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36-477: Thesprotia was part of the proto-Greek region in the late Bronze Age in which Greek archaic toponyms are densely found. In antiquity, the territory of modern Thesprotia was inhabited by the ancient Greek tribe of Thesprotians and was bordered by the neighboring regions of Molossia to the north and Chaonia to the east. Thesprotia is mentioned at the Epic Cycle as a place where Odysseus sailed and married

72-469: A hypothetically closer relationship between Greek and Armenian , although evidence remains scant. According to Filos (2014), the emergence of Proto-Greek was a long and continuous linguistic evolution, as the predecessors of Greek speakers were migrating towards the outskirts of Greece, somewhere to the north(-west) of the Greek peninsula proper, where they eventually merged with pre-Greek populations to form

108-600: A West Greek (consisting of Doric and Northwest Greek) and an East Greek (consisting of Aeolic, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group. However, after the decipherment of the Linear B script, Walter Porzig and Ernst Risch argued for a division between a Northern (consisting of Doric, Northwest Greek, and Aeolic) and a Southern (consisting of Mycenaean, Arcado-Cypriot, and Attic-Ionic) group, which remains fundamental until today. During this period of c.  1700 BC , South Greek-speaking tribes spread to Boeotia, Attica, and

144-528: A following aspirated consonant occurred in the same word. It was a relatively late change in Proto-Greek history, and must have occurred independently of the similar dissimilation of aspirates (also known as Grassmann's law ) in Indo-Iranian , although it may represent a common areal feature . The change may have even been post-Mycenaean: Greek is unique among Indo-European languages in reflecting

180-399: A glide, *t͡sy , in the case of both original *t and original *tʰ . Either way, restored *t(ʰ)y would go on to merge via the second palatalization with the reflex of *k(ʰ)y , resulting in a distinct outcome from the *t͡s derived from the first palatalization. There may also have been restoration of *y after original *d in the same circumstances, but if so, it apparently merged with

216-712: A new highway that will connect Igoumenitsa and Saranda , passing by Sagiada and Konispol . The port of Igoumenitsa serves ferry routes to the islands of Corfu and Paxoi (includes Antipaxoi), as well as Italy. Proto-Greek Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Proto-Greek language (also known as Proto-Hellenic )

252-576: A region that included southwestern Illyria, Epirus, northwestern Thessaly and western Macedonia. Older theories like those of Vladimir I. Georgiev placed Proto-Greek in northwestern Greece and adjacent areas (approximately up to the Aulon river to the north), including Parauaea , Tymphaia , Athamania , Dolopia , Amphilochia , and Acarnania , as well as west and north Thessaly ( Histiaeotis , Perrhaibia , Tripolis ), and Pieria in Macedonia, during

288-523: A separate sound in Mycenaean) and geminated palatal consonants. Any aspiration was lost in the process. The palatalized consonants later simplified, mostly losing their palatal character. Palatalization occurred in two separate stages. The first stage affected only dental consonants, and the second stage affected all consonants. The first palatalization replaced post-PIE sequences of dental stop + *y with alveolar affricates: The affricate derived from

324-480: Is one of the most seismically active areas in the world. The name Ionian comes from the Greek word Ionion (Ἰόνιον) . Its etymology is unknown. Ancient Greek writers, especially Aeschylus , linked it to the myth of Io . In ancient Greek the adjective Ionios ( Ἰόνιος ) was used as an epithet for the sea because Io swam across it. According to the Oxford Classical Dictionary ,

360-437: Is subdivided into three municipalities (numbered as in the map in the infobox): Thesprotia was established as a prefecture in 1937 ( Greek : Νομός Θεσπρωτίας ). As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Thesprotia was created out of the former prefecture Thesprotia. The prefecture had the same territory as the present regional unit. At the same time, the municipalities were reorganised, according to

396-543: Is the Indo-European language which was the last common ancestor of all varieties of Greek , including Mycenaean Greek , the subsequent ancient Greek dialects (i.e., Attic , Ionic , Aeolic , Doric , Arcadocypriot , and ancient Macedonian —either a dialect or a closely related Hellenic language ) and, ultimately, Koine , Byzantine and Modern Greek (along with its variants ). Proto-Greek speakers entered Greece sometime between 2200 and 1900   BC, with

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432-497: The *d͡z that resulted from the first palatalization before leaving any visible trace. However, restoration is not evident in Mycenaean Greek , where the reflex of original *t(ʰ)y (which became a consonant transcribed as ⟨s⟩) is consistently written differently from the reflex of original *k(ʰ)y (which became a consonant transcribed as ⟨z⟩ via the second palatalization). The second palatalization took place following

