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53-468: The painting depicts 125 wedding guests. As was customary in the Renaissance period, the brides wore black and men wore codpieces . Voyeurism is depicted throughout the entire art work; dancing was disapproved of by the authorities and the church, and the painting can be seen as both a critique and comic depiction of a stereotypical oversexed, overindulgent, peasant class of the times. Pieter Bruegel

106-422: A cod, or a cod-like fish such as a haddock or whiting . There the larva clings to the gills while it metamorphoses into a plump sinusoidal wormlike body with a coiled mass of egg strings at the rear. The front part of the worm's body penetrates the body of the cod until it enters the rear bulb of the host's heart . There, firmly rooted in the cod's circulatory system, the front part of the parasite develops like

159-609: A common source of vitamin A , vitamin D , vitamin E , and omega-3 fatty acids ( EPA and DHA ). Young Atlantic cod or haddock prepared in strips for cooking is called scrod . In the United Kingdom, Atlantic cod is one of the most common ingredients in fish and chips , along with haddock and plaice . At various times in the past, taxonomists included many species in the genus Gadus . Most of these are now either classified in other genera, or have been recognized as forms of one of three species. All these species have

212-445: A designated fishing region off the coast of Newfoundland , after data showed that the total cod biomass had suffered a collapse to less than 1% of its normal value. The minister championed the measure as a temporary solution, allowing the cod population time to recover. The fisheries had long shaped the lives and communities on Canada's Atlantic eastern coast for the preceding five centuries. Societies which are dependent on fishing have

265-516: A fishing village. The moratorium, initially lasting for only two years, was indefinitely extended after it became evident that cod populations had not recovered at all but, instead, had continued to spiral downward in both size and numbers, due to the damage caused by decades of horrible fishing practices, and the fact that the moratorium had permitted exceptions for food fisheries for "personal consumption" purposes to this very day. Some 12,000 tons of Northwest cod are still being caught every year along

318-408: A garment covering the male genitalia. However, the codpiece, per se , appeared in everyday European fashion for men only many centuries later, associated with hose and trousers. In 14th century European fashions, men's hose were two separate legs worn over linen drawers , leaving a man's genitals covered only by a layer of the linen drawers. As the century wore on and men's hemline fashion rose,

371-410: A name for a young cod.) Some fish commonly known as cod are unrelated to Gadus . Part of this name confusion is market-driven. Severely shrunken Atlantic cod stocks have led to the marketing of cod replacements using culinary names of the form " x cod", according to culinary rather than phyletic similarity. The common names for the following species have become well established; note that all inhabit

424-449: A number of common names , most of them ending with the word "cod", whereas other species, as closely related, have other common names (such as pollock and haddock ). However, many other, unrelated species also have common names ending with cod. The usage often changes with different localities and at different times. Three species in the genus Gadus are currently called cod: The fourth species of genus Gadus, Gadus chalcogrammus ,

477-528: A strong mutual relationship with them: the act of fishing changes the ecosystems' balance, which forces the fishery and, in turn, the fishing societies to adapt to new ecological conditions. The near-complete destruction of the Atlantic northwest cod biomass off the shores devastated coastal communities, which had been overexploiting the same cod population for decades. The fishermen along the Atlantic northwest had employed modern fishing technologies, including

530-585: Is 5–12 kilograms (11–26 pounds), but specimens weighing up to 100 kg (220 lb) have been recorded. Pacific cod are smaller than Atlantic cod and are darker in colour. Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) live in the colder waters and deeper sea regions throughout the North Atlantic. Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus ) is found in both eastern and western regions of the Pacific . Atlantic cod could be further divided into several stocks , including

583-418: Is a triangular piece that attached to the front of men's hose , covering the fly . It may be held in place by ties or buttons. It was an important fashion item of European clothing during the 15th–16th centuries, in the 16th century becoming a firm upwards-pointing projection based on a stiff material such as boiled leather , or in plate armour , steel. In the modern era, similar clothing pieces are worn in

