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62-655: Titagarh Rail Systems Limited , is an Indian rolling stock manufacturer. Established in 1984 as a rolling stock foundry unit, the company's headquarters are situated in Kolkata , West Bengal . Titagarh is publicly traded on both the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange (NSE). In 1997, the founder decided to add a bit more value to his propositions. He ventured into making entire wagons that would be used for freight, before that it used to manufacture railway components. The core operations of

124-488: A deep procedural knowledge, can navigate their way through domain, using techniques other than ones that are over-practiced, and find the best match solutions for different conditions and goals. The development of procedural knowledge is always entangled with the development of declarative knowledge . Researchers suggested that initial problem solving involves explicitly referring to examples and participants start with pure example-based processing. The examples illustrate

186-446: A face as attractive is one who knows how to recognize a face as attractive. One knows how to recognize faces as attractive no more than one knows how to recognize certain arrangements of leptons , quarks , etc. as tables. Recognizing faces as attractive, like recognizing certain arrangements of leptons, quarks, etc. as tables, is simply something that one does, or is able to do. It is, therefore, an instance of procedural knowledge, but it

248-432: A manner contrary to honest commercial practices (10) so long as such information: (a) is secret in the sense that it is not, as a body or in the precise configuration and assembly of its components, generally known among or readily accessible to persons within the circles that normally deal with the kind of information in question; (b) has commercial value because it is secret; and (c) has been subject to reasonable steps under

310-428: A room" or "plan a path". In contrast, an AI system based on declarative knowledge might just contain a map of the building, together with information about the basic actions that can be done by the robot (like moving forward, turning, and stopping), and leave it to a domain-independent planning algorithm to discover how to use those actions to achieve the agent's goals. In cognitive psychology , procedural knowledge

372-551: A secret of their previous employer. Some employers will specify in their employment contracts that a grace period will apply to know how that starts when a person leaves them as an employee. Specifying exactly what information this includes would increase the likelihood of it being upheld in court in the event of a breach, i.e. saying "when your employment contract is terminated, you must keep all information about your previous employment with us secret for four years" would be difficult to support because that person has to be able to use

434-585: A specific implementation of that algorithm, written in Visual Basic. Thus the 'hands-on' expertise and experience of the Visual Basic programmer might be of commercial value only to Microsoft job-shops, for example. In intellectual property law, procedural knowledge is a parcel of closely held information relating to industrial technology, sometimes also referred to as a trade secret which enables its user to derive commercial benefit from it. In some legal systems, such procedural knowledge has been considered

496-415: A specific joke as funny, but they cannot explain how exactly they arrived at that conclusion or they cannot provide a working definition of attractiveness or being funny. This example illustrates the difference between procedural knowledge and the ordinary notion of knowing how, a distinction which is acknowledged by many cognitive psychologists. Ordinarily, we would not say that one who is able to recognize

558-529: A tea estate in Darjeeling , West Bengal. Subsequently, he relocated to Calcutta (now Kolkata) and assumed the role of an accountant at a steel casting company that supplied materials to the Indian Railways. Chowdhary eventually assumed the position of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the steel castings company. In the year 1982, Chowdhary as an entrepreneur acquired the defunct foundry division of

620-462: A transferee/licensee of the object product in its manufacture and use and bring to it a competitive advantage. It can be further supported with privately maintained expert knowledge on the operation, maintenance, use/application of the object product and of its sale, usage or disposition. The inherent proprietary value of know-how is embedded in the legal protection afforded to trade secrets in general law, particularly, case law . Know-how, in short,

682-717: A wholly-owned subsidiary. In 2019, Titagarh Firema was awarded the contract to supply 102 aluminium bodied metro rail coaches for the Pune Metro by Maha Metro . While 3 of the total 34 rakes would be manufactured at the Firema plant in Italy , the remaining 31 trainsets would be manufactured at TWL's facility in Uttarpara . In April 2021, the company secured a ₹ 3.5 billion (equivalent to ₹ 3.9 billion or US$ 47 million in 2023) contract to supply rolling stock for

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744-547: Is a familiarity with the individual symbols of the system and with the syntactic conventions for acceptable configurations of symbols. The second one consists of rules or procedures of solving mathematical problems. In other words, they define procedural knowledge as knowledge of the syntax, steps conventions and rules for manipulating symbols. Many of the procedures that students possess probably are chains of prescriptions for manipulating symbols. In their definition, procedural knowledge includes algorithms, which means if one executes