468-533: The Late Neolithic . The boundaries are based on the high concentration of archaic Greek place-names in the region, in contrast to southern Greece which preserves many pre-Greek . Radoslav Katičić considered these findings highly significant, and agreed that due to the minimal traces of pre-Greek toponymy in the region, Epirus and western Thessaly must have formed the region of concentration of Proto-Greek speakers, before their spread southwards. However,

504-780: The Ottomans. From the 8th-9th until the 15th century, the region was called Vagenetia , a name deriving from the Slavic tribe of the Baiounitai , who appear in the early 7th century during the Slavic invasions of the Balkans. In the late Ottoman period, the area was known as Chameria , and at 1910 most of the territory of the modern prefecture of Thesprotia was known as Sancak of Resadiye or Çamlık Sancak or Igoumenitsa Sancak . Thesprotia remained under Ottoman rule until 1913, when it

540-670: The Peloponnese, while North Greek was spoken in Epirus, Thessaly, parts of Central Greece, and perhaps also Macedonia. Proto-Greek is reconstructed with the following phonemes: The primary sound changes separating Proto-Greek from the Proto-Indo-European language include the following. Major changes included: Grassmann's law was a process of dissimilation in words containing multiple aspirates. It caused an initial aspirated sound to lose its aspiration when

576-458: The Proto-Greek language. A. L. Katona (2000) places the beginning of the migration from Ukraine towards the south c.  2400  – c.  2300 BC . Their proposed route of migration passed through Romania and the eastern Balkans to the Evros river valley from where their main body moved west. As such Katona as well as M.V Sakellariou agree that the main body of Greek speakers settled in

612-402: The arrival of Proto-Greek speakers into the Greek peninsula to 2200   BC, while Carl Blegen (1928) dates it to c.  1900 BC . Ivo Hajnal dates the beginning of the diversification of Proto-Greek into the subsequent Greek dialects to a point not significantly earlier than 1700   BC. The conventional division of the Greek dialects prior to 1955 differentiated them between

648-559: The cases may stem from an early insertion of /e/ next to a laryngeal not adjacent to a vowel in the Indo-European dialect ancestral to Greek (subsequently coloured to /e/ , /a/ , /o/ by the particular laryngeal in question) prior to the general merger of laryngeals: A laryngeal adjacent to a vowel develops along the same lines as other Indo-European languages: Consonants followed by consonantal *y were palatalized , producing various affricate consonants (still represented as

684-467: The context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, with the Armenian language , which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose

720-672: The dating of proto-Greek in Bronze Age Greece is compatible with the inherited lexicon from the common Proto-Indo-European language , which excludes any possibility of it being present in Neolithic Greece . In modern bibliography, models about the settlement and development of proto-Greek speakers in the Greek peninsula place it in the region at the earliest around 2200–2000 BC, during the Early Helladic III. Asko Parpola and Christian Carpelan (2005) date

756-495: The diversification into a southern and a northern group beginning by approximately 1700   BC. Proto-Greek emerged from the diversification of the late Proto-Indo-European language (PIE); a process whose last phase gave rise to the later language families and occurred c.  2500 BC . Pre-Proto-Greek, the Indo-European dialect from which Proto-Greek originated, emerged c.  2400  – c.  2200 BC , in an area which bordered pre- Proto-Indo-Iranian to

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792-693: The east and pre- Proto-Armenian and pre-Proto- Phrygian to the west, at the eastern borders of southeastern Europe; according to the Kurgan hypothesis . Speakers of what would become Proto-Greek, migrated from their homeland (which could have been northeast of the Black Sea ), and reached Greece in a date set around the transition of the Early Bronze Age to the Middle Bronze Age. The evolution of Proto-Greek could be considered within

828-463: The first palatalization of *ty and *tʰy merged with the outcome of the inherited clusters *ts , *ds and *tʰs , all becoming *t͡s . After the first palatalization changed *ty and *tʰy into *t͡s , the consonant *y was restored after original *t or *tʰ in morphologically transparent formations. The initial outcome of restoration may have been simply *ty and *tʰy , or alternatively, restoration may have yielded an affricate followed by

864-538: The historical period. Ionian Sea The Ionian Sea ( Modern Greek : Ιόνιο Πέλαγος , romanized :  Iónio Pélagos , IPA: [iˈoni.o ˈpelaɣos] ; Italian : Mar Ionio or Mar Jonio , IPA: [mar ˈjɔːnjo] ; Albanian : Deti Jon , IPA: [ˈdɛti ˈjɔn] ) is an elongated bay of the Mediterranean Sea . It is connected to the Adriatic Sea to

