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128-589: Thomas Ussher was born in Dublin , the son of Henry Ussher , the Andrews Professor of Astronomy at Trinity College , and Mary Burne. The Usshers were originally a Norman family named Nevill , one of which having come to Ireland with King John , took the surname Ussher from his official position . Thomas Ussher entered the Royal Navy on 27 January 1791 at the age of 12 as a midshipman on board

256-587: A Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn , from which Dyflin took its name. Evidence indicating that Anglo-Saxons occupied Dublin before the Vikings arrived in 841 has been found in an archaeological dig in Temple Bar . Beginning in the 9th and 10th centuries, there were two settlements which later became modern Dublin. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle ,

384-521: A French frigate lying at San Sebastián , but was prevented by contrary winds from reaching the port before the ship had sailed. With the same vessels, and the schooner Felix , he destroyed several batteries at St. Antonio, Avilés, and Bermeo , and on 28 July 1806, he captured the town of Ea . However less than a week later he was obliged to resign command of Colpoys , as his leg wound had broken out afresh. Backed by testimonials from Admirals St. Vincent , Cornwallis and Graves , on 18 October 1806 he

512-532: A Protestant city, Queen Elizabeth I established Trinity College in 1592 as a solely Protestant university and ordered that the Catholic St. Patrick's and Christ Church cathedrals be converted to the Protestant church. The earliest map of the city of Dublin dates from 1610, and was by John Speed . The city had a population of 21,000 in 1640 before a plague from 1649 to 1651 wiped out almost half of

640-579: A boat and returned fire with a swivel loaded with 200 musket-balls. The enemy fled; and the British, having 2 killed and 10 wounded, also retired. The next day, 5 April, while reconnoitring the mouth of the river Augustine, near Cumberland Harbour, he observed the French privateer schooner, Le Moulin a Cafe , of 7 guns and 83 men, which was lying across the stream, with her bows apparently aground and most of her crew on shore. He attempted to capture her, but

768-418: A body of cavalry headed there overland. While Ussher was delayed by a calm, the French learned of the approaching attack and abandoned the town. On 1 October 1812 Ussher was appointed to the 36-gun frigate Euryalus , having also held temporary command of the 74 Edinburgh for a few days at Menorca . Ussher intercepted several valuable American merchantmen during the short time he commanded Euryalus , but

896-425: A bore diameter of up to 3.8 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in). They can fire a variety of ammunition but were generally used to fire grapeshot and small caliber round shot . They were aimed through the use of a wooden handle, somewhat similar in shape to a baseball bat , attached to the breech of the weapon. Most swivel guns were muzzleloaders , but there were some breech-loading swivel guns as early as

1024-401: A complement of 60 men; three gun-vessels, carrying between them three long 24-pounders, two 6-pounders, one 36-pounder, and 111 men; and a mistico and felucca, each of 4 guns and 20 men. Forming a line abreast the ships approached Redwing with the intention of boarding her. Ussher prepared his ship by loading each gun with grape, canister, and a bag of 500 musket-balls on top of round shot. As

1152-586: A convoy through the Straits by Tarifa , he succeeding in decoying an enemy flotilla within range of his guns before forcing them to seek safety under their land batteries. On 20 April 1807 he engaged a division of gun-boats and several batteries near Cabrita Point; and from then until 19 August he was constantly engaged with the enemy. On 7 September, returning from conveying despatches to the Balearic Islands , Redwing drove several vessels ashore near

1280-471: A copy of the French private signals. On 21 March 1806, he captured three Spanish luggers under a battery of six 24-pounders in the port of Avilés . On 19 April 1806, 24 men from Colpoys and the gun-brig Attack , under Lieutenant Thomas Swain, landed at the entrance of the river Doelan, spiked two guns of a battery, and captured two chasse-marées . Soon afterwards, with the gun-brig Haughty and cutter Frisk under his orders, he volunteered to cut out

1408-454: A felucca. In July 1799 he commanded the boats in the capture of a Spanish vessel at Laguira having entered the port in an attempt to retake the British frigate Hermione , which unfortunately had sailed a few days previously. He subsequently captured a felucca found lying under a small battery on the north side of Puerto Rico. In September 1800 Trent returned to England with Admiral Sir Hyde Parker aboard, and Ussher, still suffering from

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1536-618: A few minutes captured a battery mounting four 24-pounders, a 6-pounder field-gun, and a 13-inch mortar. The battery was destroyed and the tartan brought out, with a loss of two men killed and one wounded. On 18 August 1813 an attack was made upon Cassis , between Marseille and Toulon, by Undaunted , the brig Redwing , and the 16-gun brig-sloop Kite , reinforced by boats from the ships Caledonia , Hibernia , Barfleur and Prince of Wales . Light winds meant that Undaunted could not take up her intended position, but Redwing and Kite , in spite of fire from four batteries that protected

1664-536: A howitzer, and defended by 300 French troops. In less than an hour fire from the castle was silenced. However, by 7 a.m. the next morning the French re-opened fire, having brought up a howitzer, but by 10 a.m. the castle was again silenced, and the French were driven into the town, taking up positions in the church and houses. At 2 p.m., after having destroyed a privateer of two guns and 30 or 40 men, Ussher ran down to Nerja , to confer with his allies. There he embarked 200 Spanish infantry, and set sail for Almuñécar , while

1792-1466: A modern innovation which facilitated the loading of cannons, breech-loading swivel guns were invented in the 14th century, and used worldwide from the 16th century onward by numerous countries, many of them non-European. They have been called by many names, sometimes "Murderer", "Base", "Sling", "Port-Piece", "Serpentine", "Culverin", "Pierrier", "Stock Fowler", and "Patterero" in English; "Pierrier à boîte" in French; "Berço" in Portuguese; "Verso" in Spanish; " Prangi " in Turkish; " Kammerschlange " (lit. "chamber snake", properly means "breech-loading falconet ") in German; " Folangji " (佛郎机, from Turkish "Prangi" or Turkic "Farangi"), "Folangji chong" (佛郎机铳, Prangi or Farangi gun), "Fo-lang-chi p'ao" (佛朗机炮 or 佛朗機砲, Portuguese cannon) in Chinese; "Bulang-kipo" ("불랑기포[佛郞機砲]") in Korean; "Furanki" (仏郎機砲, "Frankish gun") or 子砲 ("Child cannon") in Japanese; and "Bedil" or "bḍil" (ꦧꦣꦶꦭ) in Javanese. Some of them were used until

