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29-692: Studies of titanium alloys used in armors began in the 1950s at the Watertown Arsenal , which later became a part of the Army Research Laboratory . A 1948 graduate of MIT, Stanley Abkowitz (1927-2017) was a pioneer in the titanium industry and is credited for the invention of the Ti-6Al-4V during his time at the US Army’s Watertown Arsenal Laboratory in the early 1950s. Titanium/Aluminum/Vanadium alloy

58-461: A driving force for the early introduction of α (cpTi) and α+β (Ti—6Al—4V) alloys as well as for the more recent development of new Ti-alloy compositions and orthopaedic metastable b titanium alloys. The latter possess enhanced biocompatibility, reduced elastic modulus, and superior strain-controlled and notch fatigue resistance. However, the poor shear strength and wear resistance of titanium alloys have nevertheless limited their biomedical use. Although

87-403: A function of the heat treatment condition of the alloy and can vary based upon properties, typical property ranges for well-processed Ti-6Al-4V are shown below. Aluminum stabilizes the alpha phase, while vanadium stabilizes the beta phase. Ti-6Al-4V has a very low thermal conductivity at room temperature of 6.7 to 7.5 W/m·K, which contributes to its relatively poor machinability. The alloy

116-519: A hospital built. Scientific management as designed by arsenal commander Charles Brewster Wheeler was implemented between 1908 and 1915. It was considered by the War Department as successful in saving money over the alternatives; but it was so hated by the work force that the Congress eventually overturned its use. During World War I the arsenal nearly tripled in size. Building #311

145-571: A military store and arsenal, as well as shops and housing for officers and men. All were made of brick with slate roofs in the Federal style, and a high wall enclosed the compound. By 1819 all buildings were completed and occupied. The arsenal's site, duties, and buildings grew gradually until the American Civil War , enlarging beyond the original quadrangle. During the war it greatly expanded to produce field and coastal gun carriages, and

174-566: Is a designated National Historic Landmark and a designated Boston Landmark in 1996, significant as one of the largest market complexes built in the United States in the first half of the 19th century. According to the National Park Service, some of Boston's early slave auctions took place near what is now Quincy Market. As the central building of Faneuil Hall Marketplace, Quincy Market is often used metonymically for

203-460: Is a long rectangle, providing for a long hallway down its center line. On the roof are eight evenly spaced chimneys, and a copper-based dome in the center of the building, which covers an open common seating area and the major side entrances. The main building is flanked on either side by 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story brick and granite buildings, called the North Market and South Market. Part of

232-456: Is largely granite , with red brick interior walls, and represents the first large-scale use of granite and glass in post-and-beam construction. Within, it employs innovative cast iron columns and iron tension rods. The east and west facades exhibit a strong Roman style, with strong triangular pediments and Doric columns. In contrast, the sides of the hall are more modern and American, with rows of rectangular windows. The building's shape

261-617: Is now on the National Register of Historic Places . The expense ($ 63,478.65) was considered wasteful and excessive and drew a stern rebuke from Congress, which then promoted Rodman to brigadier general and sent him to command Rock Island Arsenal on the frontier in Illinois, where he built an even larger commander's quarters. Activities and new construction at the Watertown Arsenal continued to gradually expand until

290-527: Is vulnerable to cold dwell fatigue . Ti-6Al-4V is heat treated to vary the amounts of and microstructure of α {\displaystyle \alpha } and β {\displaystyle \beta } phases in the alloy. The microstructure will vary significantly depending on the exact heat treatment and method of processing. Three common heat treatment processes are mill annealing, duplex annealing, and solution treating and aging. Watertown Arsenal The Watertown Arsenal

319-605: The Harleston Parker Medal and in 2009, the AIA's Twenty-five Year Award . The main Quincy Market building continues to be a source of food for Bostonians, though it has changed from grocery to food-stall, fast-food, and restaurants. It is a popular and busy lunchtime spot for downtown workers. In the center, surrounding the dome, is a two-story seating area. Further street vending space is available against

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348-520: The department of Housing and Urban Development awarded the city of Boston approximately $ 2 million for market stabilization and restoration of roof lines and facades back to their 1826 appearance. The restoration project team included : Architectural Heritage Inc., Roger Webb; Stahl/Bennett Architects. Frederic A. Stahl, Principal in Charge; Roger Lang, Project Manager; James H. Ballou, Consulting Architect; and William LeMessurier, Structural Engineer. By

377-428: The early 1890s. Activities changed decisively in 1892 when Congress authorized modernization to gun carriage manufacturing. At this point the arsenal became a manufacturing complex rather than storage depot. A number of major buildings were constructed, which over time began to reflect typical industrial facilities rather than the earlier arsenal styles. In 1897 an additional 44 acres (180,000 m ) were purchased, and

406-474: The early 1970s, Boston's meat and produce had moved to larger, more modern facilities and Quincy Market was decaying. Using a combination of public and private funds, architectural firm Benjamin Thompson and Associates and the developer Rouse Company developed a new building form, the festival marketplace . The new Faneuil Hall Marketplace , incorporating Quincy Market, opened in 1976. In 1977, it received

