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62-885: Admiral Sir Thomas Bladen Capel GCB (25 August 1776 – 4 March 1853) was an officer in the British Royal Navy whose distinguished service in the French Revolutionary War , the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812 earned him rapid promotion and great acclaim both in and out of the Navy. He was also a great friend of Admiral Nelson and can be considered a full member of Nelson's "band of brothers". Born in August 1776 and raised in London, Thomas Capel

124-548: A change of command ceremony aboard aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CVN 65) , while docked at Khalifa Bin Salman Port, Bahrain , U.S. Marine Corps Gen . James Mattis , Commander, U.S. Central Command , introduced Vice Admiral Mark I. Fox as "Admiral Fox, the prince of the sea, emir of the sea – to translate 'admiral' from the Arabic to English;" On 04 Feb 2021, in an announcement of his coronavirus -related death,

186-570: A governor , commander , or person who rules over a number of people" and al ( الـ ), the Arabic definite article meaning "the." In Arabic, admiral is also represented as Amīr al-Baḥr ( أمير البحر ), where al-Baḥr (البحر) means the sea . The 1818 edition of Samuel Johnson 's A Dictionary of the English Language , edited and revised by the Rev. Henry John Todd , states that

248-838: A 32-gun fifth-rate frigate HMS  Meleager which was wrecked on the Triangle Rocks in the Gulf of Mexico on 9 June 1801. In the May 1802 shortly after the Peace of Amiens , Capel was appointed to the 38 gun, fifth rate frigate HMS  Révolutionnaire which took him from Spithead to the Mediterranean where he joined HMS  Phoebe as her captain. When war with France was renewed in April 1803 Capel, still in HMS Phoebe

310-655: A brief period spent laid up she was brought back into service with the resumption of war with France. Arab was recommissioned in October 1803 under Captain Lord Cochrane, who had been assigned to Arab by Earl St Vincent . In his autobiography, Cochrane compared the Arab to a collier , and his first thoughts on seeing her being repaired at Plymouth were that she would "sail like a haystack". Under Cochrane's command Arab twice collided with Royal Navy ships, first with

372-516: A crew of 160 men and also some 50 English prisoners on board, none of whom were injured. Halsted described Brave as being "a very fine ship, of 600 Tons, is coppered , and sails exceedingly fast." That she had 50 prisoners on board and only 160 crew indicates that she had taken several British vessels and then put prize crews on board her prizes. After Phoenix captured Brave , the British brought her to Plymouth , where she arrived on 12 May. She

434-569: A degree, he was mentioned in dispatches as "a most excellent officer" and presented with the sword of the senior, surviving French admiral. Capel was made acting commander of the 16-gun brig HMS  Mutine , and was given the honour of carrying the second set of dispatches to London despite the claims of a large number of superior officers. The first dispatches, carried by Berry in HMS ; Leander were captured shortly after leaving, which meant that when Capel arrived in London after passage in

496-666: A detachment of the Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) , laid siege to and captured the wealthy islands of Sint Eustatius and Saba , capturing their French garrisons, forty-seven cannon and 338 barrels of gunpowder . Eustatia had been the most profitable of the islands in the Dutch West Indies . Command of Arab passed to Captain Robert Fanshawe in 1802. Fanshawe took her back to Plymouth, where she spent between August and December being repaired and refitted. After

558-658: A full admiral, an aged Capel sat on the board that decided to issue the Naval General Service Medal for Naval service between 1793 and 1840, and which contained a Trafalgar clasp that Capel himself wore. He became Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth , in 1848 and made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in April 1852. Thomas Bladen Capel died at his home in Rutland Gate, London, on 4 March 1853. He

620-459: A whole year's salary) for his actions in escaping from a numerically superior force. Still, Perkins, after having repaired his battle damage, cruised outside the harbour and in a two-week period captured more than a dozen Danish and other foreign vessels. Between 15 March and 7 April 1801, an expedition under Lieutenant-General Thomas Trigge and Admiral Duckworth captured the islands of St. Bartholomew, St. Martin, St. Thomas, and St. Croix. Arab

682-664: Is a king in the Arabian language.' Amrayl is used by Robert of Gloucester, in the sense of a prince, or governour." The quote from John Minsheu 's Dictionarie in Spanish and English (1599), given in Johnson's Dictionary, has been confirmed as being accurate. Additionally, the definition of Amīr (أمير), as given in Edward William Lane 's Arabic-English Lexicon , concurs, in part, with Minsheu's definition, stating that