1920-410: A one-piece design was very difficult, and a fragmental structure, with separated chamber and barrel, was then selected. Around 1500, Europeans learnt how to cast iron, and shifted their cannon productions to one-piece iron muzzleloaders. China started to adopt European swivel guns from 1500 onward, limiting at the same time the production of their own muzzleloaders, because of the high effectiveness of

2048-452: A picture of port-pieces of 1417, although the picture itself was made c. 1485. The Ottomans used the prangi from the mid-15th century onwards in field battles, aboard their ships, and in their forts, where prangis often comprised the majority of the ordnance. These weapons would spread eastward to Indian ocean, eventually reaching Southeast Asia in c. 1460 AD. In China and Japan, breech-loading swivel guns were brought after China defeated

2176-433: A proposed operation to destroy the fleet at Brest by means of fire ships . However a succession of winter gales blew the British fleet from the coast; and on regaining his station Cornwallis was in some doubt as to whether or not the enemy had left port. Ussher, of his own accord, that night sailed inshore and took his gig (a 4-oared boat) into the harbour and rowed along the whole French line, gaining an precise knowledge of

2304-534: A rebellion in Huang Kuan was destroyed by more than 100 folangji . It may even be earlier, brought to Fujian by a man named Wei Sheng and used in quelling a pirate incident in 1507. In Japan, Ōtomo Sōrin seems to have been the first recipient of the guns, possibly as early as 1551. In 1561 the Portuguese, allied with Otomo in the Siege of Moji , bombarded rival Japanese position, possibly with swivel guns. In

2432-614: A second time in the hands of the French. For several months after his return to the Pelican , his wound meant that Ussher was on crutches , but despite this in January 1799 he volunteered to take Pelican ' s cutter and 12 men in an attack on another privateer, La Trompeuse , of 5 guns and about 70 men, lying in the Artibonite River , in the west of Santo Domingo. The privateer was boarded, and found to be fast aground, so

2560-422: A shopping centre named after it , while on its surrounding streets are the offices of a number of public bodies. Swivel gun A swivel gun (or simply swivel ) is a small cannon mounted on a swiveling stand or fork which allows a very wide arc of movement. Another type of firearm referred to as a swivel gun was an early flintlock combination gun with two barrels that rotated along their axes to allow

2688-520: A single merchant-vessel were all that escaped. Redwing had her foremast crippled by two 24-pounder shot, another passed through her mainmast, and the gammoning of her bowsprit was shot through. Her losses were confined to one man killed, and three wounded. On 1 June 1808, Redwing pursued a mistico and two feluccas into the Bay of Bolonia , near Cape Trafalgar. She silenced a battery of six long 24-pounders, before her boats under Lieutenant Ferguson destroyed

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2816-490: A swivel gun puts the weight of the gun at 118 kilograms (260 lb), equipped with three chambers for rotations, each 18 kilograms (40 lb) in weight, and firing a 280 grams (9.9 oz) lead shot. The guns had a disadvantage: they leaked and lost power around the chambers, but this was compensated by the high rate of fire as multiple chambers could be prepared in advance. A swivel gun could fire either cannonballs against obstacles, or grapeshot against troops. During

2944-574: A trade centre, despite an attempt by King Robert the Bruce of Scotland to capture the city in 1317. It remained a relatively small walled medieval town during the 14th century and was under constant threat from the surrounding native clans. In 1348, the Black Death , a lethal plague which had ravaged Europe, took hold in Dublin and killed thousands over the following decade. Dublin was the heart of

3072-838: A tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay . The Dubhlinn was a pool on the lowest stretch of the Poddle, where ships used to moor. This pool was finally fully infilled during the early 18th century, as the city grew. The Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library within Dublin Castle . Táin Bó Cuailgne ("The Cattle Raid of Cooley") refers to Dublind rissa ratter Áth Cliath , meaning "Dublin, which

3200-688: Is a place name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, currently occupied by Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church . There are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire , Scotland, which is anglicised as Hurlford . The area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times; fish traps discovered from excavations during

3328-575: Is an illustrated manuscript created by Irish monks circa 800 AD. The Ha'penny Bridge , an iron footbridge over the River Liffey, is one of the most photographed sights in Dublin and is considered to be one of Dublin's most iconic landmarks. Other landmarks and monuments include Christ Church Cathedral and St Patrick's Cathedral , the Mansion House , the Molly Malone statue, the complex of buildings around Leinster House, including part of

3456-711: Is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range and sub range of the Wicklow Mountains , to the south and surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west. The River Liffey divides the city in two, between the Northside and the Southside. The Liffey bends at Leixlip from a northeasterly route to a predominantly eastward direction, and this point also marks the transition to urban development from more agricultural land usage. The city itself

3584-571: Is called Ath Cliath". In 841, the Vikings established a fortified base in Dublin. The town grew into a substantial commercial center under Olaf Guthfrithson in the mid-to-late 10th century and, despite a number of attacks by the native Irish, it remained largely under Viking control until the Norman invasion of Ireland was launched from Wales in 1169. The hinterland of Dublin in the Norse period

3712-722: Is encircled by the Royal Canal and Grand Canal , bounded to the west by Heuston railway station and Phoenix Park , and to the east by the IFSC and the Docklands . O'Connell Street is the main thoroughfare of the inner city and many Dublin Bus routes, as well as the Green line of the Luas , have a stop at O'Connell Street. The main shopping streets of the inner city include Henry Street on

3840-483: Is intended to mark Dublin's place in the 21st century. The spire was designed by Ian Ritchie Architects , who sought an "Elegant and dynamic simplicity bridging art and technology". The base of the monument is lit and the top is illuminated to provide a beacon in the night sky across the city. The Old Library of Trinity College Dublin , holding the Book of Kells , is one of the city's most visited sites. The Book of Kells

