Misplaced Pages

#4995

58-518: Thomas Arnold (13 June 1795 – 12 June 1842) was an English educator and historian. He was an early supporter of the Broad Church Anglican movement. As headmaster of Rugby School from 1828 to 1841, he introduced several reforms that were widely copied by other noted public schools . His reforms redefined standards of masculinity and achievement. Arnold was born on the Isle of Wight ,

116-590: A churchman he was a decided Erastian and strongly opposed to the High Church party. His 1833 Principles of Church Reform is linked with the beginnings of the Broad Church movement. In 1841, he was appointed Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford . Arnold's chief literary works are his unfinished History of Rome (three volumes, 1838–1842) and his Lectures on Modern History . Far more often read were his five books of sermons, which were admired by

174-528: A division in their liturgical practices, for example, high church Presbyterianism and high church Methodism , and within Lutheranism there is a historic high church and low church distinction comparable with Anglicanism (see Neo-Lutheranism and Pietism ). High church is a back-formation from "high churchman", a label used in the 17th and early 18th centuries to describe opponents of religious toleration , with "high" meaning "extreme". As

232-510: A place in the church's life". These would broadly correspond to the low church, high church and broad church parties in the Church of England. It has been suggested that "broad" tended to be used to describe those of middle of the road liturgical preferences who leaned theologically towards liberal Protestantism; whilst "central" described those who were theologically conservative, and took the middle way in terms of liturgical practices, following

290-494: A school in Laleham before moving to Rugby. Arnold's appointment to the headship of Rugby School in 1828, after some years as a private tutor, turned the school's fortunes around. His force of character and religious zeal enabled him to make it a model for other public schools and exercise a strong influence on the education system of England. Though he introduced history, mathematics and modern languages, he based his teaching on

348-524: A space for liberal and progressive theologians who might have been frozen out of more conservative factions. Episcopal Theological School was "the first Episcopal theological seminary to welcome modern biblical scholarship ," and the Broad Church movement "for nearly three decades held a practical monopoly of modernistic views in the American [Episcopal] Church." Figures like R. Heber Newton (who

406-520: A wide circle of pious readers, including Queen Victoria . Arnold married Mary Penrose, daughter of the Rev. John Penrose of Penryn , Cornwall . They had five daughters and five sons: W. E. Forster and Jane both enjoyed mountaineering; they climbed Mont Blanc in 1859 and in 1860 Jane was one of the first women to stand on the summit of Monte Rosa, which had not been climbed by a woman until 1857. When William Delafield Arnold died in 1859 leaving four orphans,

464-511: Is Christian and moral and political philosophy." Arnold developed the praepostor ( prefect ) system, in which sixth-form students were given powers over every part of the school (managed by himself) and kept order in the establishment. The 1857 novel by Thomas Hughes , Tom Brown's School Days , portrays a generation of boys "who feared the Doctor with all our hearts, and very little besides in heaven or earth; who thought more of our sets in

522-581: Is Sir Robert Inglis MP. Only with the success of the Oxford Movement and its increasing emphases on ritualistic revival from the mid-19th century onward, did the term High Church begin to mean something approaching the later term Anglo-Catholic . Even then, it was only employed coterminously in contrast to the Low churchmanship of the Evangelical position. This sought, once again, to lessen

580-489: Is intrinsically traditional . High church nonetheless includes many bishops, other clergy and adherents sympathetic to mainstream modern consensus across reformed Christianity that, according to official Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian teachings, are anathema (see the ordination of women and to varying degrees abortion ). The term high church has also been applied to elements of Protestant churches within which individual congregations or ministers display

638-559: Is on allowing individual parishioners' choice. Broad church as an expression is now increasingly replaced by references in the Church of England to liberalism. For example, Rowan Williams , the former archbishop of Canterbury , in his "text of reflection" The Challenge and Hope of Being an Anglican Today , released in 2006, described the three "components in our heritage" as "strict evangelical Protestantism", "Roman Catholicism" and " religious liberalism ", accepting that "each of these has

SECTION 10

#1732775366005

696-626: The British Labour Party . It can denote both a wide range of ideological views within a single organisation, as well as describe a party that seeks to attract a wide voter base with differing points of view. " Big tent " is a similar term in American politics, also with religious origins. High Church The high church are the beliefs and practices of Christian ecclesiology , liturgy , and theology that emphasize "ritual, priestly authority, [and] sacraments". Although used in connection with various Christian traditions ,

