44-493: Thrills is a Canadian brand of chewing gum . It was originally produced by the O-Pee-Chee company of London, Ontario , Canada which was subsequently bought by Nestlé in the late 1980s. It is known for its purple colour and distinctive flavour. Comparisons of its flavour to soap are so prevalent that recent packaging states "IT STILL TASTES LIKE SOAP!". Thrills once came in a paper envelope or blister pack, but now comes in
88-502: A convergent evolution process, as traces of this habit have arisen separately in many early civilizations. Each early precursor to chewing gum was derived from natural growths local to the region and was chewed purely out of the instinctual desire to masticate. Early chewers did not necessarily desire to derive nutritional benefits from their chewable substances but at times sought taste stimuli and teeth cleaning or breath-freshening capabilities. Chewing gum in many forms has existed since
132-582: A dietary supplement . Liquorice extracts have been used in herbalism and traditional medicine . Excessive consumption of liquorice (more than 2 mg/kg [0.91 mg/lb] per day of pure glycyrrhizinic acid , a key component of liquorice) can lead to undesirable consequences. Clinically, it is suspected that overindulgence in liquorice may manifest as unexplained hypertension , low blood potassium levels ( hypokalemia ), and muscle weakness in individuals. Consuming liquorice should be avoided during pregnancy. The word liquorice , or licorice ,
176-514: A cardboard package similar to a Chiclets box. It is now made in Spain for Tootsie Roll Industries . There are ten pieces of gum in each package and each package has the dimensions of 22 x 9.8 x 4.7 cm. This brand-name food or drink product–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chewing gum Chewing gum is a soft, cohesive substance designed to be chewed without being swallowed. Modern chewing gum
220-455: A distinctive flavour that blends readily with the natural and imitation flavouring components employed in the tobacco industry. Liquorice can also be added to cigarette rolling papers . As of 2009 , the US Food and Drug Administration banned the use of any "characterizing flavors" other than menthol from cigarettes, but not other manufactured tobacco products. Liquorice flavour is found in
264-458: A loose inflorescence . The fruit is an oblong pod , 20–30 mm ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 in) long, containing several seeds . The roots are stoloniferous . Liquorice root contains triterpenoids , polyphenols , and polysaccharides . Flavonoids account for the yellow root color. The principal glycoside , glycyrrhizin, exists in content of 7% to 10%, depending on cultivation practices. The isoflavene glabrene and
308-522: A patent for automatically cutting wrappers for sticks of chewing gum: US 913,352 "Web-cutting attachment for wrapping-machines" 23 February 1909 from Louisville, Kentucky, inventor James Henry Brady, an employee of the Colgan Gum Company. Modern chewing gum was first developed in the 1860s when chicle was brought from Mexico by the former president, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna , to New York, where he gave it to Thomas Adams for use as
352-570: A ration and traded it with locals. Synthetic gums were first introduced to the U.S. after chicle no longer satisfied the needs of making good chewing gum. By the 1960s, US manufacturers had switched to butadiene -based synthetic rubber , as it was cheaper to manufacture. In the United States, chewing gum experienced a decline in popularity in the early 21st century, as it lost its association with counterculture and teenage rebelliousness. Others blamed smartphones reducing impulse purchases at
396-439: A related species G. uralensis (often translated as "liquorice") is known as gancao ( Chinese : 甘草 ; lit. 'sweet grass'), and is believed to "harmonize" the ingredients in a formula. although there is no high-quality clinical research to indicate it is safe or effective for any medicinal purpose. The European Medical Agency added liquorice to their list of herbal medicine. The essential oils inhibit
440-501: A rubber substitute. Chicle did not succeed as a replacement for rubber, but as a gum cut into strips and marketed as Adams New York Chewing Gum in 1871. Black Jack (1884), which is flavored with licorice, Chiclets (1899), and Wrigley's Spearmint Gum were early popular gums that quickly dominated the market and are all still around today. Chewing gum gained worldwide popularity through American GIs in WWII, who were supplied chewing gum as
484-616: A specific level of intake is safe or unsafe. The effects of excessive liquorice consumption on lowering potassium levels in the blood and increasing blood pressure are a particular concern for people with hypertension (high blood pressure) or heart or kidney disease. Some adverse effects of liquorice consumed in amounts of 50 to 200 g per day over four weeks appear to be caused by glycyrrhizic acid (75 to 540 mg per day glycyrrhetinic acid) causing increases in blood pressure. Consuming large amounts of liquorice during pregnancy has been associated with premature birth and health problems in