3968-631: Is partially in Dublin City, but predominantly in Fingal . At the 2020 general election , the Dublin city area elected 5 Sinn Féin , 3 Fine Gael , 3 Fianna Fáil , 3 Green Party , 3 Social Democrats , 1 Right to Change , 1 Solidarity–People Before Profit and 1 Labour TDs. Dublin is situated at the mouth of the River Liffey and its urban area encompasses approximately 345 square kilometres (133 sq mi) in east-central Ireland. It

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4096-573: Is rain; however snow showers do occur between November and March. Hail is more common than snow. Strong Atlantic winds are most common in autumn. These winds can affect Dublin, but due to its easterly location, it is least affected compared to other parts of the country. However, in winter, easterly winds render the city colder and more prone to snow showers. The city experiences long summer days and short winter days. Based on satellite observations, Met Éireann estimates that Dublin's coastal areas typically receive over 1,600 hours of sunshine per year, with

4224-575: Is unrelated. The Ottoman prangi guns may have reached Indian ocean before either Ottoman or Portuguese ships did. They may also reach China through the Silk Road . In the History of the reign of Wan Li (萬厲野獲編), by Shen Defu , it is said that "After the reign of Hong Zhi (1445–1505), China started having Fu-Lang-Ji cannons, the country of which was called in the old times Sam Fu Qi ". In volume 30 about "The Red-Haired Foreigners" he wrote "After

4352-657: The Thunderer (74). On the outward passage, he was transferred with Sir Hugh to the frigate Astraea . During operations in May 1796 against Saint Lucia , Ussher, who had been appointed acting - lieutenant of the Minotaur (74), under Captain Thomas Louis , was employed on shore in command of a party of seamen attached to the army under Sir Ralph Abercromby . He was promoted to lieutenant on 17 July, and following

4480-557: The Battle of Takajō in 1587, Ōtomo Sōrin used two swivel guns obtained from the Portuguese. The guns were nicknamed Kunikuzushi ( 国崩し , "Destroyer of Provinces" ) . In the later portions of the Ming dynasty (mid 16th century onward) it appears that these type of guns were the most common and numerous type of artillery used by the Ming forces. a great deal of variation of such cannons were produced, and it appeared in pretty much all of

4608-400: The Dublin and Monaghan bombings in which 34 people died, mainly in central Dublin. Large parts of Georgian Dublin were demolished or substantially redeveloped in the mid-20th century during a boom in office building. After this boom, the recessions of the 1970s and 1980s slowed down the pace of building. Cumulatively, this led to a large decline in the number of people living in the centre of

4736-736: The Early Modern Irish form Du(i)bhlinn , which was pronounced "Duílinn" [ˈd̪ˠiːlʲin̠ʲ] in the local dialect . The name refers to a dark tidal pool on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle , where the River Poddle entered the Liffey . Historically, scribes writing in Gaelic script , used a b with a dot over it to represent a modern bh , resulting in Du(i)ḃlinn. Those without knowledge of Irish omitted

4864-601: The Goshawk , killed, and 53 wounded. Although not completely successful, the operation was praised by Sir Edward Pellew , the Commander-in-Chief, and the Board of Admiralty. On 26 May 1812, in co-operation with Spanish guerrilleros , Ussher, with Hyacinth , the sloop Termagant , and the gun-brig Basilisk , attacked the castle of Almuñécar , which was armed with two brass 24-pounders, six iron 18-pounders, and

4992-714: The National Museum of Ireland and the National Library of Ireland , The Custom House and Áras an Uachtaráin . Other sights include the Anna Livia monument . The Poolbeg Towers are also landmark features of Dublin, and visible from various spots around the city. There are 302 parks and 66 green spaces within the Dublin City Council area as of 2018, with the council managing over 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres) of parks. Public parks include

5120-401: The Pelican on 27 September 1797, and took part, while the ship was under the temporary command of Lieutenant Thomas White, in the destruction of Le Trompeur , a French privateer of 16 guns and 160 men, not far from Santo Domingo . The vessel was engaged by Pelican for 35 minutes before attempting to escape, but was overtaken and sunk. Only 60 of her crew were saved. On 2 April 1798 Ussher

5248-506: The Pelican , although her sails and rigging were cut to pieces, had only one man slightly wounded. Later the same day Pelican retook the Alcyon , a British army victualler which had been captured by the Médée . Ussher was given command of her, but on the 24th the Alcyon was recaptured by the French close to Guadeloupe ; and he was for a short time detained as a prisoner. Ussher rejoined

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5376-521: The Phoenix Park , Herbert Park , St Stephen's Green , Saint Anne's Park and Bull Island . The Phoenix Park is about 3 km (2 miles) west of the city centre, north of the River Liffey . Its 16-kilometre (10 mi) perimeter wall encloses 707 hectares (1,750 acres), making it one of the largest walled city parks in Europe. It includes large areas of grassland and tree-lined avenues, and since

5504-632: The Royal Exchange . The Wide Streets Commission was established in 1757 at the request of Dublin Corporation to govern architectural standards on the layout of streets, bridges and buildings. In 1759, the Guinness brewery was founded, and would eventually grow to become the largest brewery in the world and the largest employer in Dublin. During the 1700s, linen was not subject to the same trade restrictions with England as wool, and became

5632-538: The barony of Dublin . Since 2001, both baronies have been redesignated as the City of Dublin . Dublin Castle , which became the centre of Anglo-Norman power in Ireland, was founded in 1204 as a major defensive work on the orders of King John of England . Following the appointment of the first Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1229, the city expanded and had a population of 8,000 by the end of the 13th century. Dublin prospered as

5760-478: The peace of Amiens , but on 26 September 1803 was appointed to command of the cutter Joseph . On 6 April 1804 he was appointed to command of the hired armed brig Colpoys , of fourteen 12-pounder carronades and a crew of 40, which was attached to Admiral William Cornwallis 's blockading force off Brest . Towards the end of 1804 Ussher was assigned to be the second-in-command to Captain Peter Puget in

5888-414: The prangi from the mid-15th century onwards in field battles, aboard their ships, and in their forts, where prangis often comprised the majority of the ordnance. These weapons would spread eastward to Indian ocean, eventually reaching Southeast Asia in c. 1460 AD. The Chinese knew breech-loading swivel guns since at least 1507, when it was brought to Fujian by a man named Wei Sheng and used in quelling