754-457: The Civil War , the Broad Church organized to actively support liberal causes. According to TEC, the movement sought to be "more tolerant and liberal than the views of the existing low church and high church parties," and emphasized "reason as a mediator of religious truth, as opposed to the exclusive reliance on scripture and tradition in the other parties." The Broad Church movement provided

812-509: The County of Swansea 's assize sermon on 18 April 1710 ( The right way to honour and happiness ), during which he complained of the "rapid growth of deist, freethinking and anti-trinitarian views." The targets of Hancorne's wrath were "irreligion, profaneness and immorality", as well as the "curious, inquisitive sceptics" and the "sin-sick tottering nation". Later, he engaged in a campaign to reassert tithe rights. Eventually, under Queen Anne ,

870-625: The Jacobites , the adherents of the excluded dynasts, to regain the English and Scottish thrones, led to a sharpening of anti-Catholic rhetoric in Britain and a distancing of the High Church party from the more ritualistic aspects of Caroline High churchmanship, which were often associated with the schismatic Non-Jurors . Thomas Hancorne , a Welsh clergyman prominent in jacobite circles, gave

928-563: The Labour Party and greater decision-making liberty for the church's convocations. From the mid-19th century onward, the term High Church generally became associated with a more Anglo-Catholic , while the Latitudinarians were referred to as being Broad Church and the re-emergent evangelical party was dubbed Low Church . However, high church can still refer to Anglicans of the pre-Oxford movement High Church , who hold

986-533: The Puritans began demanding that the English Church abandon some of its traditional liturgical emphases, episcopal structures, parish ornaments and the like, the high church position also came to be distinguished increasingly from that of the Latitudinarians , also known as those promoting a broad church, who sought to minimise the differences between Anglicanism and Reformed Christianity, and to make

1044-495: The classical languages . "I assume it as the foundation of all my view of the case, that boys at a public school never will learn to speak or pronounce French well, under any circumstances," and so it would be enough if they could "learn it grammatically as a dead language." Physical science was not taught because, in Arnold's view, "it must either take the chief place in the school curriculum, or it must be left out altogether." Arnold

1102-604: The 1940 film version, Robert Newton in the 1951 film version, Iain Cuthbertson in the 1971 television version, and Stephen Fry in the 2005 television version. Thomas Arnold, Arnold of Rugby: His school life and contributions to education (1897) online Broad Church In the American Episcopal Church , the term "broad church" historically denoted latitudinarian churchmanship and connoted theological liberalism and modernism, particularly in

1160-415: The 1960s to 1980s, also a churchman and Oxbridge academic (Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and Vice-Chancellor), wrote a biography and reappraisal of Arnold in 1991. He had briefly been a master at Rugby and was married to the daughter of another former headmaster. More recently, a biography entitled Black Tom was written by Terence Copley . Both McCrum and Copley seek to restore some lustre to

1218-476: The 19th century for Anglicans who objected to positive definitions in theology and sought to interpret Anglican formularies in a broad and liberal sense. Characteristic members of this group were the contributors to Essays and Reviews , 1860, and A. P. Stanley . As the name implies, parishes associated with this variety of churchmanship will mix high and low forms, reflective of the often eclectic liturgical and doctrinal preferences of clergy and laity. The emphasis

SECTION 20

#1732775366005

1276-605: The Anglican gentry felt the need to re-entrench the re-Anglicanised Church of England as one of the most important elements of the Restoration Settlement through a renewed and strengthened alliance between Throne and Altar, or Church and State. Reverence for martyrdom of the Stuart king Charles I as an upholder of his Coronation Oath to protect the Church of England became a hallmark of High Church orthodoxy. At

1334-520: The Arnold legacy, which had been under attack since Strachey's sardonic appraisal. A. C. Benson once observed of Arnold, "A man who could burst into tears at his own dinner-table on hearing a comparison made between St. Paul and St. John to the detriment of the latter, and beg that the subject might never be mentioned again in his presence, could never have been an easy companion." Arnold has been played several times in adaptations of Tom Brown's School Days , including by Sir Cedric Hardwicke in