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#1732780541753528-464: A wide variety of candies or sweets . In most of these candies, the taste is reinforced by aniseed oil so the actual content of liquorice is low. In the Netherlands, liquorice confectionery ( drop ) is a common sweet sold in many forms. Mixing it with mint , menthol , aniseed , or laurel is common. It is also mixed with ammonium chloride ( salmiak ); salmiak liquorice in the Netherlands
572-412: Is composed of gum base , sweeteners, softeners/ plasticizers , flavors, colors, and, typically, a hard or powdered polyol coating. Its texture is reminiscent of rubber because of the physical-chemical properties of its polymer, plasticizer, and resin components, which contribute to its elastic-plastic, sticky, chewy characteristics. The cultural tradition of chewing gum seems to have developed through
616-614: Is considered proprietary information known by select individuals within each gum-manufacturing company. Information about the other components of chewing gum are more accessible to the public and they are listed in Table 2 . Table 2: Common ingredients in the formulation of modern chewing gum Artificial Sweeteners: 0.05–0.5% sugar, dextrose, glucose or corn syrup, erythritol, isomalt, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, lactitol aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharine, sucralose, neohesperidine, dihydrichalcone Peppermint and spearmint are
660-418: Is considered safe as a food ingredient, glycyrrhizin can cause serious side effects if consumed in large amounts (above 0.2 mg per kg per day). One estimate is that a normal healthy person can consume 10 mg (0.15 grains) of glycyrrhizic acid per day. Because the composition of liquorice extracts in various products may exist in a broad range, there is not enough scientific information to determine that
704-573: Is consumed as a cold beverage, especially in Ramadan. In southeastern Turkey, such as in Diyarbakır , licorice root is traditionally made into a chilled beverage that is most commonly consumed in summer. Properties of glycyrrhizin are under preliminary research, such as for hepatitis C or topical treatment of psoriasis , but the low quality of studies as of 2017 prevents conclusions about efficacy and safety. In traditional Chinese medicine ,
748-539: Is derived via the Anglo-French lycorys , from Late Latin liquiritia , itself ultimately derived from Greek γλυκύρριζα , glykyrrhiza (the Modern Greek spelling of the genus is γλυκόριζα , glykoriza ) literally meaning 'sweet root' and referring to Glycyrrhiza glabra . The latter gives the plant binomial name with glabra meaning smooth and referring to the plant's smooth husks;
792-408: Is harvested in the autumn two to three years after planting. Countries producing liquorice include Turkey, Greece, Iran, and Iraq. Liquorice is used as a flavouring agent for tobacco , for flavour-enhancing and moistening agents in the manufacture of American blend cigarettes , moist snuff , chewing tobacco , and pipe tobacco . Liquorice provides tobacco products with a natural sweetness and
836-659: Is known as zoute drop (' salty liquorice '). Strong, salty sweets are also consumed in Nordic countries where liquorice flavoured alcohols are sold, particularly in Denmark and Finland. Dried sticks of the liquorice root are a traditional confectionery in the Netherlands as were they once in Britain. They were sold simply as sticks of zoethout ('sweet wood') to chew on as a candy. Pontefract in Yorkshire , England,
880-420: Is not required by law to be labeled with an expiration date. If chewing gum remains in a stable environment, over time the gum may become brittle or lose some of its flavor, but it will never be unsafe to eat. If chewing gum is exposed to moisture, over time water migration may occur, making the gum soggy. In lollipops with a gum center, water migration can lead to the end of the product's shelf life, as it causes
924-408: Is the common name of Glycyrrhiza glabra , a flowering plant of the bean family Fabaceae , from the root of which a sweet, aromatic flavouring is extracted . The liquorice plant is an herbaceous perennial legume native to West Asia , North Africa , and Southern Europe . Liquorice is used as a flavouring in confectionery, tobacco , beverages, and pharmaceuticals , and is marketed as
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#1732780541753968-399: Is where liquorice mixed with sugar began to be used as a sweet in the contemporary way. Pontefract cakes were originally made there. In Cumbria, County Durham, Yorkshire and Lancashire, it is colloquially known as 'Spanish', supposedly because Spanish monks grew liquorice root at Rievaulx Abbey near Thirsk . In Italy, Spain and France, liquorice is used in its natural form. The root of
1012-522: The First Americans . Around 1850 a gum made from paraffin wax , a petroleum product, was developed and soon exceeded the spruce gum in popularity. To sweeten these early gums, the chewer would often make use of a plate of powdered sugar, which they would repeatedly dip the gum in to maintain sweetness. William F. Semple, a dentist from Mount Vernon, Ohio , filed an early patent on chewing gum, patent number 98,304, on 28 December 1869. Semple's gum