6016-431: The 1410, making them among the first such examples of this type of weapon (see berços ). Breech-loading swivel guns had a breech shaped like a beer mug, which the gunner would take by the handle and insert into the body of the swivel gun with the breech's opening facing forwards. The gunpowder and projectiles were loaded into the breech before it was inserted into the gun. If a number of breeches were prepared beforehand,

6144-753: The 16th century, apparently even before the arrival of the Portuguese and Spanish there, and continued to be in use as a preferred anti-personnel weapon as late as the 20th century. The Americans fought Moros equipped with breech-loading swivel guns in the Philippines in 1904. In early 20th century, Chinese junks were armed with old-fashioned swivel guns, both muzzleloader and breechloader. The breech-loading guns were called "breech loading culverin " by Cardwell, they were 8 feet (2.4 m) long with 1–2 inches (2.54–5.08 cm) bore. These guns were fired using percussion cap mechanism. Dyer c. 1930 noted

6272-631: The 17th century has been home to a herd of wild fallow deer . The residence of the President of Ireland (Áras an Uachtaráin), which was built in 1751, is located in the park. The park is also home to Dublin Zoo , Ashtown Castle , and the official residence of the United States Ambassador . Music concerts are also sometimes held in the park. St Stephen's Green is adjacent to one of Dublin's main shopping streets, Grafton Street , and to

6400-402: The 20th century. Swivel guns were developed and used from 1364 onward. The guns were loaded with mug -shaped chambers, in which gunpowder and projectile had been filled in advance. The chamber was then put in place, blocked with a wedge, and then fired. As the loading was made in advance and separately, breech-loading swivel guns were quick-firing guns for their time. An early description of

6528-677: The 24-gun sixth-rate Squirrel , under the command of Captain William O'Bryen Drury . He served in Irish waters, then took part in an expedition to the Bight of Benin . In September 1793 he joined the 74-gun Invincible under Captain The Hon. Thomas Pakenham . Invincible was present in the battle of the Glorious First of June , 1794, during which Ussher took part in the capture of

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6656-632: The 7th century, followed by the Vikings . As the Kingdom of Dublin grew, it became Ireland's principal settlement by the 12th century Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland . The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest in the British Empire and sixth largest in Western Europe after the Acts of Union in 1800. Following independence in 1922, Dublin became

6784-536: The 9th and 10th centuries. Prisoners from slave raids and kidnappings, which captured men, women and children, brought revenue to the Gaelic Irish Sea raiders, as well as to the Vikings who had initiated the practice. The victims came from Wales , England, Normandy and beyond. The King of Leinster, Diarmait Mac Murchada , after his exile by Ruaidhrí, enlisted the help of Strongbow , the Earl of Pembroke, to conquer Dublin. Following Mac Murchada's death, Strongbow declared himself King of Leinster after gaining control of

6912-492: The American interior in 1804. Swivel guns also had peaceful uses. They were used for signalling purposes and for firing salutes , and also found uses in whaling , where bow-mounted swivel guns were used to fire harpoons , and fowling , where swivel guns mounted on punts were used to shoot flocks of waterfowl (see also punt gun ). Swivel guns were extensively used by the kingdoms and empires of Asia, particularly Ottoman , China , Korea , and Nusantara . The Ottomans used

7040-425: The Civic Offices on Wood Quay . The party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats assigns committee members, introduces policies, and proposes the Lord Mayor. The Council passes an annual budget for spending on areas such as housing, traffic management, refuse, drainage, and planning. The Dublin City Manager is responsible for implementing City Council decisions but also has considerable executive power. As

7168-477: The Docklands Quarter (around the Dublin Docklands and Silicon Docks ), the Cultural Quarter (around Temple Bar ), and Creative Quarter (between South William Street and George's Street). Dublin has dozens of suburbs; northside suburbs include Blanchardstown , Finglas , Ballymun , Clontarf , Raheny , Malahide and Howth , while southside suburbs include Tallaght , Sandyford , Templeogue , Drimnagh , Rathmines , Dún Laoghaire and Dalkey . Starting in

7296-432: The Emperor by Isabey , surrounded by diamonds, for which King George IV once offered him £3,000. Dublin Dublin ( / ˈ d ʌ b l ɪ n / ; Irish : Baile Átha Cliath , pronounced [ˈbˠalʲə aːhə ˈclʲiə] or [ˌbʲlʲaː ˈclʲiə] ) is the capital city of Ireland . On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey , it is in the province of Leinster , bordered on

7424-476: The French 80-gun ship Juste , subsequently serving aboard her for a year in the English Channel . In October 1795 he was transferred to the Prince George (98), the flagship of Sir Hugh Cloberry Christian , for an expedition to the West Indies. The first attempt was aborted after violent storms forced the fleet to return to port. A second attempt in November aboard Glory (98) was also frustrated by bad weather, and Ussher finally sailed in March 1796 aboard

7552-510: The Great Recession, Dublin has rebounded and as of 2017 has close to full employment, but has a significant problem with housing supply in both the city and surrounds. Dublin City Council is a unicameral assembly of 63 members elected every five years from local electoral areas . It is presided over by the Lord Mayor , who is elected for a yearly term and resides in Dublin's Mansion House . Council meetings occur at Dublin City Hall , while most of its administrative activities are based in

7680-400: The Greco-Roman astronomer and cartographer , called it Eblana polis ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἔβλανα πόλις ). Dublin celebrated its 'official' millennium in 1988, meaning the Irish government recognised 988 as the year in which the city was settled and that this first settlement would later become the city of Dublin. It is now thought the Viking settlement of about 841 was preceded by

7808-416: The Middle Ages, breech-loading swivel guns were developed by the Europeans also partly as a cheaper alternative to the very expensive bronze cast muzzle-loading cannons, as bronze was many times more expensive than iron. As cast iron was not yet technologically feasible for the Europeans, the only possibility was to use wrought iron bars hammered together and held with hoops like barrels. With this method,

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7936-419: The Northside, and Grafton Street on the Southside. In some tourism and real-estate marketing contexts, inner Dublin is sometimes divided into a number of quarters. These include the Medieval Quarter (in the area of Dublin Castle , Christ Church and St Patrick's Cathedral and the old city walls), the Georgian Quarter (including the area around St Stephen's Green, Trinity College, and Merrion Square ),

