Argos , and Sparta . Athens was able to pay a ransom to avoid being sacked. It was only in 397 that Stilicho returned to Greece, having rebuilt his army with mainly barbarian allies and believing the eastern Roman government would now welcome his arrival. After some fighting, Stilicho trapped and besieged Alaric at Pholoe . Then, once again, Stilicho retreated to Italy, and Alaric marched into Epirus . Why Stilicho once again failed to dispatch Alaric

3185-686: The point of challenging Rome. The Goths , one of the Germanic tribes, had invaded the Roman Empire on and off since 238. But in the late 4th century, the Huns began to invade the lands of the Germanic tribes, and pushed many of them into the Roman Empire with greater fervor. In 376, the Huns forced many Therving Goths led by Fritigern and Alavivus to seek refuge in the Eastern Roman Empire . Soon after, starvation, high taxes, hatred from

3250-448: The power behind the throne. His new government was strongly anti-Germanic and obsessed with purging any and all of Stilicho's former supporters. Roman soldiers began to indiscriminately slaughter allied barbarian foederati soldiers and their families in Roman cities. Thousands of them fled Italy and sought refuge with Alaric in Noricum. Zosimus reports the number of refugees as 30,000, but Peter Heather and Thomas Burns believe that number

3315-587: The religion. Christianity and the Christian church are presented as fanatical and in opposition to the Roman values of peace and cultivation. Christian monks are portrayed as primitive, and in one scene evoke the Cyclops of the Odyssey , throwing rocks at Rutilius and his company. This sets The Voyage Home apart from many 20th-century films set in late antiquity . Not only is there a positive identification with

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3380-525: The sum came up short. The Romans then stripped down and melted pagan statues and shrines to make up the difference. Zosimus reports one such statue was of Virtus , and that when it was melted down to pay off barbarians it seemed "all that remained of the Roman valor and intrepidity was totally extinguished". Honorius consented to the payment of the ransom, and with it the Visigoths lifted the siege and withdrew to Etruria in December 408. In January 409,

3445-420: The talk seems to linger on – and on". He saw influences from Pier Paolo Pasolini and Rossellini, but also wrote that the limited budget on occasions makes it feel "like a Monty Python parody". Todd Brown of Twitch wrote that "those looking for a violent toga epic a la Gladiator are looking in the wrong place – this film is far more concerned with politics and frame of mind – but history buffs will find

3510-471: The two forces clashed again at the Battle of Verona , where Alaric was defeated and besieged in a mountain fortress, taking heavy casualties. At this point, a number of Goths in Alaric's army started deserting him, including Sarus , who went over to the Romans. Alaric and his army then withdrew to the borderlands next to Dalmatia and Pannonia . Honorius, fearful after the near capture of Mediolanum, moved

3575-488: The victorious Roman forces that slave prices temporarily collapsed. Only in 407 did Stilicho turn his attention back to Illyricum, gathering a fleet to support Alaric's proposed invasion. But then the Rhine limes collapsed under the weight of hordes of Vandals, Suebi , and Alans who flooded into Gaul . The Roman population attacked there thus rose in rebellion under the usurper Constantine III . Stilicho reconciled with

3640-461: The world at the time. The Goths under Alaric laid siege to the city in late 408. Panic swept through its streets, and there was an attempt to reinstate pagan rituals in the still religiously mixed city to ward off the Visigoths. Pope Innocent I even agreed to it, provided it be done in private. The pagan priests, however, said the sacrifices could only be done publicly in the Roman Forum , and

3705-498: Was distrustful of their intentions. Attalus and Alaric then marched to Ravenna, forcing some cities in northern Italy to submit to Attalus. Honorius, extremely fearful at this turn of events, sent Jovius and others to Attalus, pleading that they share the Western Empire. Attalus said he would only negotiate on Honorius' place of exile. Jovius, for his part, switched sides to Attalus and was named patrician by his new master. Jovius wanted to have Honorius mutilated as well (something that

3770-482: Was enough to make the eastern Roman government offer him terms in 398. They made Alaric magister militum per Illyricum , giving him the Roman command he wanted and giving him free rein to take what resources he needed, including armaments, in his assigned province. Stilicho, in the meantime, put down a rebellion in Africa in 399, which had been instigated by the eastern Roman empire, and married his daughter Maria to

3835-506: Was executed on 22 August 408. Stilicho's execution stopped the payment to Alaric and his Visigoths, who had received none of it. The half-Vandal, half-Roman general is credited with keeping the Western Roman Empire from crumbling during his 13 years of rule, and his death would have profound repercussions for the West. His son Eucherius was executed shortly after in Rome. Olympius was appointed magister officiorum and replaced Stilicho as

3900-435: Was forced to retreat back to Ravenna. Zosimus seems to imply that only the Huns under Olympius took part in this fight. Ataulf then joined Alaric. This failure caused Olympius to fall from power and to flee for his life to Dalmatia. Jovius, the praetorian prefect of Italy , replaced Olympius as the power behind the throne and received the title of patrician . Jovius engineered a mutiny of soldiers in Ravenna who demanded

3965-538: Was killed by the Huns under Uldin , who sent his head back to Constantinople as a gift. With these events, particularly Rome's use of the feared Huns, and cut off from Roman officialdom, Alaric felt his position in the East was precarious. So, while Stilicho was busy fighting an invasion of Vandals and Alans in Rhaetia and Noricum , Alaric led his people into an invasion of Italy in 401, reaching it in November without encountering much resistance. The Goths captured

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4030-421: Was offered the position of magister utriusque militiae , they could lessen Alaric's other demands. Honorius rejected the demand for a Roman office, and he sent an insulting letter to Alaric, which was read out in the negotiations. Infuriated, Alaric broke off negotiations, and Jovius returned to Ravenna to strengthen his relationship with the Emperor. Honorius was now firmly committed to war, and Jovius swore on

4095-550: Was still in the West with the army that had defeated Eugenius, and Rufinus , the praetorian prefect of the East , who took the guardianship of Arcadius in the Eastern capital of Constantinople. Stilicho claimed that Theodosius had awarded him with sole guardianship on the emperor's deathbed and claimed authority over the Eastern Empire as well as the West. Rufinus negotiated with Alaric to get him to withdraw from Constantinople (perhaps by promising him lands in Thessaly ). Whatever

4160-519: Was succeeded by his young son, Theodosius II . Honorius wanted to go East to secure his nephew's succession, but Stilicho convinced him to stay and allow Stilicho himself to go instead. Olympius , a palatine official and an enemy of Stilicho's, spread false rumors that Stilicho planned to place his own son Eucherius on the throne of the East, and many came to believe them. Roman soldiers mutinied and began killing officials who were known supporters of Stilicho. Stilicho's barbarian troops offered to attack

4225-438: Was to become common in the Eastern Empire ), but Attalus rejected it. Increasingly isolated and now in pure panic, Honorius was preparing to flee to Constantinople when 4,000 Eastern Roman soldiers appeared at Ravenna's docks to defend the city. Their arrival strengthened Honorius' resolve to await news of what had happened in Africa. Heraclian had defeated Attalus' force and cut supplies to Rome, threatening another famine in

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