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25-603: The Army of the Three Guarantees was created on February 24, 1821, and continued battling Spanish royalist forces which refused to accept Mexican independence. These battles continued until August 1821, when Iturbide and Spanish Viceroy Juan de O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba , virtually ratifying Mexico's independence. The Army was a decisive force during the Battle of Azcapotzalco . The victory in this last battle of

50-488: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Juan de O%27Donoj%C3%BA Juan José Rafael Teodomiro de O'Donojú y O'Ryan ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxwan de oˌðonoˈxuj ˌoˈraʝan] , 30 July 1762 – 8 October 1821) was a Spanish- Irish military officer, diplomat and Viceroy of New Spain ( Mexico ) from 21 July 1821 to 28 September 1821 during the Mexican War of Independence . He

75-672: The Napoleonic era , junta ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxunta] ) was the name chosen by several local administrations formed in Spain during the Peninsular War as a patriotic alternative to the official administration toppled by the French invaders. The juntas were usually formed by adding prominent members of society, such as prelates , to the already-existing ayuntamientos (municipal councils). The juntas of

100-655: The Treaty of Córdoba , granting official Spanish sanction to the Plan of Iguala , with Iturbide slightly altering the condition that the monarch which was to be chosen for Mexico did not need to be a member of the Spanish royal family. The Spanish governor of Veracruz, Jose Dávila did not agree with such arrangements and resolved to retreat to the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa to hold his ground. The Spanish major general Francisco Novella in Mexico City also refused to recognize

125-556: The 1720s, fleeing the anti-Catholic Penal Laws which had been instituted in the Kingdom of Ireland by the Protestant Ascendancy . He joined the army at a young age and served with distinction in the Peninsular War . O'Donoju was the chief of staff to General Gregorio García de la Cuesta during the Battle of Talavera (27 and 28 July 1809). On 11 July 1809, O'Donojú served as an interpreter between Cuesta and

150-543: The British commander, Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Wellesley (later created, in May 1814, The 1st Duke of Wellington ), as the two met to make their campaign plans. The meeting was somewhat strained as Cuesta answered many of Wellesley's questions with a simple "yes" or "no" which O'Donojú tactfully explained. He was promoted on campaign merits until reaching the rank of Lieutenant General. He managed to reach Cádiz, which it

175-597: The French not only inflicted large losses on the Spanish, but also took control of southern Spain and forced the government to retreat to Cádiz , the last redoubt available to it on Spanish soil (see the Siege of Cádiz ). In light of this, the Central Junta dissolved itself on 29 January 1810 and set up a five-person Regency Council of Spain and the Indies, charged with convening a parliamentary Cortes. The system of juntas

200-599: The Kingdom of Grenada, presided over by Eugenio Palafox Portocarrero , the Count of Montijo, was part of a military-centered masonry. The police under Ferdinand VII opened a Masonic registration file on him in 1821. Shortly after he caught pleurisy which worsened to the point where he was administered the Last Rites on the night of October 7. He died the following day in the afternoon. Junta (Peninsular War) In

225-615: The Mexican movement for independence. Juan O'Donojú arrived in Veracruz on the ship the Asia on August 3, 1821. Upon his arrival however he found that the overwhelming majority of the country was in the hands of the revolutionaries. Only the garrisons of Mexico City , Veracruz , and Acapulco remained loyal to Spain. He was faced with the choice of either leaving the country immediately or attempting to come to some sort of arrangement with

250-419: The Spanish officials to enter the city on friendly terms. He then sent commissioners to Agustín de Iturbide inviting him to a conference, which was agreed to take place at the villa of Córdoba . He was glad to leave Veracruz as two of his nephews had contracted and died from yellow fever , known to be endemic to the port. Santa Anna escorted him as far as Jalapa, by orders of Iturbide. With Iturbide he signed

275-531: The Three Guarantees . On September 28 he presented himself at the main hall of the palace to install the provisional governmental junta, and he signed the act of independence. O'Donojú was a Freemason and first became involved in the secret society during the Peninsula War when Joseph Bonaparte was King of Spain . He had obtained the highest degree of Freemasonry as part of the Grand Orient of

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300-685: The Treaty of Cordoba, but he was reluctantly forced to abandon the capital with the Spanish expeditionary troops. O'Donojú entered Mexico City on the afternoon of September 26, and dined with the Ayuntamiento before housing himself at the Casa de Moncada . On September 27, he received Iturbide at the National Palace, and went out with him to the main balcony to watch the entrance of the Army of

