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29-543: The border between Norway and Sweden including Finland was decided in the Strömstad Treaty of 1751 and marked with cairns the following years, including cairn 294 which is located on a hill 150 meters east of today's Three-Country Cairn. When Sweden ceded Finland to Russia in 1809, it was decided that the new Finland–Sweden border should follow the rivers. But actually two rivers cross the Norwegian border and

58-595: A hiking trail in the Malla Strict Nature Reserve . In summertime, it can be reached by public boat from Kilpisjärvi plus a 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) walk. It can also be reached from Norway, preferably from a hiking trail starting at road E8 near the border. It is much more difficult to reach from inside Sweden, requiring at least a 70 km hike each way with river crossings. The climate is very cold (border between ET and Dfc ), with subarctic winters and tundra-like summers. The average temperature

87-934: A key problem in such canals is ensuring a sufficient water supply. Important examples are the Chicago Portage , connecting the Great Lakes and Mississippi by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal , and the Canal des Deux Mers in France, connecting the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The name is enshrined at the Height of Land Portage on the route from the Great Lakes in the Atlantic drainage basin to

116-610: A low point on a divide where it is possible to portage a canoe from one river system to another. Drainage divides can be divided into three types: A valley-floor divide occurs on the bottom of a valley and arises as a result of subsequent depositions, such as scree , in a valley through which a river originally flowed continuously. Examples include the Kartitsch Saddle in the Gail valley in East Tyrol , which forms

145-472: A problem. After the introduction of automatic train control in the 1980s, drivers can easily get permission to drive on the other side of the border. Before this the border stations were used for changing train crews. Stone cairns, known as the Norwegian : Riksrøysa and Swedish : Riksrösen , mark many parts of the border. Animals, notably wolves and brown bear , have been known to wander across

174-576: Is a low drainage divide that runs across a valley , sometimes created by deposition or stream capture . Major divides separating rivers that drain to different seas or oceans are continental divides . The term height of land is used in Canada and the United States to refer to a drainage divide. It is frequently used in border descriptions, which are set according to the "doctrine of natural boundaries ". In glaciated areas it often refers to

203-412: Is below freezing. Norway%E2%80%93Sweden border 63°20′11″N 12°3′34″E  /  63.33639°N 12.05944°E  / 63.33639; 12.05944 The Norway–Sweden border ( Norwegian : Svenskegrensa , Swedish : Norska gränsen ) is a 1,630-kilometre (1,010 mi) long land national border , and the longest border for both Norway and Sweden . It is an external border for

232-784: Is difficult to find a meaningful definition of a watershed. A bifurcation is where the watershed is effectively in a river bed, in a wetland, or underground. The largest watershed of this type is the bifurcation of the Orinoco in the north of South America , whose main stream empties into the Caribbean , but which also drains into the South Atlantic via the Casiquiare canal and Amazon River . Since ridgelines are sometimes easy to see and agree about, drainage divides may form natural borders defining political boundaries, as with

261-431: Is elevated terrain that separates neighboring drainage basins . On rugged land, the divide lies along topographical ridges , and may be in the form of a single range of hills or mountains , known as a dividing range . On flat terrain, especially where the ground is marshy , the divide may be difficult to discern. A triple divide is a point, often a summit , where three drainage basins meet. A valley floor divide

290-585: Is located at 489 metres (1,604 ft) above sea level. The size is about 14 square metres (150 sq ft) with diameter of about 4 metres (13 ft). As an artificial island, it is sometimes mentioned as the world's smallest island divided by a border . This is a matter of definition. For example, in Haparanda / Tornio there are poles in water marking the border. It may be reached by walking 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from Kilpisjärvi in Finland along

319-869: Is one customs station on one side of the border, but for some on both sides, one for each direction. A treaty gives the customs officers of one country the right to carry out clearance and checks for both countries. There are around 30 more roads crossing the border, without customs station (most notably E16 ), but they are not allowed to use if having goods needing declaration. Heavy trucks can be allowed to use them by pre-declaration. They are surveilled by video and temporary checks. There are four railway crossings. All four serve both passenger and freight trains. All border stations except Kornsjø Station are located in Sweden. Norway has right hand traffic and Sweden has left hand traffic on double track railways. All four crossings are single track however, which does not present

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348-964: Is part of the European Union (and crucially the European Union Customs Union ) and there are customs checks between the two countries. These checks are performed by the Norwegian Customs and Excise Authorities and the Swedish Customs Service . These checks are sporadic along the Norway–Sweden border. Cars are usually not forced to stop. To combat drug smuggling, the use of CCTV surveillance has recently been increased, with systems using automatic number plate recognition being rolled out in 2016 and 2017. Both Norway and Sweden emphasise checks against other countries. For flights and ferries between

377-606: The EU (Sweden). The border has changed several times because of war. Before 1645, Jämtland , Härjedalen , Idre / Särna parish, and Bohuslän belonged to Norway. The border changes were defined in the Treaty of Brömsebro (1645), the Treaty of Roskilde (1658) and the Treaty of Copenhagen (1660) . In 1751 a treaty was signed in Strömstad , defining the border based on field investigations and negotiations done 1738–1751. The border

406-882: The Royal Proclamation of 1763 in British North America which coincided with the ridgeline of the Appalachian Mountains forming the Eastern Continental Divide that separated settled colonial lands in the east from Indian Territory to the west. Another instance of a border matching a watershed in modern times involves the western border between Labrador and Quebec , as arbitrated by the privy council in 1927. Drainage divides hinder waterway navigation . In pre-industrial times, water divides were crossed at portages . Later, canals connected adjoining drainage basins;