435-408: The eastern end. By the time Boston was incorporated as a city in 1822, downtown commercial demand had grown beyond the capacity of Faneuil Hall . To provide an expansion of shop space Quincy Market was built, as an indoor pavilion of vendor stalls. Designed by Alexander Parris , the main building was built immediately east of and "behind" Faneuil Hall which at the time sat next to the waterfront at

464-431: The entire development. By the mid-20th century it was badly in need of repair, and it was redeveloped into a public shopping and restaurant area in the early 1970s and re-opened in 1976. Today, this includes the original Quincy Market buildings, the later North Market and South Market buildings that flank the main Quincy Market, the historic Faneuil Hall lying at the west end, and two smaller curved buildings, added later to

493-468: The expansion of the market in the late 1970s uncovered evidence of animal bones, suggesting that butchering work was done on-site. In addition, street vendors took up space outside the building in its plazas and against its outside walls. Some surviving signs of early food and supplies merchants hang today in the upstairs seating hall. The market is two stories tall, 535 feet (163 m) long, and covers 27,000 square feet (2,500 m ) of land. Its exterior

522-517: The market's original development, these buildings have been more extensively altered than the main building. The entire complex was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. The central domed building was designated a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1996. The North and South Market buildings are currently pending Boston Landmarks. In 1969,

551-429: The outside walls of the building, especially on the south side, under a glass enclosure. Most stalls in this space sell trinkets, gifts, and other curiosities. A few restaurants also occupy fully enclosed spaces at the ends of this enclosure. More conventional retail space is provided on the second floor and in the basement level. The Comedy Connection, one of Boston's two largest comedy clubs, only recently vacated one of

580-570: The remainder of the site was converted to civilian use. The Armory site was formerly included on US EPA's National Priorities List of highly contaminated sites, more widely known as Superfund . The site was removed from the NPL in 2006. Quincy Market Quincy Market is a historic building near Faneuil Hall in downtown Boston, Massachusetts . It was constructed between 1824 and 1826 and named in honor of mayor Josiah Quincy , who organized its construction without any tax or debt. The market

609-424: The second-floor spaces, and bars and restaurants occupy space on the basement levels. Flanking the main building in the marketplace are two equally long buildings (North Market and South Market) that expand the market space for more restaurants, specialty shops, and office spaces. Two further concave market buildings enclose a circular plaza at the market's east end. The open spaces at both the east and west ends of

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638-547: The town dock. In an early example of Boston's tendency for territorial growth via landfill , part of the harbor was filled in with dirt to provide a plot of land for the market. The commercial growth spawned by the new marketplace led to the reconstruction or addition of six city streets. From its beginning, the Market was largely used as a produce and foodstuff shopping center, with various grocers of such goods as eggs, cheese, and bread lining its inside walls. Digging performed for

667-574: The war's impetus led to the quick construction of a large machine shop and smith shop built as contemporary factories, as well as a number of smaller buildings. During the Civil War, a new commander's quarters was commissioned by then-Capt. Thomas J. Rodman , inventor of the Rodman gun . The lavish, 12,700 sq ft (1,180 m ), quarters would ultimately become one of the largest commander's quarters on any US military installation. This mansion

696-469: The wear resistance of b-Ti alloys has shown some improvement when compared to a#b alloys, the ultimate utility of orthopaedic titanium alloys as wear components will require a more complete fundamental understanding of the wear mechanisms involved. (in wt. %) Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy commonly exists in alpha, with hcp crystal structure, (SG : P63/mmc) and beta, with bcc crystal structure, (SG : Im-3m) phases. While mechanical properties are

725-644: Was a major American arsenal located on the northern shore of the Charles River in Watertown, Massachusetts . The site is now registered on the ASCE 's List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks and on the US National Register of Historic Places , and it is home to a park, restaurants, mixed use office space, and formerly served as the national headquarters for athenahealth . The arsenal

754-784: Was constructed on site, for material research programs, and operated there until 1970. In 1968 the Army ceased operations at the arsenal; 45 acres (180,000 m ) were sold to the Watertown Redevelopment Authority, while the remaining 48 acres (190,000 m ) were converted to the United States Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center , renamed the United States Materials Technology Laboratory in 1985. In 1995 all Army activity ceased and

783-468: Was established in 1816, on 40 acres (16 ha) of land, by the United States Army for the receipt, storage, and issuance of ordnance . In this role, it replaced the earlier Charlestown Arsenal . The arsenal's earliest plan incorporated 12 buildings aligned along a north–south axis overlooking the river. Alexander Parris , later designer of Quincy Market , was architect. Buildings included

812-478: Was hailed as a major breakthrough with strategic military significance. It is the most commercially successful titanium alloy and is still in use today, having shaped numerous industrial and commercial applications. Increased use of titanium alloys as biomaterials is occurring due to their lower modulus, superior biocompatibility and enhanced corrosion resistance when compared to more conventional stainless steels and cobalt-based alloys. These attractive properties were

841-449: Was then reported to be one of the largest steel-frame structures in the United States, sized to accommodate both very large gun carriages and the equipment used to construct them. Railroad tracks ran throughout the arsenal complex. World War II brought an additional 7 acres (28,000 m ) with existing industrial buildings, as the arsenal produced steel artillery pieces. In 1959–1960, a research nuclear reactor (Horace Hardy Lester Reactor)

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