806-412: Is also often referred to in layman's terms as street smarts (sometimes conceived as the opposite of book smarts ), and a person employing their street smarts as street wise . Know-how is often tacit knowledge , which means that it can be difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down or verbalising it. The opposite of tacit knowledge is explicit knowledge . Procedural knowledge

868-446: Is an economic asset. When it is transferred by itself, know-how should be converted into a trade secret before transfer in a legal agreement. Know-how can be defined as confidentially held, or better, closely held information in the form of unpatented inventions, formulae, designs, drawings, procedures and methods, together with accumulated skills and experience in the hands of a licensor firm's professional personnel which could assist

930-573: Is associated with comprehension, flexibility and critical judgement. For example, the goals and subgoals of steps, the environment or type of situation for certain procedure, and the constraints imposed upon the procedure by the environment. Research on procedural flexibility development indicates flexibility as an indicator for deep procedural knowledge. Individuals with superficial procedural knowledge can only use standard technique, which might lead to low efficiency solutions and probably inability to solve novel questions. However, more flexible solvers, with

992-405: Is concerned with relationships among items of knowledge, such that when students can identify these links, it means they have conceptual understanding. Cognitive psychologists also use the term declarative knowledge to contrast it with procedural knowledge, and define it as "knowledge of facts". However, declarative knowledge may be a collection of unrelated facts, whereas conceptual knowledge puts

1054-477: Is different from descriptive knowledge (i.e., knowledge-that) in that it can be directly applied to a task. For instance, the procedural knowledge one uses to solve problems differs from the declarative knowledge one possesses about problem solving because this knowledge is formed by doing. The distinction between knowing-how and knowing-that was brought to prominence in epistemology by Gilbert Ryle who used it in his book The Concept of Mind . Know-how

1116-412: Is not an instance of know-how. In many cases, both forms of knowledge are subconscious. For instance, research by cognitive psychologist Pawel Lewicki has shown that procedural knowledge can be acquired by subconscious processing of information about covariations. In the classroom, procedural knowledge is part of the prior knowledge of a student. In the context of formal education procedural knowledge

1178-458: Is not in the public domain; it is a "bundled" parcel of secret and related non-secret information which would be novel to an expert in the field of its usage. In the context of industrial property (now generally viewed as intellectual property or IP), know-how is a component in the transfer of technology in national and international environments, co-existing with or separate from other IP rights such as patents , trademarks and copyright and

1240-413: Is not unidirectional. Conceptual and procedural knowledge develop iteratively, but the conceptual knowledge may have a greater influence on procedural knowledge than the reverse. Conceptual instruction led to increased conceptual understanding and to generation and transfer of a correct procedure. Procedural instruction led to increased conceptual understanding and to adoption, but only limited transfer, of

1302-468: Is private intellectual property which can be said to be a form of precursor to other intellectual property rights. The trade secret law varies from country to country, unlike the case for patents, trademarks and copyright for which there are formal conventions through which subscribing countries grant the same protection to the property as the others; examples of which are the Paris Convention for

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1364-421: Is the "know how" attributed to technology defined by cognitive psychologists, which is simply "know how to do it" knowledge. Part of the complexity of it comes in trying to link it to terms such as process , problem solving , strategic thinking and the like, which in turn requires distinguishing different levels of procedure. It is the ability to execute action sequences to solve problems. This type of knowledge

1426-407: Is the knowledge exercised in the accomplishment of a task, and thus includes knowledge which, unlike declarative knowledge , cannot be easily articulated by the individual, since it is typically subconscious (or tacit). Many times, the individual learns procedural knowledge without being aware that they are learning. For example, most individuals can easily recognize a specific face as attractive or

1488-551: Is tied to specific problem types and therefore is not widely generalizable. Procedural knowledge is goal-oriented and mediates problem-solving behavior. The concept of procedural knowledge is also widely used in mathematics educational researches. The well-influential definition of procedural knowledge in this domain comes from the introductory chapter by Hiebert and Lefevre (1986) of the seminal book "Conceptual and procedural knowledge: The case of mathematics", in which they divided procedural knowledge into two categories. The first one

1550-436: Is what is learned about learning strategies. It can be the "tasks specific rules, skills, actions, and sequences of actions employed to reach goals" a student uses in the classroom. As an example for procedural knowledge Cauley refers to how a child learns to count on their hands and/or fingers when first learning math. The Unified Learning Model explicates that procedural knowledge helps make learning more efficient by reducing