900-647: The local queen Callidice of Thesprotia . Thesprotia became part of the Epirote League before it was annexed by Rome where it became part of the Roman province of Epirus . After the fragmentation of the Roman Empire into East and West, it was part of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire until the late Middle Ages, except for a period of Bulgarian rule in the 9th-11th centuries. In c. 1430 it fell to

936-609: The main ones being Corfu , Kefalonia , Zakynthos , Lefkada , and Ithaca . There are ferry routes between Patras and Igoumenitsa , Greece, and Brindisi and Ancona , Italy, that cross the east and north of the Ionian Sea, and from Piraeus westward. Calypso Deep , the deepest point in the Mediterranean at 5,109 m (16,762 ft), is in the Ionian Sea, at 36°34′N 21°8′E  /  36.567°N 21.133°E  / 36.567; 21.133 . The sea

972-468: The name may derive from Ionians who sailed to the West, however the word for Ionians is spelled with an omega ( Ἴωνες) rather than an omicron as in the word for the Ionian Sea. There were also narratives about other eponymic legendary figures; according to one version, Ionius was a son of Adrias (eponymic for the Adriatic Sea ); according to another, Ionius was a son of Dyrrhachus . When Dyrrhachus

1008-577: The north, and is bounded by Southern Italy , including Basilicata , Calabria , Sicily , and the Salento peninsula to the west, southern Albania (and western Apulia , Italy) to the north, and the west coast of Greece , including the Peloponnese . All major islands in the sea, which are located in the east of the sea, belong to Greece . They are collectively named the Ionian Islands ,

1044-805: The remains of ancient cities such as Gitani . In 1996, construction began on the A2 motorway , officially called Egnatia Odos . The road, which links the Ionian coast at Igoumenitsa to Thessaloniki and further to Alexandroupoli the Greek Turkish borders, was opened to traffic in 2009. Other important roads in Thesprotia include the Greek National Road 6 (Igoumenitsa - Ioannina - Larissa ) and Greek National Road 18 ( Filiates - Paramythia - Preveza ). In 2009, construction began for

1080-512: The resolution of syllabic laryngeals and sonorants, and prior to Grassmann's law. It affected all consonants followed by the palatal glide *y . The following table, based on American linguist Andrew Sihler , shows the outcomes of the second palatalization: Sihler reconstructs the palatalized stops (shown in the above table as *ť *ď ) with a degree of assibilation and transcribes them as *č *ǰ . The resulting palatal consonants and clusters of Proto-Greek were resolved in varying ways prior to

1116-483: The table below. Note: Provinces no longer hold any legal status in Greece . Thesprotia is traditionally one of the poorest and most remote regional units of Greece . The main economic activities are agriculture and tourism, with agriculture as historically the main economic activity. The main tourist attractions of the region are its numerous beaches, particularly the resort of Syvota . Other tourist attractions are

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1152-429: The three different laryngeals with distinct vowels. Most Indo-European languages can be traced back to a dialectal variety of late Proto-Indo-European (PIE) in which all three laryngeals had merged (after colouring adjacent short /e/ vowels), but Greek clearly cannot. For that reason, Greek is extremely important in reconstructing PIE forms. Greek shows distinct reflexes of the laryngeals in various positions: All of

1188-544: The west. Much of the regional unit is mountainous. Most farmland is located in the valleys in the central, southern and the western part. Two of Thesprotia's rivers are legendary: the Thyamis and the Acheron of Greek mythology, lined with reedbeds and plane trees. Thesprotia's coastal climate is Mediterranean. Cold winters of a semi-alpine climate dominate the eastern part and higher elevations. The regional unit Thesprotia

1224-477: Was attacked by his own brothers, Heracles , who was passing through the area, came to his aid, but in the fight the hero killed his ally's son by mistake. The body was cast into the water, and thereafter was called the Ionian Sea. Cham Albanians used to call the Ionian sea "The Lady's Domain". The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Ionian Sea as follows: From south to north in

1260-531: Was ceded to Greece after the Ottoman defeat in the First Balkan War . As part of Greece the province of Margariti became part of Preveza prefecture and the provinces of Paramythia and Filiates were part of Ioannina prefecture . The area above river Acheron continued to be referred to as Tsamouria in official Greek government communication until 1937, when the separate prefecture of Thesprotia

1296-427: Was established. In 1923, the population of Thesprotia was 60,705, In 1920, there were 20,319 Muslim Albanians in Thesprotia. After their expulsion on the orders of Napoleon Zervas at the end of World War II , Muslim Albanians numbered to only 77 individuals in the 1951 census. Thesprotia borders Albania to the north, the regional unit of Ioannina to the east and Preveza to the south. The Ionian Sea lies to

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