1056-626: The Fischer–Tropsch process ) Petroleum wax Petroleum wax synthetic Polyethylene Polyisobutylene Polyvinyl acetate Jelutong Leche caspi (sorva) Pendare Perillo Leche de vaca Niger gutta Tunu (tuno) Chilte Natural rubber First, gum base is previously prepared through a melting and straining or filtering process. The formulation for gum base is proprietary information known to few individuals within each gum-producing company. Next, other ingredients such as nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners and flavors are added to
1100-569: The Neolithic period. 5,000-year-old chewing gum made from birch bark tar , with tooth imprints, has been found in Kierikki in Finland. The tar from which the gums were made is believed to have antiseptic properties and other medicinal benefits. It is chemically similar to petroleum tar and is in this way different from most other early gum. The Mayans and Aztecs were the first to exploit
1144-407: The balsam tree ( Myroxylon ), creating small sticks of flavored chewing gum he named "Taffy Tolu". Colgan also led the way in the manufacturing and packaging of chicle -based chewing gum, derived from Manilkara chicle , a tropical evergreen tree. He licensed a patent for automatically cutting chips of chewing gum from larger sticks: US 966,160 "Chewing Gum Chip Forming Machine" 2 August 1910 and
1188-529: The checkout. Demand for chewing gum also declined during the COVID-19 pandemic , as people were less concerned about bad breath and impulse purchases also declined. U.S. sales of gum fell about 30 percent, and while demand was back up to the pre-pandemic level in 2023 in dollar terms, this was the result of inflation as the average price of a pack increased $ 1.01 from 2018 to $ 2.71 in 2023. Globally, sales were down 10 percent from 2018. Gum base composition
1232-544: The child. Hyper- mineralocorticosteroid syndrome can occur when the body retains sodium, and loses potassium, altering biochemical and hormonal regulation. Some of these activities may include raised aldosterone levels, decline of the renin-angiotensin system and increased levels of the atrial natriuretic hormone in order to compensate the variations in homoeostasis. Other adverse effects may include electrolyte imbalance , edema , increased blood pressure , weight gain, heart problems, and weakness. Symptoms depend on
1276-594: The consumers' intent to form bubbles or the sugar/sugarless dichotomy. Chewing gum typically comes in three formats: tablets, coated pellets, and sticks/ slabs. Bubble gum typically come in three formats as well: tablets, hollow balls, and cubes or chunks. Stick, slab, and tab gums typically come in packs of about five to 17 sticks or more, and their medium size allows for softer texture. Pellet gums, or dragée gums, are pillow shaped pieces that are almost always coated. Packaging of pellet gums can vary from boxes to bottles to blister packs. The coating of pellet gum allows for
1320-407: The exterior hard candy shell to soften and the interior gum center to harden. The physical and chemical properties of chewing gum impact all aspects of this product, from manufacturing to sensory perception during mastication. The polymers that make up the main component of chewing gum base are hydrophobic. This property is essential because it allows for retention of physical properties throughout
1364-441: The extruder using a vertical cutter. Sheeting is a technique often used for stick, slab and tab gums. Next, gum is either conditioned by being sprinkled with a powdered polyol or coated via the application of subsequent layers of coating using temperature controlled coating basins before it is sent to packaging. Chewing gum can come in a variety of formats ranging from 1.4 to 6.9 grams per piece, and products can be differentiated by
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1408-643: The former came to being via the influence of liquere , 'to become fluid', reflecting the method of extracting the sweet component from the roots. As of 2021 , its English common name is spelled 'liquorice' in most of the Commonwealth , but 'licorice' is also used in some countries. Liquorice is a herbaceous perennial , growing to 1 metre (40 in) in height, with pinnate leaves about 7–15 cm (3–6 in) long, with 9–17 leaflets. The flowers are 8–12 mm ( 5 ⁄ 16 – 1 ⁄ 2 in) long, purple to pale whitish blue, produced in
1452-518: The growth of Aspergillus flavus . The United States Food and Drug Administration regards that foods containing liquorice and its derivatives (including glycyrrhizin) are generally recognized as safe for use as a food ingredient , if not consumed excessively. Other jurisdictions have suggested no more than 100–200 mg (1.5–3.1 grains) of glycyrrhizin per day, the equivalent of about 70–150 g ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 5 + 1 ⁄ 4 oz) of liquorice confectionery. Although liquorice
1496-461: The gum base until the warm mixture thickens like dough. The gum base mixture is heated during this mixing process to increase the entropy of the polymers to achieve a more uniform dispersion of ingredients. Then, extrusion technology is implemented to smooth, form, and shape the gum. Next, the gum goes through a shaping process that is determined by gum type and consumer demand. For example, cut and wrap (chunk or cube) pieces are severed straight out of