1612-552: The Ahmedabad Metro . In February 2024, the company secured a ₹ 1.7 billion (US$ 20 million) contract for supplying 250 specialized wagons to the Ministry of Defence . In March 2024, the company secured a ₹ 19.09 billion (US$ 230 million) contract for supplying 4463 BOSM Wagons to the Ministry of Railways . Titagarh Rail Systems Limited reported a total income of ₹ 28.22 billion (US$ 340 million) during

1674-530: The liquidation of AFR in July 2019. The next month, Titagarh announced that it would exit from AFR. Vice-chairman and managing director, Umesh Chowdhary, stated that AFR had been making losses of €4–5 million a year for the past three years due to general economic factors, and would have required more capital to reach profitability. Titagarh Wagons had invested ₹ 1 billion (US$ 12 million) in AFR since acquiring

1736-551: The French rail wagon maker Arbel Fauvet Rail (AFR) for €15 million (first overseas acquisition), which had gone into receivership in February 2009. Titagarh Wagons turned around AFR and with the subsidiary's revenue rising from ₹ 99.5 million (US$ 1.2 million) in 2010–11 to ₹ 1.64 billion (US$ 20 million) in 2011–12, and the employee headcount almost doubling from 85 to 150. A French commercial court ordered

1798-689: The Indian Railways for the manufacture and maintenance of Vande Bharat Trains and Wheels for the same under the Atma Nirbhar and Make in India initiatives of the Government of India and is a significant enabler for railway infrastructure of the country. Beyond its substantial engagement in the railway sector, Titagarh holds business interests in shipbuilding, bridges, and defence. The founder of Titagarh Rail Systems, Jagadish Prasad Chowdhary, commenced his professional journey as an account assistant at

1860-460: The Licensee under this Agreement, unless such information was, at the time of disclosure, or thereafter becomes part of the general knowledge or literature which is generally available for public use from other lawful sources. The burden of proving that any information disclosed hereunder is not confidential information shall rest on the licensee. There are two sets of agreements associated with

1922-700: The Protection of Industrial Property and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), under United Nations, a supportive organization designed "to encourage creative activity, [and] to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world". The World Trade Organization defined a trade secret by the following criteria: Natural and legal persons shall have the possibility of preventing information lawfully within their control from being disclosed to, acquired by, or used by others without their consent in

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1984-466: The ability to recollect the episodes in which they learned them. The research also found that the patients learned and retained the ability to read mirror-reversed words efficiently, yet were severely impaired in recognizing those words. This research gives evidence about the neurological differences between procedural and declarative knowledge. Researchers also found that some normal subjects, like amnesiac patients, showed substantial procedural learning in

2046-427: The absence of explicit declarative knowledge. Even though declarative knowledge may influence performance on a procedural task, procedural and declarative knowledge may be acquired separately and one does not need to have knowledge of one type in order to build the other type. The influence of declarative knowledge may be due to the facilitation of a process of pathway activation that is outside of conscious awareness. If

2108-513: The circumstances, by the person lawfully in control of the information, to keep it secret. For purposes of illustration, the following may be a provision in a license agreement serving to define know-how:- Know-how shall mean technical data, formulas, standards, technical information, specifications, processes, methods, codebooks, raw materials, as well as all information, knowledge, assistance, trade practices and secrets, and improvements thereto, divulged, disclosed, or in any way communicated to

2170-401: The cognitive load of the task. In some educational approaches, particularly when working with students with learning disabilities, educators perform a task analysis followed by explicit instruction with the steps needed to accomplish the task. One advantage of procedural knowledge is that it can involve more senses , such as hands-on experience, practice at solving problems, understanding of

2232-501: The company encompass providing freight wagons , semi high-speed trains , metros , transit and propulsion systems , and passenger coaches for the Indian Railways and for the export markets as well. In addition to the design, manufacture & supply of 102 metro coaches for the Pune Metro and the largest ever order for procurement of 24,177 wagons which are under execution, the company has been awarded prestigious orders by

2294-662: The company. Titagarh Wagons acquired Corporated Shipyard in 2012 and merged it in Titagarh Marines to manufacture ships for the Indian Navy . Corporated Shipyard won its first defence contract in 2017. In 2015, Titagarh Wagons acquired the brand name and know-how of French cast steel bogie manufacturer Sambre et Meuse. On 16 July 2015, Titagarh acquired a 90% stake in Italian rail equipment firm Firema Trasporti for an estimated € 25 million. The remaining 10% stake