8064-469: The Portuguese in the 16th century. At the Battle of Xicaowan in 1522, after defeating the Portuguese in battle, the Chinese captured Portuguese breech-loading swivel guns and then reverse engineered them, calling them "Folangji" or "Fo-lang-chi" (佛郎機 – Frankish ) guns, since the Portuguese were called " Folangji " by the Chinese. A shipwreck in 1523 apparently brought the gun to China, but the transmission may have occurred earlier. Views diverge on whether

8192-436: The abdication of King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, altered the plans of Government, and she was not employed in any particular way until the commencement of the Walcheren Campaign in July 1809. She sailed to the Netherlands with a regiment of Guards, returning to England with a contingent of sick soldiers. On being ordered back to the Scheldt , the ship was found so defective that the pilots refused to take charge of her. Ussher

8320-400: The area known as the Pale , a narrow strip of English settlement along the eastern coast, under the control of the English Crown . The Tudor conquest of Ireland in the 16th century spelt a new era for Dublin, with the city enjoying a renewed prominence as the centre of administrative rule in Ireland where English control and settlement had become much more extensive. Determined to make Dublin

8448-477: The boats in the harbour. The ship's boats and their prizes were exposed to heavy fire from the castle as well as from troops of the French 57th Regiment of infantry on the mole-wall. The privateers Braave of 10 guns and 130 men (most of whom jumped overboard), and Napoleon , of similar force, were captured — the remainder, before they were abandoned, being damaged as much as possible. The British, out of 149 officers and men, had 15, including Captain James Lilburne of

8576-413: The capital city, Dublin is the seat of the national parliament of Ireland, the Oireachtas . It is composed of the President of Ireland , Dáil Éireann as the house of representatives, and Seanad Éireann as the upper house. The President resides in Áras an Uachtaráin in Phoenix Park , while both houses of the Oireachtas meet in Leinster House , a former ducal residence on Kildare Street . It has been

8704-440: The capital of the Irish Free State (1922–1937) and now is the capital of Ireland. One of the memorials to commemorate that time is the Garden of Remembrance . Dublin was also a victim of the Northern Irish Troubles , although during this 30-year conflict, violence mainly occurred within Northern Ireland. A Loyalist paramilitary group, the Ulster Volunteer Force , bombed the city during this time – notably in an atrocity known as

8832-488: The capital of the Irish Free State , renamed Ireland in 1937. As of 2018 , the city was listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) as a global city , with a ranking of "Alpha minus", which placed it among the top thirty cities in the world. The name Dublin comes from the Middle Irish word Du(i)blind (literally "Blackpool"), from dubh [d̪ˠuβˠ] "black, dark" and linn [l̠ʲin̠ʲ(dʲ)] "pool". This evolved into

8960-446: The castle formed one corner of the outer perimeter of the city, using the River Poddle as a natural means of defence. One of Dublin's most prominent landmarks is the Spire of Dublin , officially entitled the "Monument of Light." It is a 121.2-metre (398 ft) conical spire made of stainless steel, completed in 2003 and located on O'Connell Street , where it meets Henry Street and North Earl Street. It replaced Nelson's Pillar and

9088-422: The centre of administration and a transport hub for most of the island. Ireland had no significant sources of coal, the fuel of the time, and Dublin was not a centre of ship manufacturing, the other main driver of industrial development in Britain and Ireland. Belfast developed faster than Dublin during this period on a mixture of international trade, factory-based linen cloth production and shipbuilding. By 1814,

9216-522: The city, and by 1985 the city had approximately 150 acres of derelict land which had been earmarked for development and 10 million square feet (900 thousand square metres) of office space. Since 1997, the landscape of Dublin has changed. The city was at the forefront of Ireland's economic expansion during the Celtic Tiger period, with private sector and state development of housing, transport and business. Following an economic decline during

9344-452: The city. In response to Strongbow's successful invasion, Henry II of England affirmed his ultimate sovereignty by mounting a larger invasion in 1171 and pronounced himself Lord of Ireland . Around this time, the county of the City of Dublin was established along with certain liberties adjacent to the city proper. This continued down to 1840 when the barony of Dublin City was separated from

9472-445: The climate getting progressively duller inland. Dublin airport, located north of city and about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the coast, records an average of 1,485 hours of sunshine per year. The station at Dublin airport has been maintaining climate records since November 1941. The sunniest year on record was 1,740 hours in 1959, and the dullest year was 1987 with 1,240 hours of sunshine. The lowest amount of monthly sunshine on record

9600-483: The coldest month is February, with an average minimum temperature of 4.1 °C (39.4 °F), and the warmest month is July, with an average maximum temperature of 20.1 °C (68.2 °F). Due to the urban heat island effect, Dublin city has the warmest summertime nights in Ireland. The average minimum temperature at Merrion Square in July is 13.5 °C (56.3 °F), and the lowest July temperature ever recorded at

9728-858: The conflicts of this time, including the Imjin War . Until the introduction of heavy Dutch cannons in the early 17th century, there were even attempts by the Ming to make large heavy versions of such guns. Other countries also used swivel guns. In Bali , such a gun was found in the possession of the Raja of Badung , and is now located in the Bali Museum . Numerous such guns were also used in Northern Africa by Algerian rebels in their resistance to French forces. Breech-loading swivel guns were also used extensively in Southeast Asia as early as

9856-489: The construction of the Convention Centre Dublin indicate human habitation as far back as 6,000 years ago. Further traps were discovered closer to the old settlement of the city of Dublin on the south quays near St. James's Gate which also indicate mesolithic human activity. Ptolemy's map of Ireland , of about 140 AD, provides possibly the earliest reference to a settlement near Dublin. Ptolemy ,

9984-438: The crew boarded as he approached, and using hawsers hauled the schooner into the river channel. Ussher called on them to surrender, and received a broadside in reply. He attempted to board under cover of the smoke, anticipating reinforcements from the Pelican , but was shot through the right thigh. Seeing that the attempt was a failure he ordered his men to retreat, then fainted from loss of blood. On recovering he found himself for