1392-562: The Bible , by Anglicans and other Protestants alike in the English-speaking world, is a reflection of the success of this endeavour at cooperation. During the reign of King Charles I , however, as divisions between Puritan and Anglican elements within the Church of England became more bitter, and Protestant Nonconformity outside the Church grew stronger in numbers and more vociferous, the High Church position became associated with

1450-683: The British throne. The subsequent split over office-holders' oaths of allegiance to the Crown and the Royal Succession, which led to the exclusion of the Non-Juror bishops who refused to recognise the 1688 de facto abdication of the King, and the accession of King William III and Queen Mary II , and did much to damage the unity of High Church party. Later events surrounding the attempts of

1508-563: The Broad Church (in the Church Congress sense) may now style themselves as low church. Examples include Trinity Church in Boston, which was considered low church under the leadership of Anne Bonnymann (r. 2006-11) but still "continu[ed] to be a Broad Church parish"; and Groton School , where Morning Prayer is still celebrated. By way of an analogy, the term broad church has been used with regard to political parties, particularly

1566-501: The Broad Church movement was that it gave theological liberalism a foothold in TEC at a time when the low church and high church factions were both dominated by conservatives. Although ostensibly anti-factional, the Church Congress' leaders were "all progressive liberals in a basically conservative church." Until the 1870s, TEC's conservative leadership had generally taken a neutral stance towards hot-button issues like abolitionism . Following

1624-498: The Church in England, and dry faith, which was accompanied by an austere but decorous mode of worship, as reflective of their idea of an orderly and dignified churchmanship against the rantings of the low churchmen that their Cavalier ancestors had defeated. Over time, their High Church position had become ossified among a remnant of bookish churchmen and country squires. An example of an early 19th-century churchman of this tradition

1682-541: The Congress' leaders migrated to the newly established Liberal Evangelical Congress, which first convened in 1933. (The term "evangelical" is a historical artifact. In the 1860s and 1870s, most conservative evangelicals left TEC, often for the Reformed Episcopal Church ; as a result, by the mid-1870s, within TEC, the term "evangelical" was largely synonymous with "low-church liberal." For example,

1740-551: The Forsters adopted them as their own, adding their name to the children's surname. One of them was Hugh Oakeley Arnold-Forster , a Liberal Unionist MP, who eventually became a member of Balfour 's cabinet. Another was Florence Vere O'Brien , a diarist, philanthropist and craftswoman who lived in Ireland . Frances Bunsen Trevenen Whateley Arnold, the youngest daughter, never married and died at Fox How in 1923. Arnold had bought

1798-589: The High Church party saw its fortunes revive with those of the Tory party, with which it was then strongly associated. However, under the early Hanoverians , both the High Church and Tory parties were once again out of favour. This led to an increasing marginalisation of High Church and Tory viewpoints, as much of the 18th century was given over to the rule of the Whig party and the aristocratic families who were in large measure pragmatic latitudinarians in churchmanship. This

Thomas Arnold - Misplaced Pages Continue

1856-585: The School than of the Church of Christ, and put the traditions of Rugby and the public opinion of boys in our daily life above the laws of God." Arnold was no great enthusiast for sport, which was permitted only as an alternative to poaching or fighting with local boys and did not become part of Rugby's curriculum until 1850. He described his educational aims as being the cure of souls first, moral development second, and intellectual development third. However, this did not prevent Baron de Coubertin from considering him

1914-401: The TEC dictionary describes Broad Church preacher Phillips Brooks , a theological liberal, as a "broad church evangelical," and stresses that TEC's "liberal evangelical" tendency "accept[ed] a critical stance toward the biblical text." ) Although the term is no longer in general use, certain modern-day Episcopal churches use "broad church" to describe an attitude towards ritual that is between

1972-557: The church as inclusive as possible by opening its doors as widely as possible to admit other Christian viewpoints. Over time several of the leading lights of the Oxford Movement became Roman Catholics, following the path of John Henry Newman , one of the fathers of the Oxford Movement and, for a time, a high churchman himself. A lifelong High Churchman, the Reverend Edward Bouverie Pusey remained

2030-473: The father of the organized sport he admired when he visited English public schools, including Rugby in 1886. When looking at Arnold's tomb in the school chapel he recalled that he felt suddenly as if he were looking on "the very cornerstone of the British empire". Coubertin is thought to have exaggerated the importance of sport to Thomas Arnold, whom he viewed as "one of the founders of athletic chivalry". The character-forming influence of sport, with which Coubertin