2356-636: The easiness of behavioral sequences. Finally, long-term learning of skills is naturally characterized by the process of forming ever larger hierarchical units or chunks. People learn control structures for successively larger units of behavior, with newly learned routines calling up or relying on more elementary routines, like learning to play simple notes before being able to play a piano concerto. As for process of behavior plan forming, Rosenhaum et al. (2007) proposed that plans are not formed from scratch for each successive movement sequence but instead are formed by making whatever changes are needed to distinguish

2418-628: The example matches the problem they learned, they can simply retrieve the answer. However, if it does not match, they must analogically extend the example. With repeated practice, general rules develop and the specific example is no longer accessed. In this way, knowledge transitions from a declarative form (encoding of examples) to a procedural form (production rules), which is called the adaptive control of thought—rational (ACT-R) theory. However, on certain occasions, procedural and declarative knowledge can be acquired independently. Research with amnesiac patients found that they can learn motor skills without

2480-465: The financial year ended 31 March 2022. Former subsidiaries Rolling stock The term rolling stock in the rail transport industry refers to railway vehicles , including both powered and unpowered vehicles: for example, locomotives , freight and passenger cars (or coaches), and non-revenue cars . Passenger vehicles can be un-powered, or self-propelled, single or multiple units. In North America, Australia and other countries,

2542-413: The financial year ended 31 March 2023 as compared to ₹ 14.85 billion (equivalent to ₹ 16 billion or US$ 190 million in 2023) during the financial year ended 31 March 2022. The company posted a net profit of ₹ 1.3 billion (US$ 16 million) for the financial year ended 31 March 2023 as against a loss of ₹ 3.2 million (equivalent to ₹ 3.4 million or US$ 41,000 in 2023) for

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2604-434: The firm receiving the information. Non-disclosure agreements are undertaken by those who receive confidential information from the licensee, relating to licensed know-how, so as to perform their tasks. Among them are the personnel of engineering firms who construct the plant for the licensee or those who are key employees of the licensee who have detailed access to disclosed data, etc. to administer their functions in operating

2666-440: The focus on relationships. Also, declarative knowledge is an inert form of knowledge which contrasted with procedural knowledge as an active form, but conceptual knowledge can be part of an active process. Therefore, it is important to know that conceptual knowledge is not simply factual knowledge but consists of ideas that give some power to thinking about technological activity. Evidence from mathematics learning research supports

2728-527: The government-owned Britannia Engineering then under liquidation, situated in Titagarh, Barrackpore, West Bengal. Renaming the enterprise as Titagarh Steels Limited (TSL), he commenced  production of railway casting components, specifically bogies and couplers & crossings and turned around the operations of the Foundry in a record time. In 1994, Chowdhary was invited to present a rehabilitation plan for

2790-420: The idea that conceptual understanding plays a role in generation and adoption of procedures. Children with greater conceptual understanding tend to have greater procedural skill. Conceptual understanding precedes procedural skill. Instruction about concepts as well as procedures can lead to increased procedural skill. And increasing conceptual knowledge leads to procedure generation. However, this relationship

2852-432: The instructed procedure. In artificial intelligence , procedural knowledge is a type of knowledge that can be possessed by an intelligent agent . Such knowledge is often represented as a partial or complete finite-state machine or computer program . A well-known example is the procedural reasoning system , which might, in the case of a mobile robot that navigates in a building, contain procedures such as "navigate to

2914-409: The intellectual property of a company, and can be transferred when that company is purchased. It is a component of the intellectual property rights on its own merits in most legislations but most often accompanies the license to the right-of-use of patents or trademarks owned by the party releasing it for circumscribed use. Procedural knowledge is not however solely composed of secret information that

2976-486: The know-how-based plant. These are also in the nature of confidentiality agreements and carry the definition of know-how, in full or truncated part, on a need-to-know basis. Under English law, employees have a duty of good faith and fidelity until their employment ceases whereby only the former still applies. It is sometimes unclear what forms of "know how" that was divulged to an employee in order to carry out their functions and then becomes their own knowledge rather than

3038-415: The limitations of a specific solution, etc. Thus procedural knowledge can frequently eclipse theory. One limitation of procedural knowledge is its job-dependent nature. As a result, it tends to be less general than declarative knowledge. For example, a computer expert might have knowledge about a computer algorithm in multiple languages, or in pseudo-code, but a Visual Basic programmer might know only about

3100-419: The movement sequence to be performed next from the movement sequence that has just been performed. There are evidences found that motor planning occurs by changing features of successively needed motor plans. Also, Rosenhaum et al. (2007) found that even single movements appear to be controlled with hierarchically organized plans, with starting and goal postures at the top level and intermediate states comprising