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636-401: Is commonly called Alaska pollock or walleye pollock . But there are also less widespread alternative trade names highlighting the fish's belonging to the cod genus, like snow cod or bigeye cod . Cod forms part of the common name of many other fish no longer classified in the genus Gadus . Many are members of the family Gadidae ; others are members of three related families within

689-456: Is currently enjoying strong global demand. The 2006 total allowable catch (TAC) for the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands was 260,000 tons. Farming of Atlantic cod has received a significant amount of interest due to the overall trend of increasing cod prices alongside reduced wild catches. However, progress in creating large scale farming of cod has been slow, mainly due to bottlenecks in

742-503: Is found in both eastern and western regions of the northern Pacific . Gadus morhua was named by Linnaeus in 1758 . (However, G. morhua callarias , a low-salinity, nonmigratory race restricted to parts of the Baltic, was originally described as Gadus callarias by Linnaeus.) Cod as food is popular in several parts of the world. It has a mild flavour and a dense, flaky, white flesh . Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil ,

795-645: Is popular as a food with a mild flavour and a dense, flaky white flesh . Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil , an important source of vitamin A , vitamin D , vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids ( EPA and DHA ). Young Atlantic cod or haddock prepared in strips for cooking is called scrod . In the United Kingdom , Atlantic cod is one of the most common ingredients in fish and chips , along with haddock and plaice . Cod's soft liver can be tinned (canned) and eaten. Cod has been an important economic commodity in international markets since

848-850: The Arcto-Norwegian , North Sea , Baltic Sea , Faroe , Iceland , East Greenland , West Greenland , Newfoundland , and Labrador stocks. There seems to be little interchange between the stocks, although migrations to their individual breeding grounds may involve distances of 300 kilometres (190 statute miles; 160 nautical miles) or more. For instance, eastern Baltic cod shows specific reproductive adaptations to low salinity compared to Western Baltic and Atlantic cod. Atlantic cod occupy varied habitats, favouring rough ground, especially inshore, and are demersal in depths between 6 and 60 metres (20 and 200 feet; 3 and 30 fathoms), 80 m (260 ft; 44 fathoms) on average, although not uncommonly to depths of 600 m (2,000 ft; 330 fathoms). Off

901-734: The French . In the 17th and 18th centuries in the New World, especially in Massachusetts and Newfoundland, cod became a major commodity, creating trade networks and cross-cultural exchanges. In 1733, Britain tried to gain control over trade between New England and the British Caribbean by imposing the Molasses Act , which they believed would eliminate the trade by making it unprofitable. The cod trade grew instead, because

954-511: The Sacred Cod of Massachusetts , in its chambers. Apart from the long history, cod differ from most fish because the fishing grounds are far from population centres. The large cod fisheries along the coast of North Norway (and in particular close to the Lofoten islands) have been developed almost uniquely for export , depending on sea transport of stockfish over large distances. Since

1007-598: The Southern Hemisphere . Fish of the order Perciformes that are commonly called "cod" include: Almost all coral cod , reef cod or rock cod are also in order Perciformes . Most are better known as groupers , and belong to the family Serranidae . Others belong to the Nototheniidae . Two exceptions are the Australasian red rock cod , which belongs to a different order (see below), and

1060-567: The Tower of London has a codpiece as well. Examples of metal parts of such armor are depicted by Wendelin Boeheim in his 1890 publication on the history of weapons, Handbuch der Waffenkunde , which was published in Leipzig, Germany. Notes Further reading cod#Middle English Cod ( pl. : cod) is the common name for the demersal fish genus Gadus , belonging to

1113-593: The Viking period (around 800 AD). Norwegians travelled with dried cod and soon a dried cod market developed in southern Europe . This market has lasted for more than 1,000 years, enduring the Black Death , wars and other crises, and is still an important Norwegian fish trade. The Portuguese began fishing cod in the 15th century. Clipfish is widely enjoyed in Portugal. The Basques played an important role in

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1166-437: The cod worm , Lernaeocera branchialis , starts life as a copepod -like larva, a small free-swimming crustacean. The first host used by the larva is a flatfish or lumpsucker , which it captures with grasping hooks at the front of its body. It penetrates the fish with a thin filament , which it uses to suck the fish's blood. The nourished larvae then mate on the fish. The female larva, with her now fertilized eggs, then finds