2088-496: The leadership of the High Church Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud , (see Laudianism ), and government policy to curtail the growth of Protestant Dissent in England and the other possessions of the Crown. See, for example, the attempt to reimpose episcopacy on the Church of Scotland , a policy that was 'successful' until the reign of William and Mary, when the office of bishop was discontinued except among

2146-518: The low church and the high church, somewhat akin to central churchmanship in the Church of England. A broad church parish might favor Holy Eucharist Rite II in the Book of Common Prayer (1979), which uses more contemporary language than Rite I, whereas a high church parish might favor Rite I and a low church parish might alternate between Holy Eucharist Rite II and the even more informal Morning Prayer . Today, institutions historically associated with

2204-731: The novelist Emma Jane Guyton also appeared. In 1896 his bust was unveiled in Westminster Abbey alongside that of his son, Matthew . The Times asserted, "As much as any who could be named, Arnold helped to form the standard of manly worth by which Englishmen judge and submit to be judged." However, his reputation suffered as one of the Eminent Victorians in Lytton Strachey 's book of that title published in 1918. A more recent public-school headmaster, Michael McCrum of Tonbridge School and Eton College in

2262-517: The one extreme nor papists on the other). It is not always possible to draw sharp lines between some of these traditions. According to Bishop Thomas J. Brown , the term "broad church" is not commonly used today, but "was common throughout much of the 20th century." In the American Episcopal Church (TEC), the term "broad church" traditionally represented a desire to accommodate a range of conservative and liberal theological views under one Episcopal umbrella, as opposed to disputes over ritualism, where

2320-614: The reign of King James I , there were attempts to diminish the growth of party feeling within the Church of England, and indeed to reconcile to the Church moderate Puritans who did not already conform to the Established Church or who had left the Church in recent years. The project to create the Authorized Version of the Bible was one such attempt at reconciliation. The continued use of the King James version of

2378-494: The rubrics of the Prayer Book closely. Broad churchmen might best be described as those who are generally liberal in theology, sometimes culturally conservative, but also supportive of a broad—that is, comprehensive—Anglican Church including both Charismatic and Evangelical Low Church Anglicans, morderately high " Central Church Anglicans ", liberal or "progressive" Anglicans, and Anglo-Catholic Anglicans (though not puritan on

Thomas Arnold - Misplaced Pages Continue

2436-631: The same time, the Stuart dynasty was expected to maintain its adherence to Anglicanism. This became an important issue for the High Church party and it was to disturb the Restoration Settlement under Charles II's brother, King James II, a convert to Roman Catholicism, and lead to setbacks for the High Church party. These events culminated in the Glorious Revolution and the exclusion of the Catholic Stuarts from

2494-405: The sense of Liberal." Church historian Robert W. Prichard says that the Church Congress' emphasis on denominational unity helped TEC "avoid[] the divisions over biblical scholarship that marked some other American denominations," and largely credits the Congress for the fact that TEC never endured "wholesale inquisitions of seminaries or college faculties." However, the practical significance of

2552-677: The separation of Anglicans (the Established Church) from the majority of Protestant Nonconformists , who by this time included the Methodists as well as adherents of older Protestant denominations like Baptists , Congregationalists , and Presbyterians known by the group term Old Dissent . In contrast to the Old High Church's alliance with the Tories , Anglo-Catholicism became increasingly associated with socialism ,

2610-631: The small estate of Fox How near Ambleside in the Lake District in 1832, and spent many holidays there. On Sunday, 12 June 1842, he died there suddenly of a heart attack "at the height of his powers", a day before his 47th birthday. He is buried in Rugby School chapel. Thomas the Younger's daughter Mary Augusta Arnold , became a well-known novelist under her married name, Mrs. Humphry Ward. His other daughter, Julia, married Leonard Huxley ,

2668-610: The small minority of Scots who belonged to the Scottish Episcopal Church. In the wake of the disestablishment of Anglicanism and the persecution of Anglican beliefs and practices under the Commonwealth , the return of the Anglican party to power in the Cavalier Parliament saw a strong revival of the High Church position in the English body politic. Victorious after a generation of struggle,