10112-475: The daughter of Thomas Foster of Grove House, Buckinghamshire, the niece of Frederick William Foster, Bishop of the Moravian Church at Jamaica, and a cousin of the third Lady Holland . They had four sons and three daughters: In his will Ussher left his two surviving daughters, Caroline and Elizabeth, all his property, which included a snuff box presented to him by Napoleon, containing a miniature of

10240-460: The deck of a ship quite easily (and certainly much more easily than other types of cannon). They could be mounted on vertical timbers (pillars) which were either part of the ship's structure or were firmly bolted to that structure along either side, which provided the gunner with a reasonably steady platform from which to fire. Their portability enabled them to be installed wherever they were most needed; whereas larger cannon were useless if they were on

10368-437: The dot, spelling the name as Dublin . The Middle Irish pronunciation is preserved in the names for the city in other languages such as Old English Difelin , Old Norse Dyflin , modern Icelandic Dyflinn and modern Manx Divlyn as well as Welsh Dulyn and Breton Dulenn . Other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn , variously anglicised as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Variations on

10496-596: The effects of his wounds, was obliged to go on to half-pay . Although the College of Surgeons assessed his injuries as equal to the loss of a limb, he was unable to procure any compensation. Ussher applied for employment in June 1801, against the advice of his doctors, and was appointed to command the cutter Nox , stationed off Weymouth in attendance upon the King , where he remained four months. He remained unemployed during

10624-399: The enemy approached within pistol-shot Redwing ' s fired her broadside to devastating effect. The Diligente gave two or three heavy rolls, then turned over and sank. The Boreas was also sunk, and two other vessels, with four of the merchantmen, disappeared in the surf; and seven traders, together with the armed mistico, fell into the hands of the British. The felucca, one gun-boat, and

10752-406: The enemy's force, which consisted of 21 ships. Inevitably, his boat was eventually spotted, but he escaped, pursued by numerous enemy boats. The next day Colpoys joined the British squadron flying the signal "The enemy the same as when last reconnoitred". His next exploit was to land at midnight with only six men, not more than 200 yards from Fort de Bertheaume , where he captured a signal-post, and

10880-440: The entrance of the bay, swept in, and took up positions to cover the marines as they captured the citadel by escalade , and drove the French out. The boats then entered the harbour, and captured three gun-boats and 24 merchant settees and tartans. Losses sustained by the British were four marines killed and 16 men wounded. In late 1813 Ussher was stationed by Sir Edward Pellew off Toulon with a small squadron under his orders to watch

11008-537: The evening of 28 April at Fréjus , arriving at Portoferraio on the evening of the 30th. On 3 May Bonaparte landed, and Ussher remained at Elba until the English transports which had brought Bonaparte's troops, horses, carriages, and baggage were cleared and sent to Genoa. Though requested by Bonaparte to prolong his stay, he also left. Ussher was then given command of the 74 Duncan on 29 June 1814, returning to England in her in August. In recognition of his services he

11136-466: The gun, pedrero, a combination of the word piedra (stone) and the suffix -ero (-er), because stone was the first type of ammunition fired. It had a high rate of fire, as several chambers could be prepared in advance and quickly fired in succession and was especially effective in anti-personnel roles. It was used for centuries in Europe , Asia and Africa . Although breech-loading is often considered

11264-678: The gunner could maintain a high rate of fire for a brief period simply by swapping out the used breech and replacing it with a freshly loaded one. Swivel guns were used principally aboard sailing ships , serving as short-range anti-personnel ordnance. They were not ship-sinking weapons, due to their small caliber and short range, but could do considerable damage to anyone caught in their line of fire. They were especially useful against deck-to-deck boarders, against approaching longboats bearing boarding parties, and against deck gun crews when ships were hull to hull. Due to their relatively small size, swivel guns were highly portable and could be moved around

11392-936: The home of the Irish parliament since the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922. The old Irish Houses of Parliament of the Kingdom of Ireland , which dissolved in 1801, are located in College Green . Government Buildings house the Department of the Taoiseach , the Council Chamber, the Department of Finance and the Office of the Attorney General . It consists of a main building (completed 1911) with two wings (completed 1921). It

11520-418: The inhabitants. However, the city prospered again soon after as a result of the wool and linen trade with England and reached a population of over 50,000 in 1700. By 1698 the manufacture of wool employed 12,000 people. As the city continued to prosper during the 18th century, Georgian Dublin became, for a short period, the second-largest city of the British Empire and the fifth largest city in Europe, with

11648-458: The late 2010s, there was a significant amount of high density residential developments in the suburbs of Dublin, with mid to high-rise apartments being built in Sandyford, Ashtown , and Tallaght. A north–south division once, to some extent, traditionally existed, with the River Liffey as the divider. The southside was, in recent times, generally seen as being more affluent and genteel than

11776-583: The mistico and took possession of the feluccas. Accompanied by the Lieutenant and 40 men, Ussher then landed, stormed the battery, rendered its guns unserviceable, and destroyed the magazine. Up to this period the Redwing had lost 7 men killed and 32 wounded. On his return to Gibraltar, Ussher found that he had been promoted to post-captain , with seniority dating from 24 May 1808. However his health again broke down and he returned to England to recuperate in

11904-574: The modern city stands. The Viking settlement of about 841, Dyflin , and a Gaelic settlement, Áth Cliath ("ford of hurdles") further up the river, at the present-day Father Mathew Bridge (also known as Dublin Bridge), at the bottom of Church Street. Baile Átha Cliath , meaning "town of the hurdled ford ", is the common name for the city in Modern Irish, which is often contracted to Bleá Cliath or Blea Cliath when spoken. Áth Cliath

12032-632: The most important Irish export. Over 1.5 million yards of linen was exported from Ireland in 1710, rising to almost 19 million yards by 1779. Dublin suffered a period of political and economic decline during the 19th century following the Acts of Union 1800 , under which the seat of government was transferred to the Westminster Parliament in London. The city played no major role in the Industrial Revolution , but remained

12160-589: The movements of the French fleet. In April 1814 while off Marseille , and in company with Euryalus , Captain Charles Napier , Ussher received a deputation, consisting of the mayor and civil authorities of the city, who informed him of the abdication of Bonaparte, and of the formation of a provisional government. He landed and there received orders from Lord Castlereagh in Paris, to prepare to convey Bonaparte to Elba . He embarked Bonaparte and his retinue on