325-520: The capitals of the traditional peninsular kingdoms of Spain styled themselves "Supreme Juntas", to differentiate themselves from, and claim authority over, provincial juntas. Juntas were also formed in Spanish America during this period in reaction to the developments in Spain. The juntas were not necessarily revolutionary, least of all anti-monarchy or democratically elected. By way of example,

350-567: The formation of a central one. After a series of negotiations between the juntas and the discredited Council of Castile , which initially had supported Joseph I , a " Supreme Central and Governmental Junta of Spain and the Indies " met in Aranjuez on 25 September 1808, with the Conde de Floridablanca as its president. Serving as a surrogate for the absent king and royal government, it succeeded in calling for representatives from local provinces and

375-483: The junta in Murcia comprised the bishop, an archdeacon, two priors, seven members of the old city council, two magistrates, five prominent local aristocrats, including the Conde de Floridablanca ( Charles III 's prime minister) and five high-ranking officers (either retired or still serving). Likewise, the junta of Ciudad Rodrigo , a strategic town near the border with Portugal, comprised "nine serving officers, including

400-554: The overseas possessions to meet in an " Extraordinary and General Cortes of the Spanish Nation ", so called because it would be both the single legislative body for the whole empire and the body which would write a constitution for it. By the beginning of 1810, the forces under the Supreme Central Junta's command had suffered serious military reverses—the Battle of Ocaña , the Battle of Alba de Tormes —in which

425-402: The pre-war governor and the commanders of all the units that had made up the garrison; five retired officers, of whom two were brigadiers" and, among others, the bishop, and seventeen members of the clergy. Realizing that unity was needed to coordinate efforts against the French and to deal with British aid, several supreme juntas— Murcia , Valencia , Seville and Castile and León —called for

450-602: The rank of lieutenant general and was a high officer in the Spanish Freemasons . In 1821, the Cortes Generales appointed him captain general and "jefe político superior", which gave him the authority (but not the official title) of the former viceroys. At the time O'Donojú left for New Spain , the Cortes was considering to greatly expand the autonomy granted to the overseas Spanish possessions according to

475-492: The rebels. He released a manifesto upholding the liberalism then reigning in Spain, and asked for Mexicans to send their grievances to the Spanish Cortes which was already working on elevating New Spain to a new level of autonomy, which could include electing their own leader. He entered into friendly communications with colonel Santa Anna , head of the garrison at Veracruz, and arranged an agreement on August 5 for

500-496: The restored constitution. His appointment to the viceregality has been attributed to the influence of the Mexican deputies then representing New Spain in the Cortes in accordance with the Constitution of 1812 . The influence of Miguel Ramos Arizpe has especially been noted. His appointment has also been attributed to the Spanish liberals who had chosen O’Donoju with the hopes that his liberal principles could help extinguish

525-513: The war cleared the way to Mexico City. On September 27, 1821, the Army of the Three Guarantees triumphantly entered Mexico City , led by Iturbide. The following day Mexico was declared independent . By that time, the Army of the Three Guarantees was composed of 7,616 infantrymen, 7,755 cavalry, and 763 artillery with 68 cannons. This Mexican history article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Military of Mexico article

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550-467: Was disowned by the Spanish government which would not officially recognize the Mexican government until 1836. O'Donojú was born in Seville and was of Irish descent . O'Donojú was the third of five siblings conceived in the second marriage of his father, Richard Dunphy O'Donnohue; with Alicia O'Ryan. Prior to the birth of O'Donojú, both of his paternal and maternal families had immigrated to Spain in

575-629: Was replaced by a regency and the Cortes of Cádiz , which established a permanent government under the Constitution of 1812 . The term was also used in Spanish America to describe the first autonomist governments established in 1809, 1810, and 1811 in reaction to the developments in Spain. By the time the delegates were to be chosen for the Cádiz Cortes, some of the American provinces had successfully established their juntas, which did not recognize

600-532: Was the last Viceroy of New Spain. He was appointed viceroy during the last stages of the Mexican War of Independence with the hopes of accommodating the Mexican independence movement, but upon his arrival to New Spain in August, 1821 O’Donoju found that the overwhelming majority of the nation had already been lost. He officially recognized Mexican independence through the Treaty of Córdoba , but died of pleurisy shortly after. His recognition of Mexican independence

625-535: Was the only Spanish city free from French occupation. In 1814, O'Donoju was named Minister of War by the Regency . With the return of Ferdinand VII , he became aide de camp to the king. O'Donoju was a friend of the liberal rebel Rafael del Riego . In 1820, at the time of the re-establishment of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 , O'Donoju was the captain general of Andalusia . O'Donoju reached

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