3162-428: The potential licensee in selecting among competitive offers, if any. Such disclosures are made by licensors only under non-disclosure or confidentiality agreements in which there are express undertakings that should the ultimate license not materialize, the firm to whom the disclosure is made will not reveal, or by any manner apply, any part of the disclosed knowledge which is not in the public domain or previously known to

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3224-477: The prime is highly predictive of the target, the amount of facilitation is increased because of an active, conscious, attentional effect that is superimposed on the pathway activation. Therefore, if and when subjects develop explicit declarative knowledge of procedure, they can use this knowledge to form attentional expectancies regarding the next item in this procedure. Lashley (1951) proposed that behavioral sequences are typically controlled with central plans, and

3286-526: The procedural steps in a predetermined order and without errors, one is guaranteed to get the solutions, but not includes heuristics, which are abstract, sophisticated and deep procedures knowledge that are tremendously powerful assets in problem solving. Therefore, Star (2005) proposed a reconceptualization of procedural knowledge, suggesting that it can be either superficial, like ones mentioned in Hiebert and Lefevre (1986), or deep. Deep procedural knowledge

3348-461: The solution of a similar problem and the problem solver analogically maps the solution of the example onto a solution for the current problem. People make extensive reference to examples even when they are initially taught the rules and principles. It is believed that when people acquire cognitive skills, first an example is encoded as a declarative structure. When participants are tested on their first problems, they have two possible ways to respond. If

3410-483: The sort implied by hierarchical plans. The initiation time of a movement sequence and the inter-response times of the sequence elements can increase with its length. Further, inter-response times can depend on the size of the phrase that is about to be generated. The larger the phrase, the longer the inter-response time. Such data have been interpreted in terms of decoding or unpacking hierarchical plans into their constituents. Moreover, learning difficulties changes with

3472-411: The structure of the plans is hierarchical. Some evidences also support this hypothesis. Same behaviors can have different functional interpretations depending on the context in which they occur. The same sound pattern can be interpreted differently depending on where it occurs in a sentence, for example, there and their . Such contextual dependence is only possible with functionally overarching states of

3534-496: The term consist ( / ˈ k ɒ n s ɪ s t / KON -sist ) is used to refer to the rolling stock in a train. In the United States, the term rolling stock has been expanded from the older broadly defined "trains" to include wheeled vehicles used by businesses on roadways. The word stock in the term is used in a sense of inventory . Rolling stock is considered to be a liquid asset , or close to it, since

3596-415: The transfer of know-how agreement: disclosure and non-disclosure agreements, which are not separately parts of the principal know-how agreement. The initial need for disclosure is due to the requirement of a licensee firm to know what is the specific, unique, or general content of the know-how that a licensor firm possesses that promises value to the licensee on entering into a contract. Disclosure also aids

3658-452: The transition from the starting to the goal at the lower level. The most common understanding in relation to the procedural and conceptual knowledge is of the contrast of knowing how and knowing that . Some see the distinction as a contrast between the tacit knowledge of technology and the explicit knowledge of science. Conceptual knowledge allows us to explain why, hence the distinction of "know how" and "know why". Conceptual knowledge

3720-718: The two Paper Mills of the then sick Titagarh Paper Mills Company Limited which were vested in TSL by a Scheme of Rehabilitation by the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR). Subsequently, these Paper Mills were demerged into two separate companies through a Scheme of Arrangement sanctioned by the Hon’ble High Court, Calcutta . Chowdhary founded Titagarh Wagons Limited on 3 July 1997 to manufacture railway wagons. The company started out with an annual production capacity of 180 wagons. In July 2010, Titagarh Wagons purchased

3782-504: The value of the vehicle can be readily estimated and then shipped to the buyer without much cost or delay. The term contrasts with fixed stock ( infrastructure ), which is a collective term for the track , signals , stations , other buildings, electric wires, etc., necessary to operate a railway. Know-how The term procedural knowledge has narrower but related technical uses in both cognitive psychology and intellectual property law . Procedural knowledge (i.e., knowledge-how)

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3844-534: Was held by Italian company Adler Plastics SpA. In June 2017, Titagarh announced that it had acquired the 10% stake from Adler Plastics for an undisclosed amount. The company was subsequently renamed as Titagarh Firema SpA. Titagarh Firema designs metro rail coaches and manufactures them at its factories at Caserta , Spello and Tito . In May 2016, Titagarh Wagons formed a 50/50 joint venture with French Matiere SAS to manufacture metallic and modular bridges. Titagarh Wagons acquired Matiere's stake in July 2020, making it

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