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744-748: The Arab in the North Sea and the Downs as "naval exile in a dreary tub". Captain Keith Maxwell replaced Cochrane in 1805, and sailed Arab to serve with the squadron off Boulogne . On 18 July the British spotted the French Boulogne flotilla sailing along the shore. Captain Edward Owen of Immortalité sent Calypso , Fleche , Arab and the brigs Watchful , Sparkler , and Pincher in pursuit of 22 large schooners flying

806-560: The Vanguard lost her entire foremast assembly and both her main and mizzen topmasts. Despite the arrival of reinforcements, including ten ships of the line, on 6 June; Nelson remained aboard the jury masted, Vanguard . Therefore, Capel was serving as Nelson's signal lieutenant on 1 August 1798 when Nelson's fleet destroyed the French at the battle of the Nile . He impressed the admiral to such

868-666: The Young Teazer in a harbour, which was blown up rather than captured. In another capture, that of the American merchantman Montezuma on 14 October 1814 Capel received 777 pounds, 11 shillings and 3¾ pence. He returned home in 1814 and was awarded the CB in June 1815. Capel commanded the royal yachts Royal George and Apollo between 15 December 1821 and 27 May 1827, earning greater promotion and favours from his new patrons. Despite

930-1008: The slave ship Andersons and some other vessels. In December Arab and Favourite were off the west coast of Africa. Subsequently, Arab returned to the West Indies. During her time in the West Indies Lieutenant Edward Dix, as acting captain, temporarily replaced Maxwell for a period of five weeks in 1806. Two days after Dix joined Arab , yellow fever broke out which the crew of Arab , except Dix and eight others, contracted; 33 men died. Maxwell resumed command and returned to Spithead in 1807 where Arab ' s remaining crew were paid off. The Navy then placed Arab in ordinary at Woolwich . The principal officers and commissioners of His Majesty's Navy sold her at Deptford on 20 September 1810. The supplement to Lloyd's Register for 1811 describes Arab , 500 tons, French prize, at London, Hill, master, and

992-660: The "d" and endured a series of different endings and spellings leading to the English spelling admyrall in the 14th century and to admiral by the 16th century. It is important to note that the etymology of a word does not suggest the antiquity of the word as it may have appeared in other languages with entirely different pronunciations. The Greek ναύαρχος, for instance, which is pronounced "naúarkhēs," existed from very ancient times in Greece. While ναύαρχος may be defined as "admiral" as used by Plutarch in his Parallel Lives ,

1054-579: The 12-gun HMS  Bloodhound , and then with the storeship HMS  Abundance . Despite his misgivings, Cochrane still managed to intercept and board an American merchant ship, the Chatham , thereby creating an international incident that led to the consignment of Arab and her commander to fishing fleet protection duties beyond Orkney in the North Sea, an assignment that Cochrane bitterly complained about. Cochrane would later refer to his time in

1116-677: The 18-gun British privateer Experiment , caught and challenged two Danish vessels , the brig Lougen , under the command of Captain Carl Wilhelm Jessen , and the schooner Den Aarvaagne . Arab approached the two Danish vessels and, according to Danish accounts, without warning, fired several broadsides at Lougen before the Danish ship was able to return fire. Lougen , which had escaped serious damage, began to return fire steadily. Experiment initially attempted to capture Aarvaagne , but Aarvaagne obeyed orders to stay out of

1178-399: The 3rd rate vessels HMS  Leviathan (74 guns) and HMS  Sans Pareil (80 guns), where he saw action at the battle of Groix in 1795. After the battle, San Pareil and her crew returned to the channel and blockade duty. Capel was promoted to acting lieutenant in the May 1796 and on 5 April 1797 he joined the newly built frigate HMS  Cambrian as a lieutenant under Captain,

1240-659: The Americans. She participated in the capture of Sint Eustatius and Saba . Under Captains Perkins and Maxwell she also took a considerable number of prizes. After the Royal Navy sold her in 1810 she served as a whaling ship in the South Seas whale fisheries. She made six complete whaling voyages until she was lost in 1824 during her seventh; all her crew were saved. Brave was built in Nantes circa June 1797. She