435-726: The Sami people lived in mountains and regularly crossed the border, a second treaty, the Lapp Codicil of 1751 , was agreed, giving them the right to freely cross the border with their reindeer. After the Treaty of Kiel and the Convention of Moss (1814), the union between Sweden and Norway was established, and the Norway–Sweden border became a border between two union partners. In the Negotiations in Karlstad which led up to

464-423: The dissolution of the union in 1905, Norway was obliged to tear down several fortresses along the border. During World War II , when Norway was occupied by Germany and Sweden was neutral , many Norwegians became refugees and were transported or fled over the border. The regulation of Norwegian immigrants was strict between 1940 and 1941; several would-be-refugees were declined. In Dalarna and north of it,

493-544: The border lies along the counties, from south to north, of Västra Götaland , Värmland , Dalarna , Jämtland , Västerbotten and Norrbotten . The northernmost border point is Treriksröset (Swedish) or Treriksrøysa (Norwegian), which is also a border to Finland . There is a clear-cut zone (a border vista ) along the border where there are forests. Both countries are members of the Schengen Area , and there are therefore no immigration controls. However, only Sweden

522-683: The border usually follows the drainage divide in the Scandinavian Mountains between rivers that flow to the Norwegian Sea or Skagerrak and rivers flowing to the Baltic Sea. Exceptions to this are Rogen and Lierne which are not located on the same side of the border as the drainage divide. South of Dalarna, the border in part follows local drainage divides, but also across lakes and along rivers. Some border marks were placed on small lake islands so that they got divided by

551-463: The border. In those fairly short stretches the border follows a river, the Thalweg principle is used. This can cause a change in the course of the border, as happened in 2023 at the border between Aremark Municipality and Dals-Ed Municipality . In Norway, the border lies along the counties, from south to north, of Østfold , Akershus , Innlandet , Trøndelag , Nordland , and Troms . In Sweden,

580-555: The border. Reflecting the fact that the population is shared, a Norwegian–Swedish research project named Skandulv was founded in 2000, and is administered by the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research , Hedmark University College and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences . Drainage divide A drainage divide , water divide , ridgeline , watershed , water parting or height of land

609-410: The northern river was originally used and then the tripoint was at 69°3′37.4″N 20°33′11.4″E  /  69.060389°N 20.553167°E  / 69.060389; 20.553167 . The tripoint had no mark for several decades. It was decided in 1887 by the governments of Norway and Russia (which was administering Finland at the time) that the southern river was now larger. A monument of stones

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638-532: The officers from the other country could act. So the Swedish custom officers could act in behalf of the Norwegian agency according to the Norwegian laws. They were then protected as a Norwegian civil servant. If they committed an infraction, the punishment should be handled by the Swedish authorities. The same was valid for the Norwegian custom officers. There are customs control stations at the following places (from north to south): For most border crossings there

667-478: The ratifications were exchanged between the Swedish foreign minister and the Norwegian ambassador on 30 December. On the Swedish side, the agreement was expressed as a law on 18 December (SFS 1959:590), as a royal decree (SFS 1959:591) and in an instruction from the Customs Service on 30 December (TFS 1959:255). The basic setting was a control zone stretching 15 kilometers on each side of the border where

696-412: The ticket and/or speaking and looking Scandinavian. There were more road customs stations then, some have been closed for cost reasons. Already in 1957 there were agreements that one country manned certain border crossings and the other one some others, checking in both directions. In 1959 the collaboration was formalised by an agreement on 28 October 1959, ratified in Sweden (K. Prop 1959:180) and finally

725-610: The two countries, there are no formal passport checks at airport and ferry ports and identity cards are normally not needed to board either, but are advised for planes. Before 2001, the countries were not part of the Schengen Area, but even then there was no passport check, as both were part of the Nordic Passport Union , which was subsumed into the Schengen Area. Passengers were led to the passport control at international airports, but could pass simply by showing

754-886: The watershed between the Drau and the Gail, and the divides in the Toblacher Feld between Innichen and Toblach in Italy , where the Drau empties into the Black Sea and the Rienz into the Adriatic . Settlements are often built on valley-floor divides in the Alps. Examples are Eben im Pongau , Kirchberg in Tirol and Waidring (In all of these, the village name indicates the pass and

783-719: The watershed is even explicitly displayed in the coat of arms). Extremely low divides with heights of less than two metres are found on the North German Plain within the Urstromtäler , for example, between Havel and Finow in the Eberswalde Urstromtal . In marsh deltas such as the Okavango , the largest drainage area on earth, or in large lakes areas, such as the Finnish Lakeland , it

812-477: Was based on knowledge among local people, mainly which farm belonged to which parish and which parish to which diocese . In the unpopulated mountains, the border mainly followed the water divide . There were disagreements on the parishes of Särna , Idre , Lierne , Kautokeino and Karasjok , which had to be solved by give-and-take. Based on that, in 1752–1765 border cairns were erected between Norway and Sweden including Finland, which mostly remain today. Since

841-850: Was erected on the site by them in 1897. The Swedish could not agree on a boundary commission with the Norwegians and did not contribute their stone until 1901. This is Sweden's most northerly point and it is the westernmost point of the Finnish mainland (the most westerly point of Finland is on the island Märket ). The current tripoint monument was built in 1926 and is a beige, conical frustum made of concrete, located about 10 metres (33 ft) out in Lake Goldajärvi (also known as Koltajärvi in Finnish, Golddajávri in Sami or Koltajaure in Sweden). It

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