1219-558: The family Gadidae . Cod is also used as part of the common name for a number of other fish species, and one species that belongs to genus Gadus is commonly not called cod ( Alaska pollock , Gadus chalcogrammus ). The two most common species of cod are the Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ), which lives in the colder waters and deeper sea regions throughout the North Atlantic , and the Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus ), which

1272-437: The leather subculture , and in performance costumes, such as for rock and metal musicians. A similar device with rigid construction, an athletic cup , is used as protective gear for male athletes. From the ancient world there are extant depictions of articles of clothing designed to cover just the male genitalia; for example, archaeological recovery at Minoan Knossos on Crete has yielded figurines , some of whom wear only

1325-484: The penis . Such excessive codpieces became an object of derision showered on outlandish fashions. The Renaissance author, François Rabelais , refers satirically to a book entitled On the Dignity of Codpieces , in the foreword to his 1532 book, The Histories of Gargantua and Pantagruel . This fashion reached its peak of size and decoration in the 1540s before falling out of use by the 1590s. Suits of armor of

1378-581: The "French were eager to work with the New Englanders in a lucrative contraband arrangement". In addition to increasing trade, the New England settlers organized into a "codfish aristocracy". The colonists rose up against Britain's "tariff on an import". In the 20th century, Iceland re-emerged as a fishing power and entered the Cod Wars . In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, fishing off

1431-528: The 16th century followed civilian fashion, and for a time, codpieces were a prominent addition to the full suits of armor. A few examples of full suits of armor with codpieces are on display in museums today. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City has one. The Higgins Armory in Worcester, Massachusetts , also had an example on display until its close. The armor of Henry VIII displayed in

1484-585: The Baltic Sea the most important prey species are herring and sprat . Many studies that analyze the stomach contents of these fish indicate that cod is the top predator, preying on the herring and sprat. Sprat form particularly high concentrations in the Bornholm Basin in the southern Baltic Sea. Although cod feed primarily on adult sprat, sprat tend to prey on the cod eggs and larvae. Cod and related species are plagued by parasites. For example,

1537-619: The Elder completed The Wedding Dance in 1566. It was believed to have been lost for many years, until discovered at a sale in London in 1930 by William R. Valentiner, the director of the Museum Detroit Institute of Arts at the time. Valentiner paid $ 35,075 for The Wedding Dance through a city appropriation. It is still owned by the museum. The Peasant Wedding (1567) and The Peasant Dance (1569), also by Bruegel, share

1590-596: The European and American coasts severely depleted stocks and become a major political issue. The necessity of restricting catches to allow stocks to recover upset the fishing industry and politicians who are reluctant to hurt employment. On July 2, 1992, the Honourable John Crosbie , Canadian Federal Minister of Fisheries and Oceans , declared a two-year moratorium on the Northern Cod fishery,

1643-574: The Newfoundland coast by local fishermen. The collapse of the four-million ton biomass, which had persevered through several previous marine extinctions over tens of millions of years, in a timespan of no more than 20 years, is oft-cited by researchers as one of the most visible examples of the phenomenon of the "Tragedy of the Commons." Factors which had been implicated as contributing to the collapse include: overfishing; government mismanagement;

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1696-650: The Norwegian and New England coasts and on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , cod congregate at certain seasons in water of 30–70 m (100–200 ft; 20–40 fathoms) depth. Cod are gregarious and form schools, although shoaling tends to be a feature of the spawning season. Spawning of northeastern Atlantic cod occurs between January and April (March and April are the peak months), at a depth of 200 metres (660 ft) in specific spawning grounds at water temperatures between 4 and 6 °C (39 and 43 °F). Around

1749-827: The UK, the major spawning grounds are in the middle to southern North Sea, the start of the Bristol Channel (north of Newquay ), the Irish Channel (both east and west of the Isle of Man ), around Stornoway , and east of Helmsdale . Prespawning courtship involves fin displays and male grunting, which leads to pairing. The male inverts himself beneath the female, and the pair swim in circles while spawning. The eggs are planktonic and hatch between eight and 23 days, with larva reaching 4 millimetres ( 5 ⁄ 32 inch) in length. This planktonic phase lasts some ten weeks, enabling