1302-624: The Arabic Amīr (أمير), the literal meaning of the phrase Amīr al-Baḥr (أمير البحر) is "Prince of the Sea." This position, versus "commander of the sea," is demonstrated by legal practices prevailing in the Ottoman Empire , whereas it was only possible for Phanariots to qualify for attaining four princely positions, those being grand dragoman , dragoman of the fleet , and the voivodees of Moldavia and Wallachia . Those Phanariots who attained

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1364-515: The Arabic news website Saudi 24 News referred to Admiral Edmond Chagoury by the title "Prince of the Sea." One alternate etymology proposes that the term admiral evolved, instead, from the title of Amīr al-Umarā ʾ (أمير الأمراء). Under the reign of the Buyid dynasty (934 to 1062) of Iraq and Iran , the title of Amīr al-Umarāʾ, which means prince of princes, came to denote the heir-apparent , or crown prince . This alternate etymology states that

1426-407: The British to move back from the shore. Arab suffered seven wounded and a great deal of damage. Fleche was the closest inshore owing to her light draft of water; she had five men severely wounded and damage to her rigging. At some point a shell from a shore battery hit Arab ' s main-mast-head and then fell to the gun deck. At first a seaman named Clorento tried to defuse the shell. While he

1488-546: The Dutch flag. As Maxwell came close to shore he found the water barely deep enough to keep Arab from running aground. Still, the British managed to force three of the schooners to ground on the Banc de Laine near Cap Gris Nez ; their crews ran two others ashore. The British also drove six French gun-vessels on shore. However, the bank off Cape Grinez, and the shot and shells from the right face of its powerful battery, soon compelled

1550-472: The Eastern seaboard. During this conflict, Capel maintained a careful watch on the passage of American shipping, especially their frigate base at New London , which he effectively nullified. Along with other American vessels, in April 1813 Capel captured the American merchantman Caroline . The prize money distributed to Capel amounted to 82 pounds and 10¾ pence. On 27 June 1813, off Nova Scotia , Capel trapped

1612-610: The Honourable Arthur Kaye Legge . In April 1798 he joined the flagship of Rear-Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson , the newly refitted 74 gun HMS  Vanguard , under Captain Edward Berry . On 8 May the Vanguard , as part of a small squadron, left Gibraltar to re-establish a presence in the Mediterranean and to search for the French fleet. On 20 May, they were struck by a sudden gale in which

1674-816: The South Seas whale fisheries on 22 September 1813. He visited the Desolation Islands , returning to London on 23 June 1815. Arab and Brown then sailed for the South Seas again on 26 June 1815. She returned on 21 May 1816 with 580 casks and 25 cases of seal skins. For her next three voyages for Bennett, Arab ' s master was George Barclay (or Berkley). For her third voyage, Arab left London on 4 July 1816, and returned on 19 March 1817. On her fourth voyage, Arab left London on 10 June 1817. She returned on 27 March 1818 with 600 casks. On her fifth voyage, Arab left on 2 June 1818, bound for South Georgia She returned on 6 May 1819 with 300 casks and 5000 seal skins. Arab ' s master for sixth voyage

1736-414: The Spanish brig Esperansa , which was sailing from Carthagena with a cargo of cotton, hides, and so forth. Later, at sea off Cape Canaveral on 11 October, lightning struck Arab , killing three men and splinting her main top mast. Tappen again recorded things in his journal, including the state of one of the men, John Leggett, "whose side had the appearance of being burnt, the skin all peeled off, tho

1798-632: The attempt by inviting them to dine aboard the Endymion before setting sail. On 16 September 1807 Endymion captured the Santa Rosalinda . Capel's share of the prize money was 838 pounds, 17 shillings and 2½ pence. Capel returned to Constantinople later that year when he took part in further the forcing of the Dardanelles under Sir John Duckworth . On the way back to the Aegean , Endymion

1860-515: The blockading fleet. In October 1805, Capel's squadron was based at Gibraltar acting as the eyes of the British fleet and when the Combined Fleet put to sea, Phoebe was one of the chain of ships who relayed signals to Nelson's fleet, 48 miles away. On 21 October, Capel was summoned to HMS  Victory to receive his final orders for the upcoming battle. Phoebe and the three other frigates were to stay to windward and repeat signals to

1922-527: The brig and overland travel, he was the first to bring news of the victory. His promotion to commander was confirmed when he was given command of the elderly fireship HMS  Alecto on the home station, and was subsequently made post captain on 27 December 1798. Following this promotion, he was then transferred on 5 January from Alecto into the 22-gun post-ship HMS  Arab , a sixth-rate frigate which sailed under his command for Jamaica on 23 April 1799. On 19 July 1800 he transferred to command of