12288-493: The name are also found in traditionally Gaelic-speaking areas of Scotland ( Gàidhealtachd , cognate with Irish Gaeltacht ), such as An Linne Dhubh ("the black pool"), which is part of Loch Linnhe . It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn , from which Dyflin took its name. Beginning in the 9th and 10th centuries, there were two settlements where

12416-673: The new parliament, the Oireachtas , in Leinster House . Since the beginning of Norman rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541), Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800), as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), and the Irish Republic (1919–1922). Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, it became

12544-441: The northside. There have also been some social divisions evident between the coastal suburbs in the east of the city, and the newer developments further to the west. Dublin has many landmarks and monuments dating back hundreds of years. One of the oldest is Dublin Castle , which was first founded as a major defensive work on the orders of England's King John in 1204, shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169, when it

12672-541: The origin of the cannon is Portuguese or Turkish. There was a confusion whether folangji was supposed to be the name of a people (the Portuguese) or name of a weapon. In fact the word folangji represent 2 different words with different etymology. The term folangji as a weapon is related to the prangi carried in Ottoman galleys and farangi used by Babur . The word folangji as an ethnonym (Frankish or Portuguese)

12800-746: The permanent homes of parliament from then on. For elections to Dáil Éireann , there are five constituencies that are wholly or predominantly in the Dublin City area: Dublin Central (4 seats), Dublin Bay North (5 seats), Dublin North-West (3 seats), Dublin South-Central (4 seats) and Dublin Bay South (4 seats). Twenty TDs are elected in total. The constituency of Dublin West (4 seats)

12928-460: The population exceeding 130,000. While some medieval streets and layouts (including the areas around Temple Bar , Aungier Street, Capel Street and Thomas Street) were less affected by the wave of Georgian reconstruction, much of Dublin's architecture and layout dates from this period. Dublin grew even more dramatically during the 18th century, with the construction of many new districts and buildings, such as Merrion Square , Parliament House and

13056-649: The population of Dublin was 175,319 as counted under the Population Act, making the population of Dublin higher than any town in England except London. The Easter Rising of 1916, the Irish War of Independence , and the subsequent Irish Civil War resulted in a significant amount of physical destruction in central Dublin. The Government of the Irish Free State rebuilt the city centre and located

13184-523: The rainfall of the west coast. Ringsend in the south of the city records the lowest rainfall in the country, with an average annual precipitation of 683 mm (27 in), with the average annual precipitation in the city centre being 726 mm (29 in). At Merrion Square, the wettest year and driest year on record occurred within 5 years of each other, with 1953 receiving just 463.1 mm (18.23 in) of rainfall, while 1958 recorded 1,022.5 mm (40.26 in). The main precipitation in winter

13312-598: The reign of Zhengtong (1436–1449) China got hold of Fu-Lang-Ji cannons, the most important magic instrument of foreign people". He mentioned the cannons some 60 or 70 years prior to the first reference about Portuguese. It was impossible for the Chinese to get hold of the Portuguese cannons prior to their arrival. Pelliot viewed that the folangji gun reached China before Portuguese did, possibly by anonymous carriers from Malaya. Needham noted that breech-loading guns were already familiar in Southern China in 1510, as

13440-558: The sea within the suburban parts of the city. Two canals – the Grand Canal on the southside and the Royal Canal on the northside – ring the inner city on their way from the west, both connecting with the River Shannon . Similar to much of the rest of northwestern Europe, Dublin experiences a maritime climate ( Cfb ) with mild-warm summers, cool winters, and a lack of temperature extremes. At Merrion Square ,

13568-412: The shooter to switch between either the rifled or the smoothbore barrels. Swivel guns should not be confused with pivot guns , which were far larger weapons mounted on a horizontal pivot, or screw guns , which are a mountain gun with a segmented barrel. An older term for the type is peterero (alternative spellings include "paterero" and "pederero"). The name was taken from the Spanish name for

13696-652: The sloop Bittern , arriving there in September 1808. At a public dinner given to him by the nobility and gentry Ussher was presented with the Freedom of the City of Dublin . On 6 May 1809, Ussher was appointed to command of the Leyden (64), which was intended to be stationed in the Kattegat for the protection of British trade. For that purpose she had 13 gun-boats with 18 lieutenants and 800 men attached to her. However

13824-404: The sloop Goshawk , the gun-brig Resolute , and Gun-boat No.16 , he attacked several privateers, commanded by "Barbastro", lying in the port of Málaga . Ussher led the attack by capturing two 24-pounder batteries guarding the entrance to the port, supported by his Second Lieutenant, Thomas Hastings , then turning the guns of the batteries on the castle of Gibralfaro , while his boats boarded

13952-469: The smoke had made their escape from the town. These she pursued until they ran on shore at Joyosa , four miles west of Benidorm. At daybreak on 7 May 1808, about six miles east-south-east of Cape Trafalgar , he discovered a convoy of twelve merchant ships under the protection of seven armed vessels: two schooners, the Diligente and Boreas , each armed with two long 24-pounders and two 8-pounders, with

14080-463: The south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2022 census , the city council area had a population of 592,713, while Dublin City and its suburbs had a population of 1,263,219, and County Dublin had a population of 1,501,500, making it the largest city by population on the island of Ireland . A settlement was established in the area by the Gaels during or before

14208-399: The station was 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) on 3 July 1974. The highest temperature officially recorded in Dublin is 33.1 °C (91.6 °F) on 18 July 2022, at the Phoenix Park . A non-official record of 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) was also recorded at Phoenix Park in July 1876 Dublin's sheltered location on the east coast makes it the driest place in Ireland, receiving only about half

14336-532: The surrender of the island, was appointed to the 18-gun brig Pelican , serving under a series of captains; John Clarke Searle, Thomas Harvey , Edward Kittoe, John Gascoyne, John Hamstead, Christopher Laroche, and Robert Philpot. On 23 September 1796, while under the command of Captain Searle, the Pelican , with only 97 men on board, fought off the 32-gun Médée near La Désirade , in a close action. The Médée sustained losses of 33 men killed and wounded, while