1802-400: The branches of a tree, reaching into the main artery . In this way, the worm extracts nutrients from the cod's blood, remaining safely tucked beneath the cod's gill cover until it releases a new generation of offspring into the water. The 2006 northwest Atlantic cod quota is 23,000 tons, representing half the available stocks, while the northeast Atlantic quota is 473,000 tons. Pacific cod

1855-467: The cod trade, and allegedly found the Canadian fishing banks before Columbus ' discovery of America. The North American east coast developed in part due to the vast cod stocks. Many cities in the New England area are located near cod fishing grounds. The fish was so important to the history and development of Massachusetts , the state's House of Representatives hung a wood carving of a codfish, known as

1908-546: The ecologically-devastating practice of trawling , especially in the years leading up to the 1990s, in the misguided belief that fishing stocks are perpetually plentiful and unable to be depleted. After this assumption was empirically and abruptly shown to be incorrect, to the dismay of government officials and rural workers, some 19,000 fishermen and cod processing plant workers in Newfoundland lost their employment. The powerful economic engine of rural Newfoundland coughed, wheezed, and died. Nearly 40,000 workers and harvesters in

1961-471: The end of the second. Growth tends to be less at higher latitudes. Cod reach maturity at about 50 cm (20 in) at about 3 to 4 years of age. Changes in growth rate over decades of particular stocks have been reported, current eastern Baltic cod shows the lowest growth observed since 1955. Adult cod are active hunters, feeding on sand eels , whiting , haddock , small cod, squid , crabs , lobsters , mussels , worms , mackerel , and molluscs . In

2014-669: The fish known simply as the rock cod and as soft cod in New Zealand, Lotella rhacina , which as noted above actually is related to the true cod (it is a morid cod). From the order Scorpaeniformes : The tadpole cod family, Ranicipitidae , and the Eucla cod family, Euclichthyidae , were formerly classified in the order Ophidiiformes , but are now grouped with the Gadiformes . Some fish that do not have "cod" in their names are sometimes sold as cod. Haddock and whiting belong to

2067-565: The hose became longer and joined at the centre back, there rising to the waist, but remaining open at the centre front. Further shortening of the cote or doublet fashion resulted in more prominence of the genitals; this area would then be covered with a triangular material called a codpiece. Most of what is known about the cut, fit, and materials used for Renaissance codpieces is through portraits, clothing inventories, receipts for payments and tailor cutting guides. As time passed, codpieces became shaped and padded to emphasize rather than to conceal

2120-665: The introduction of salt, dried and salted cod (clipfish or 'klippfisk' in Norwegian) has also been exported. By the end of the 14th century, the Hanseatic League dominated trade operations and sea transport, with Bergen as the most important port. William Pitt the Elder , criticizing the Treaty of Paris in Parliament , claimed cod was "British gold"; and that it was folly to restore Newfoundland fishing rights to

2173-465: The joys of gluttony painted by Brueghel with bursting vitality". Walter S. Gibson also views the paintings as a "sermon condemning gluttony" and "an allegory of the Church abandoned by Christ". The popular painting shows a group of 125 wedding guests wearing clothing from the times, presented in the canvas in an apparently chaotic way in an outdoor party surrounded by trees. The brides wore black as it

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2226-452: The larval production stage, where survival and growth are often unpredictable. It has been suggested that this bottleneck may be overcome by ensuring cod larvae are fed diets with similar nutritional content as the copepods they feed on in the wild Recent examples have shown that increasing dietary levels of minerals such as selenium, iodine and zinc may improve survival and/or biomarkers for health in aquaculture reared cod larvae. Cod

2279-576: The length of the chin barbel. Cod have a distinct white lateral line running from the gill slit above the pectoral fin, to the base of the caudal or tail fin. The back tends to be a greenish to sandy brown, and shows extensive mottling, especially towards the lighter sides and white belly. Dark brown colouration of the back and sides is not uncommon, especially for individuals that have resided in rocky inshore regions. The Atlantic cod can change colour at certain water depths. It has two distinct colour phases: gray-green and reddish brown. Its average weight