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1984-528: The coast of Havana for about half an hour, losing three of the crew to enemy fire though apparently giving as good as she got thus causing the Spanish to withdraw. It was also during late June and early July 1799 that there was a serious outbreak of yellow fever on board, something from which ten of the Ship's company would die, including its carpenter Jeremiah Driscoll. The journal of the ship's surgeon, Thomas Tappen, contains an interesting and detailed account of

2046-402: The fight and instead escaped south to Christiansted on St. Croix with its intelligence on British actions. Experiment then joined Arab in the attack on Lougen , with the two British ships sandwiching the Danish ship. During the engagement, which lasted for over an hour, one of Lougen ' s shots struck the Arab ' s cathead and loosed the bower anchor. (Perkin's reported that it

2108-655: The late 17th century it was built as the Cassiobury Estate's dower house , which still exists in Hempstead Road, Watford . Admiral The word admiral in Middle English comes from Anglo-French amiral , "commander", from Medieval Latin admiralis , admirallus . These evolved from the Arabic amīral ( أمير الـ ) – amīr ( أمير ) [ʔmjr] ( listen ), " king , prince , chief, leader, nobleman , lord ,

2170-524: The princely position of dragoman of the fleet served under the Ottoman admiral having administration of the Aegean islands and the Anatolian coast. Modern acknowledgement of the phrase Amīr -al-Baḥr (أمير البحر) meaning "Prince of the Sea" includes a speech made in an official U.S. military ceremony conducted in an Arabic port, and a news article published by an Arabic news outlet: On 24 May 2012, in

2232-464: The ranks when he finally did go to sea. Capel first served on HMS  Assistance on the Newfoundland station in April 1792, then on 1 March 1793, as a midshipman aboard HMS  Syren , where he was highly praised for his seamanship and discipline. Following his captain, John Manley , he transferred to the 38-gun frigate HMS  Apollo before serving under Lord Hugh Seymour in

2294-418: The ships in the rear; any escaping enemy ships were to be pursued and forced to strike their colours; and any dismasted British, or captured enemy ships were to be taken in tow. Capel was present throughout the ensuing battle of Trafalgar , relaying Nelson's signals to the rest of fleet, and remaining close to the action although not actually engaged with the enemy. In the storm which followed the battle, Phoebe

2356-777: The shirt remained entire ". Before the year was out another severe outbreak of yellow fever struck Arab whilst she was in Jamaica, and by the following January a further twelve of the crew were dead. Captain John Perkins (Jack Punch) took command in January 1801. In early 1801 rumours of a diplomatic rift between Britain and Second League of Armed Neutrality started reaching the Caribbean. On 1 March Perkins received orders to stop all Danish, Swedish and Russian ships that he encountered. Two days later Arab , in company with

2418-658: The slower promotion rate in peacetime, he became Rear-Admiral of the Blue squadron on 27 May 1825 and rear-admiral of the red squadron on 22 July 1830 and was knighted soon afterwards and awarded the KCB in February 1832. In May 1834, Sir Thomas Capel served as commander in chief of the Far East squadron until July 1837 aboard the fourth-rate frigate HMS  Winchester . He was promoted to vice-admiral on 10 January 1837. In 1847,

2480-499: The symptoms these men experienced, together with his treatment for the fever, including the use of bloodletting and the administering of calomel . On 23 August, Quebec shared with Arab in the capture of the American ship Porcupine , a brig of 113 tons with a crew of eight men that was sailing from New York to Havana carrying a cargo wine, oil, soap and sundries. Porcupine was condemned but Quebec appealed. During this period Arab on her own also detained, on suspicion,

2542-611: The term "has been traced to the Arab. emir or amir, lord or commander, and the Gr . ἄλιος , the sea, q. d. prince of the sea . The word is written both with and without the d, in other languages, as well as our own. Barb. Lat. admirallus and amiralius. V. Ducange. Barb. Græc. ἄμηρχλιος. V. Meursii Gloss. Græco-Barbarum, edit. 1610. p. 29. Fr. admiral and amiral. Dan. the same. Germ. ammiral. Dutch, admirael or ammirael. Ital. ammiraglio. Sp. almirante. Minsheu, in his Spanish Dictionary, says 'almiralle