2726-476: The son of Thomas Huxley . Their sons were Julian and Aldous Huxley . Julia Arnold founded in 1902 Prior's Field School for girls in Godalming, Surrey . The Life of Doctor Arnold , published two years after his death by one of Arnold's former pupils, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley , is seen as one of the best works of its class in the language and added to his growing reputation. A popular life of Arnold by

2784-460: The son of William Arnold, a Customs officer, and his wife Martha Delafield (sister to John Delafield ). William Arnold was related to the Arnold family of gentry from Lowestoft . Thomas was educated at Lord Weymouth's Grammar School , Warminster , at Winchester , and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford . He excelled in Classics and was made a fellow of Oriel in 1815. He became headmaster of

2842-592: The spiritual father of the Oxford Movement who remained a priest in the Church of England. To a lesser extent, looking back from the 19th century, the term high church also came to be associated with the beliefs of the Caroline divines and with the pietistic emphases of the period, practised by the Little Gidding community , such as fasting and lengthy preparations before receiving the Eucharist . During

2900-638: The term high church also refers to aspects of Anglicanism quite distinct from the Oxford Movement or Anglo-Catholicism. There remain parishes that are high church and yet adhere closely to the quintessentially Anglican usages and liturgical practices of the Book of Common Prayer . These are now referred to as Centre Church . High church Anglicanism tends to be closer than low church to Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox teachings and spirituality; its hallmarks are relatively elaborate music, altarpieces , and clergy vestments and an emphasis on sacraments . It

2958-685: The term originated in and has been principally associated with the Anglican tradition, where it describes churches using a number of ritual practices associated in the popular mind with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy . The opposite tradition is low church . Contemporary media discussing Anglican churches often prefer the terms evangelical to low church and Anglo-Catholic to high church , even though their meanings do not exactly correspond. Other contemporary denominations that contain high church wings include some Lutheran , Presbyterian , and Methodist churches. Because of its history,

SECTION 50

#1732775366005

3016-554: The terms "low church"/"evangelical" and "high church" ordinarily applied. On paper and perhaps in practice, Broad Church institutions like the Church Congress in the United States (founded in 1874) and the Episcopal Theological School (founded in 1867) sought to accommodate " all parties and positions." William Reed Huntington , for example, was described as "Broad in the sense of inclusive, not in

3074-433: The truths of evolution and science"; and Slattery chaired the commission that revised the Book of Common Prayer to be more gender-inclusive and to de-emphasize the doctrine of original sin . Once TEC accepted its progressives, the Broad Church's emphasis on tolerance became somewhat anachronistic. The revised Book of Common Prayer was published in 1928, and the Church Congress held its last convention in 1934. Many of

3132-406: The years between 1874 and 1934. After the terms high church and low church came to distinguish the tendency toward Anglo-Catholicism on the one hand and evangelicalism on the other, those Anglicans tolerant of multiple forms of conformity to ecclesiastical authority came to be referred to as "broad". The expression apparently originated with A. H. Clough and was current in the later part of

3190-400: Was accused of heresy several times ), his brother William Wilberforce Newton , and Church Congress chairman Charles Lewis Slattery were commonly identified with the Broad Church, although their views might be described as conventionally liberal years after the fact. Heber Newton is now remembered by TEC as a "leading liberal preacher"; William Newton "called for the church ... to appropriate

3248-413: Was also opposed to the materialistic tendency of physical science, a view deriving from his Christian idealism. He wrote that "rather than have physical science the principal thing in my son's mind, I would gladly have him think that the sun went round the earth, and that the stars were so many spangles set in the bright blue firmament. Surely the one thing needful for a Christian and an Englishman to study

3306-614: Was also the Age of Reason , which marked a period of great spiritual somnolence and stultification in the Church of England. Thus, by the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, those liturgical practices prevalent even in High Church circles were not of the same tenor as those later found under the Catholic revival of the 19th century. High Church clergy and laity were often termed high and dry , in reference to their traditional high attitude with regard to political position of

3364-441: Was so impressed, is more likely to have originated in the novel Tom Brown's School Days than exclusively in the ideas of Arnold himself. "Thomas Arnold, the leader and classic model of English educators," wrote Coubertin, "gave the precise formula for the role of athletics in education. The cause was quickly won. Playing fields sprang up all over England." Arnold was involved in not a few controversies, educational and religious. As

#4995