14464-557: The swivel gun as an anti-personnel gun, which to them was more interesting than the sheer power of a cannonball. Usage of breech-loading swivel guns continued in Europe however, with, as early as the 17th century, characteristics very similar to the modern machine-gun or mitrailleuse . Breech-loading swivel guns were used to advantage at the bow and stern on warships , but were also used in fortifications. Breech-loading guns were used by Burgundians as early as 1364. The Portuguese had versos ( Berços ) in c. 1410, while England has

14592-429: The town of Calassel, on the coast of Catalonia, and would have taken or destroyed them, had not a violent thunderstorm prevented it. The following day, having approached within 100 yards of the castle of Benidorm , mounting four 18-pounders, her boats under Lt. John Macpherson Ferguson, boarded and captured a polacre. Despite damage to her masts, sails, and rigging Redwing made after three privateers, which under cover of

14720-651: The use of cannon by Makassan trepanger in Northern Australia , in particular the bronze breechloader with 2 inches (5.08 cm) bore. Steel rifled breech-loading swivel guns are known which were manufactured by the United States towards the end of the 19th century, and used in colonial theaters such as in Madagascar . Swivel guns are among the smallest types of cannon, typically measuring less than 1 m (3.3 ft) in length and with

14848-482: The wrong side of the ship, swivel guns could be carried across the deck to face the enemy. The small size of swivel guns enabled them to be used by a wide variety of vessels, including those too small to accommodate larger cannons, and also permitted their use on land; they were commonly issued to forts in North America in the 18th century, and Lewis and Clark took one with them on their famous expedition into

14976-543: Was 16.4 hours in January 1996, while the highest was 305.9 hours in July 1955. In the 20th century, smog and air-pollution were an issue in the city, precipitating a ban on bituminous fuels across Dublin. The ban was implemented in 1990 to address black smoke concentrations, that had been linked to cardiovascular and respiratory deaths in residents. Since the ban, non-trauma death rates, respiratory death rates and cardiovascular death rates have declined – by an estimated 350 deaths annually. The historic city centre of Dublin

15104-429: Was commanded that a castle be built with strong walls and good ditches for the defence of the city, the administration of justice, and the protection of the King's treasure. Largely complete by 1230, the castle was of typical Norman courtyard design, with a central square without a keep , bounded on all sides by tall defensive walls and protected at each corner by a circular tower. Sited to the south-east of Norman Dublin,

15232-555: Was designed by Thomas Manley Dean and Sir Aston Webb as the Royal College of Science . The First Dáil originally met in the Mansion House in 1919. The Irish Free State government took over the two wings of the building to serve as a temporary home for some ministries, while the central building became the College of Technology until 1989. Although both it and Leinster House were intended to be temporary locations, they became

15360-536: Was destroyed. This was only one of more than 20 boat engagements in which Ussher was present while aboard the Pelican . In May 1799 Ussher joined the 36-gun frigate Trent , under Captain Robert Waller Otway . On 7 June he boarded a schooner moored in Aguada Bay , Puerto Rico , under the guns of a large battery. Having towed the prize out while under fire, he then returned and also brought out

15488-399: Was employed chiefly at the blockade of Toulon . On 2 February 1813 he was transferred to command of the 38-gun Undaunted , and was engaged in a variety of operations on the southern coast of France. On 18 March 1813 Undaunted chased a tartan under the battery of Carry-le-Rouet , about five leagues west of Marseille. Boats under the command of Lieutenant Aaron Tozer landed, and within

15616-650: Was founded where the River Poddle met the Liffey, and the early Viking settlement was also facilitated by the small Steine or Steyne River, the larger Camac and the Bradogue, in particular. Two secondary rivers further divide the city: the River Tolka , running southeast into Dublin Bay, and the River Dodder running northeast to near the mouth of the Liffey, and these and the Liffey have multiple tributaries. A number of lesser rivers and streams also flow to

15744-601: Was granted the Captain's Good-Service Pension on 12 March 1838. He published his Narrative of the First Abdication of Napoleon in 1840 and on 9 November 1846 was promoted to flag-rank as Rear-Admiral of the Blue . He served as Commander-in-Chief at Cork Station , from 1 July 1847 until his death the following year. On 28 December 1802 at St Marylebone Parish Church , London , Ussher married Elizabeth Deborah Foster,

15872-679: Was made a Companion of the Bath on 4 June 1815, and on 2 December was awarded a pension for his wounds of £250 per annum. On 24 July 1830 he was appointed equerry in the Household of Her Majesty Queen Adelaide , and was in 1831 created a Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order and a knight bachelor . He served as Superintendent of the Royal Navy Dockyards at Bermuda and Halifax between 1831 and 1838, and

16000-506: Was named in Old Norse : Dyflinnar skíði , lit.   'Dublinshire'. It was upon the death of Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn in early 1166 that Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair , King of Connacht , proceeded to Dublin and was inaugurated King of Ireland without opposition. According to some historians, part of the city's early economic growth is attributed to a trade in slaves. Slavery in Ireland and Dublin reached its pinnacle in

16128-530: Was obliged to navigate her himself. Leyden was paid off in January 1810, and on 15 May 1811 Ussher was given temporary command of the America (74), transferring to the ship-sloop Hyacinth (26) on 24 May to accompany a fleet of merchantmen to the Mediterranean, where he joined the squadron engaged in the defence of Cádiz . On the night of 29 April 1812, having assembled the boats of Hyacinth ,

16256-587: Was promoted to the command of the brig-sloop Redwing of 18 guns. His conduct at Avilés had previously obtained for him a sword valued at £50 from the Patriotic Society; and he had the satisfaction of receiving from the crew of the Colpoys a similar token of their "respect and esteem." While commanding Redwing he was chiefly employed in protecting merchant ships against Spanish gun-boats and privateers near Gibraltar . In March 1807 while escorting

16384-471: Was sent out in command of two boats containing 14 men to search various creeks in Cumberland Harbour and St. Jago de Cuba for a privateer which had been raiding the coast of Jamaica. On the 4th Ussher landed in a sandy bay near St. Jago to rest when his men were suddenly attacked by a force of 60 to 70 soldiers. Under a volley of musket fire Ussher, though slightly wounded, succeeded in reaching

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