2332-456: The order Gadiformes whose names include the word "cod": the morid cods , Moridae (100 or so species); the eel cods, Muraenolepididae (four species); and the Eucla cod , Euclichthyidae (one species). The tadpole cod family ( Ranicipitidae ) has now been placed in Gadidae. Some fish have common names derived from "cod", such as codling , codlet , or tomcod . ("Codling" is also used as

2385-538: The painting was part of a series of Seven Deadly Sins and Virtues and that the paintings "attest to [Bruegel's] moral devotions". He says "While dancing may appear innocuous or natural for peasants, it poses a palpable threat to the human soul. Its [dancing's] usefulness in characterizing the peasantry as wild and unruly undoubtedly derives from the moral opprobrium in which dancing was held by religious and civil authorities alike." Codpiece A codpiece (from Middle English cod  ' scrotum ')

2438-405: The people show that their behaviour is inappropriate or a caricature of rustic buffoonery, but its representation of fertility and reproduction is presented in a joyful manner. Indeed, the painting reflects a degree of ambiguity in that it can both be seen as an attack on the stereotypical oversexed behaviour of the lower orders as well as evoking a comical picture. In the sixteenth century, when this

2491-580: The provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador applied for the federal relief program TAGS (the Atlantic Groundfish Strategy). Abandoned and rusting fishing boats still litter the coasts of Newfoundland and the Canadian northwest to this day. The fishery minister, John Crosbie, after delivering a speech on the day before the declaration of the moratorium, or July 1, 1992, was publicly heckled and verbally harassed by disgruntled locals at

2544-436: The right of the work, behind a musician playing on a pijpzak, there is a man watching the dance from the side. Judging by the writing utensils hanging on his belt, he is a writer or possibly a middle-class painter. Behind him is a hanging tablecloth decorated with a crown and beneath it is the bride's table. Before her table, money collectors can be seen digging trenches while the wedding guests sit down and eat. The movements of

2597-404: The same family, the Gadidae, as cod. Cods of the genus Gadus have three rounded dorsal and two anal fins . The pelvic fins are small, with the first ray extended, and are set under the gill cover (i.e. the throat region), in front of the pectoral fins . The upper jaw extends over the lower jaw, which has a well-developed chin barbel . The eyes are medium-sized, approximately the same as

2650-848: The same wedding theme and elements and were painted in the same period in Bruegel's later years. They are considered to be a trilogy of works by Bruegel. In all three of the paintings, there are pipers playing the pijpzak (bagpipes), they also exude pride and vanity; for example, in The Peasant Dance , the man seated next to the pijpzak player is wearing a peacock feather in his hat. Robert L. Bonn, an author, described these trilogy of works as "superb examples" of anthropological paintings, and states that "in three genre paintings Bruegel stands in marked contrast both to painters of his day and many others who followed". Thomas Craven summarises The Wedding Dance as "[o]ne of several celebrations of

2703-435: The young cod to increase its body weight by 40-fold, and growing to about 2 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4  in). The young cod then move to the seabed and change their diet to small benthic crustaceans , such as isopods and small crabs. They increase in size to 8 cm (3 in) in the first six months, 14–18 cm ( 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 –7 in) by the end of their first year, and to 25–35 cm (10–14 in) by

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2756-601: Was painted, dance was subject to a strict code and regarded by the authorities and church as a social evil. People could not swing their arms or legs or laugh too loud, as that would be considered a type of rudeness to many people. The painting therefore "expresses the peasants' liberation from the stricter limits of upper classes" by failing to adhere to the expected social standards of the times. The author of The Theme of Music in Northern Renaissance Banquet Scenes , Robert Quist , has said that

2809-403: Was the Renaissance period and the men wore codpieces , which were an important part of their clothing at the time. Voyeurism (spying on people engaged in intimate behaviours) is shown throughout the work. In the foreground there is a dancer wearing the colours of that time period and there are many peasants in that area. In the middle there is the bride dancing with an older man, her father. On

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