1540-501: The isoflavane glabridin , found in the roots of liquorice, are phytoestrogens . The scent of liquorice root comes from a complex and variable combination of compounds, of which anethole is some 3% of total volatiles. Much of the sweetness in liquorice comes from glycyrrhizin, which has 30–50 times the sweetness of sugar . The sweetness is different from sugar, being less instant, tart, and lasting longer. Liquorice grows best in well-drained soils in deep valleys with full sun. It
1584-692: The mastication process. Because the polymers of gum repel water, the water-based saliva system in a consumer's mouth will dissolve the sugars and flavorings in chewing gum, but not the gum base itself. This allows for gum to be chewed for a long time without breaking down in the mouth like conventional foods. Chewing gum can be classified as a product containing a liquid phase and a crystalline phase, providing gum with its characteristic balance of plastic and elastic properties. Licorice Liquorice ( Commonwealth English ) or licorice ( American English ; see spelling differences ; IPA : / ˈ l ɪ k ər ɪ ʃ , - ɪ s / LIK -ər-ish, -iss )
1628-456: The modernization and commercialization of this product mainly took place in the United States. The American Indians chewed resin made from the sap of spruce trees. The New England settlers picked up this practice, and in 1848, John B. Curtis developed and sold the first commercial chewing gum called The State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum. In this way, the industrializing West, having forgotten about tree gums, rediscovered chewing gum through
1672-420: The most popular flavors. Food acids are implemented to provide a sour flavor (i.e. citric, tartaric, malic, lactic, adipic, and fumaric acids). Maltitol/Isomalt Mannitol Starch Gum base is made of polymers, plasticizers, and resins. Polymers , including elastomers, are responsible for the stretchy and sticky nature of chewing gum. Plasticizers improve flexibility and reduce brittleness, contributing to
1716-455: The natural and synthetic gum base components approved for use in the United States, demonstrating some examples of key gum base components. Table 3: Gum base ingredients approved for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016) Chicle Chiquibul Crown gum Gutta hang kang Massaranduba balata Massaranduba chocolate Nispero Rosidinha Venezuelan chicle Isobutylene-isoprene copolymer ( butyl rubber ) Paraffin (via
1760-659: The opportunity for multiple flavor sensations, since coating is done in a layering process and different flavor attributes can be added to various layers. Cube or chunk gums, which are typically intended for bubble blowing, are called cut and wrap gums as they are typically severed from continuous strands of extruded gum and packaged directly. Chewing gum is rather shelf stable because of its non-reactive nature and low moisture content. The water activity of chewing gum ranges from 0.40 to 0.65. The moisture content of chewing gum ranges from three to six percent. In fact, chewing gum retains its quality for so long that, in most countries, it
1804-527: The plant is simply harvested, washed, dried, and chewed as a mouth freshener. Throughout Italy, unsweetened liquorice is consumed in the form of small black pieces made only from 100% pure liquorice extract. In Calabria , a liqueur is made from pure liquorice extract and in Reggio Emilia a soft drink called acqua d'orcio is made. In some parts of the Arab world, including Syria, Egypt, and Palestine, it
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1848-400: The plastic and elastic nature of gum. The interactions of plasticizers within gum base are governed by solubility parameters, molecular weight, and chemical structure. Resins compose the hydrophobic portion of the gum base, responsible for its chewiness. Although the exact ingredients and proportions used in each brand's gum base are trade secrets within the gum industry, Table 3 lists all of
1892-691: The positive properties of gum; they used chicle , a natural tree gum , as a base for making a gum-like substance and to stick objects together in everyday use. Forms of chewing gum were also chewed in Ancient Greece . The Ancient Greeks chewed mastic gum , made from the resin of the mastic tree . Mastic gum, like birch bark tar, has antiseptic properties and is believed to have been used to maintain oral health. Both chicle and mastic are tree resins. Many other cultures have chewed gum-like substances made from plants, grasses, and resins . Although chewing gum can be traced back to civilizations worldwide,
1936-431: Was intended to clean the teeth and strengthen the chewer's jaw. It was not a sweet treat; ingredients included chalk and powdered licorice root. Charcoal was also suggested as a "suitable" ingredient in the patent. The first flavored chewing gum was created in the 1860s by John Colgan , a Louisville, Kentucky, pharmacist. Colgan mixed with powdered sugar the aromatic flavoring tolu , a powder obtained from an extract of
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