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2604-410: The term means "One having, holding, or possessing, command; a commander; a governor; a lord; a prince, or king." While other Greek words of the period existed to indicate "belonging to the sea," or "of the sea," the now obsolete Gr. ἄλιος mentioned in Johnson's Dictionary is expressly defined as "of the sea, Lat. marinus, epith. of sea-gods , nymphs , etc." Though there are multiple meanings for

2666-757: The term was in use for the Greco-Arab naval leaders (e.g. Christodulus ) in the Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture of Norman Sicily , which had formerly been ruled by Arabs, at least by the early 11th century. During this time, the Norman Roger II of Sicily (1095–1154) employed a Greek Christian, known as George of Antioch , who previously had served as a naval commander for several North African Muslim rulers. Roger styled George in Abbasid fashion as Amir of Amirs , or Amīr al-Umarāʾ, with

2728-554: The title becoming Latinized in the 13th century as ammiratus ammiratorum . The Sicilians and later the Genoese took the first two parts of the term from their Aragon opponents and used them as one word, amiral . . The French gave their sea commanders similar titles while in Portuguese and Spanish the word changed to almirante . As the word was used by people speaking Latin or Latin-based languages it gained

2790-412: The very pronunciation of ναύαρχος demonstrates that it is not a part of the etymology for the English word "admiral." The word "admiral" has come to be almost exclusively associated with the highest naval rank in most of the world's navies , equivalent to the army rank of general . However, this was not always the case; for example, in some European countries prior to the end of World War II , admiral

2852-525: The whaling company Mather & Co. as owner. However, there is no record that she sailed for Mather & Co. Arab did engage in whaling and sealing voyages from 1813 until she was lost in 1824, but for Daniel Bennett. An addendum to the entry for Arab in the 1813 Lloyd's Register gave her new master as "Brown". This is John Brown. Ownership changed in 1813 and the new owner was Daniel Bennett, who would remain Arab ' s owner for seven voyages. On her first voyage for Bennett, Brown sailed Arab to

2914-539: Was Allen, and her destination was Walvis Bay . In March 1820 she was reported to have 1800 barrels. By 14 August she was back at Walfish [Walvis] Bay. She sailed for England, but on 24 October she was reported to grounded on Margate Sands. She was refloated and reached London on 27 October. For what was her seventh voyage, which turned out to be her last, Arab was under the command of Captain Alexander Sinclair. She left on 9 April 1821 for New Zealand. She

2976-405: Was blown ashore the next day. After Trafalgar, Capel returned to England, where he sat on the court martial of Vice-Admiral Sir Robert Calder , before being appointed to the 4th rate 40 gun Endymion . Capel's ship carried the British ambassador, Sir Charles Arbuthnot, to Constantinople and then in 1807, on hearing of a plot to kidnap Sir Charles and some leading British Merchants, Capel foiled

3038-701: Was buried in Kensal Green cemetery in a family plot, later joined by his wife Dame Harriet Capel. Their gravestone can still be seen and is largely still legible. In 1816 he married Harriet Catherine Smyth; they had no children, but Capel became a slaveowner as a result of this marriage. In her diary, Lady Adela Caroline Harriett Capel, Admiral Bladen Capel's great niece, and refers to times spent with Bladen Capel and his wife at Little Cassiobury. She lived at Cassiobury House and they lived in Little Cassiobury. Designed by Elizabeth, Lady Wilbraham , in

3100-496: Was commissioned under Joseph Robin, and had a crew of 160 men. On 24 April 1798 the 36-gun Phoenix , under the command of Captain Lawrence William Halsted , captured Brave off Cape Clear . She was pierced for 22 guns and was carrying eighteen, mixed 12 and 18-pounders. Unusually for a privateer, Brave resisted capture, suffering several men killed and 14 wounded before she surrendered. Phoenix had no casualties and suffered trifling damage to her sails and rigging. Brave had

3162-661: Was doing this master's mate Edward Mansell and two more seamen came up. Together they got the shell into the sea, where it exploded. The next day Arab buried her dead at sea, after which the men on Immortalite cheered Arab . Maxwell wrote to the Patriotic Fund at Lloyd's , drawing its attention to the heroism of the four men. Thereafter, the Fund voted Mansell £50 and the three other seamen £20 each. The fund gave an additional £125 for Maxwell to divide between eight other crewmen in graduated amounts. On 22 September 1805 she left St Helens, Isle of Wight . She arrived at Funchal Roads on 12 October, having with Favourite , convoyed

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3224-443: Was essential in saving the captured Swiftsure and the Spanish ship Bahama , bringing them all safely to Gibraltar. On 4 November, Admiral Collingwood wrote "The extraordinary exertion of Captain Capel saved the French Swiftsure ; and his ship the Phoebe , together with the Dougal afterwards brought out the Bahama ". When the disabled Fougueux drifted away, Capel made repeated efforts to retrieve her but she broke up when she

3286-473: Was formerly the 18-gun French privateer Brave , which the British captured in 1798. She served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars until she was sold in 1810. During her 12-year career with the Royal Navy she served on three separate stations, and was involved in two international incidents. The first incident occurred under Captain John Perkins and involved the Danes. The second incident occurred under Captain Lord Cochrane and involved

3348-421: Was hit by two 800 lb stone shot which killed three and injured ten of her crew. Capel was once again mentioned in dispatches for his part in the battle and received the ship of the line La Hogue as a command, which he took to the North American station at the outbreak of the War of 1812 . Capel remained on the North American station for the duration of the war where he commanded a small squadron along

3410-453: Was listed among the vessels participating in the expedition and entitled to a share in the "proceeds of sundry articles of provisions, merchandise, stores, and property afloat" that had been captured. At that time the British seized both Lougen and Den Aarvaagne . On 13 April Arab captured the Spanish armed schooner Duenda . On 16 April 1801 Perkins, in Arab and the newly captured Duenda , together with Colonel Richard Blunt and

3472-474: Was named and registered on 24 July 1798 and fitted out between November 1798 and April 1799. During this period a lower deck, quarterdeck and a forecastle were added. She was commissioned as HMS Arab in December 1798 under Commander Peter Spicer. On 5 January 1799 Captain Thomas Bladen Capel took command of Arab , sailing for Jamaica on 23 April. After arriving in the West Indies , at about midnight on 10 July, she engaged three Spanish frigates off

3534-429: Was re-attached to Nelson and began the task of observing French naval movements. In April 1805 Phoebe spotted Vice-Admiral Villeneuve 's squadron leaving Toulon and while Nelson pursued them to the West Indies and back, Capel was ordered to use a squadron of 5 frigates and 2 bomb vessels to block French passage to Sicily , Sardinia and Egypt . The Franco-Spanish fleet entered Cadiz on 20 August Phoebe joined

3596-447: Was reported to be at the Bay of Islands and to have loaded 350 barrels. She left from "Fenning's Island" (possibly Fanning's Island ), and by 11 June was in a sinking state with nine feet of water in her hold. Fortunately, she encountered Ocean , Harrison, master, at 57°S 77°E  /  57°S 77°E  / -57; 77 . Ocean had left Port Jackson in February 1824 bound for London. While en route she weathered

3658-414: Was the first shot from Lougen that loosed the bower anchor.) Arab 's crew was unable to cut the anchor free, leaving Arab unable to manoeuvre effectively. This allowed Jessen to steer a course that brought him under the protection of the shore batteries and then into St Thomas . The Danish government awarded Jessen a presentation sword made of gold, a medal and 400 rixdollars (the equivalent of

3720-465: Was the fourth son of William Anne Capel, 4th Earl of Essex and first child of his second wife, Harriet. His mother also had influence as the daughter of Colonel Thomas Bladen , and Capel received preferential treatment due to his status from a very young age. Entered onto the books of HMS  Phaeton on 22 March 1782 as servant to Captain Waldegrave. He was just five years and 7 months old and this customary practice enabled him to rise rapidly through

3782-416: Was the third highest naval rank after general admiral and grand admiral . The rank of admiral has also been subdivided into various grades, several of which are historically extinct while others remain in use in most present-day navies. The Royal Navy used the colours red, white, and blue, in descending order to indicate seniority of its admirals until 1864; for example, Horatio Nelson 's highest rank

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3844-407: Was vice-admiral of the white. The generic term for these naval equivalents of army generals is flag officer . Some navies have also used army-type titles for them, such as the Cromwellian "general at sea". While the rank is used in most of NATO countries, it is ranked differently depending on the country. HMS Arab (1798) HMS Arab was a 22-gun post ship of the Royal Navy . She

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