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61-692: Tithorea, located on the slopes of Mount Parnassus , the mountain was sacred to Dionysus and the Dionysian mysteries ; it was also sacred to Apollo and the Corycian nymphs and was the home of the Muses . Tithorea is situated at the northern foot of the Parnassus, 5 km from Tithorea Train Station, 90 minutes or 156 km from the country capital Athens. Tithorea (Velitsa) Ancient Phokis. Tithorea

122-497: A cash crop marketed world-wide since prehistory. The mountain is also the location of historical, archaeological, and other cultural sites, such as Delphi perched on the southern slopes of the mountain in a rift valley north of the Gulf of Corinth . Parnassus has an abundance of trails for hiking in the three warm seasons. In the winter, the entire range is open to skiing, especially from the resorts of Arachova . Its melting snows are

183-459: A fortress in the early 1st c. B.C. but of much greater importance a century later. It had declined again by the time of Pausanias, who saw a theater, an ancient market, a Temple and Grove of Athena, and the tomb of Antiope and Phocos. In the vicinity, there was also a Temple of Asklepios Archagetos (Founder). Scattered theater seats have been noted outside the walls as well as other foundations for large buildings. The most important remains are those of

244-411: A group of twenty poets, exercised a relatively strong influence on the cultural life of Paris, particularly due to their tenacity in the perfection of rhyme and vocabulary. Parnassism influenced several French poets, but it also exercised an influence on modern Greek poets, particularly Kostis Palamas and Ioannis Gryparis. The name of the mountain (Mont Parnasse) was given to a quarter of Paris on

305-411: A group of twenty poets, exercised a relatively strong influence on the cultural life of Paris, particularly due to their tenacity in the perfection of rhyme and vocabulary. Parnassism influenced several French poets, but it also exercised an influence on modern Greek poets, particularly Kostis Palamas and Ioannis Gryparis. The name of the mountain (Mont Parnasse) was given to a quarter of Paris on

366-560: A linguistic point of view, it was home to states of the Dorians , such as the Phokians , who spoke a Doric dialect, Phokian. According to Greek mythology , this mountain was sacred to Dionysus and the Dionysian mysteries ; it was also sacred to Apollo and the Corycian nymphs , and it was the home of the Muses . However, there is a significant gap in the proto-history of the name, Parnassos. Mycenaean settlements were abundant to

427-577: A little golden lyre and taught him to play it. Orpheus's mother taught him to write verses for singing. As the Oracle of Delphi was sacred to the god Apollo , so did the mountain itself become associated with Apollo . According to some traditions, Parnassus was the site of the fountain Castalia and the home of the Muses; according to other traditions, that honor fell to Mount Helicon , another mountain in

488-418: A little golden lyre and taught him to play it. Orpheus's mother taught him to write verses for singing. As the Oracle of Delphi was sacred to the god Apollo , so did the mountain itself become associated with Apollo . According to some traditions, Parnassus was the site of the fountain Castalia and the home of the Muses; according to other traditions, that honor fell to Mount Helicon , another mountain in

549-495: A mountain range of central Greece that is, and historically has been, especially valuable to the Greek nation and the earlier Greek city-states for many reasons. In peace, it offers scenic views of the countryside and is a major international recreational site with views of mountain landscapes. Economically, its rolling foothills and valleys host extensive groves of olive , a cash crop marketed world-wide since prehistory. The mountain

610-654: A new ski area was completed in Kelaria, while in winter season 1987–1988 the chair lift Hermes started operating and connected the two ski areas. Both ski resorts continued expanding, and in 1993, the first high-speed quad in Greece was installed, named Hercules. In 2014–2015, two new hybrid lifts were installed along with a new eight-seater, replacing the old infrastructure. Today, the Ski Center operates with 16 lifts, two hybrid ski lifts that combine an eight-seater Cabin and

671-487: A new ski area was completed in Kelaria, while in winter season 1987–1988 the chair lift Hermes started operating and connected the two ski areas. Both ski resorts continued expanding, and in 1993, the first high-speed quad in Greece was installed, named Hercules. In 2014–2015, two new hybrid lifts were installed along with a new eight-seater, replacing the old infrastructure. Today, the Ski Center operates with 16 lifts, two hybrid ski lifts that combine an eight-seater Cabin and

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732-458: A philosopher, in the 4th century BC, which was called Theon the Tithoreus. The people of Velitsa (Tithorea), took part, with a 47-member percussion group members, during the battle of Arachova on November 18 and 24, 1826, as well with  a lower participation under Sergeant Vagenas and Athanasakos, at the exit of Messolonghi. In Velitsa (Tithorea), was the base of Odysseas Androutsos, hero of

793-399: A six-seater chair, an eight-seater Cabin, a 4-seater chair lift, a 2-seater chair lift, six drag lifts, and four baby lifts. The ski center boasts 25 marked ski runs and about 15 ski routes of 36 km (22 mi) total length, while the longest run is 4 km (2 mi). Mount Parnassus Mount Parnassus ( / p ɑːr ˈ n æ s ə s / ; Greek : Παρνασσός , Parnassós ) is

854-456: A source of municipal water for the surrounding communities. The mountain is composed of limestone , but also contains bauxite aluminum ore, which is mined and processed. In war, Parnassus has been a center of resistance if need be, providing cover and refuge to partisans. Parnassus is mentioned in early Ancient Greek literature. Many of its ancient communities are cited in Homer's Iliad . From

915-476: Is about 180 stades distant from Delphi on the road across Parnassus. This road is not mountainous throughout, being fit even for vehicles, but was said to be several stades longer. Tithorea, considered the birthplace of the Phocians, where about 2000 BC, Phocus and his wife Antiopi settled, where they lived and died and were buried. Tithorea (Neon), is the starting point and co-founders, along with other cities in

976-599: Is about 344 km (85,000 acres), bringing the terrain not covered by the park under protection.. Among the endemic flora species under protection are the Cephalonian fir tree and the Parnassian peony ( Paeonia parnassica ). In the Park are to be found birds of prey, wolves, boars, badgers, and weasels. The slopes of Mount Parnassus are composed of two ski sections, Kellaria and Fterolakka, which together make up

1037-430: Is about 344 km (85,000 acres), bringing the terrain not covered by the park under protection.. Among the endemic flora species under protection are the Cephalonian fir tree and the Parnassian peony ( Paeonia parnassica ). In the Park are to be found birds of prey, wolves, boars, badgers, and weasels. The slopes of Mount Parnassus are composed of two ski sections, Kellaria and Fterolakka, which together make up

1098-416: Is also the location of historical, archaeological, and other cultural sites, such as Delphi perched on the southern slopes of the mountain in a rift valley north of the Gulf of Corinth . Parnassus has an abundance of trails for hiking in the three warm seasons. In the winter, the entire range is open to skiing, especially from the resorts of Arachova . Its melting snows are a source of municipal water for

1159-528: Is its rich deposits of bauxite , which has led to their systematic mining since the end of the 1930s, resulting in ecological damage to part of the mountain. Mount Parnassus has very cold winters and cool summers. Below the data of the World Meteorological Organization station in the doline of Vathistalos. Mount Parnassus is named after Parnassos, son of the nymph Kleodora and the man Kleopompus. A city of which Parnassos

1220-440: Is its rich deposits of bauxite , which has led to their systematic mining since the end of the 1930s, resulting in ecological damage to part of the mountain. Mount Parnassus has very cold winters and cool summers. Below the data of the World Meteorological Organization station in the doline of Vathistalos. Mount Parnassus is named after Parnassos, son of the nymph Kleodora and the man Kleopompus. A city of which Parnassos

1281-600: Is nothing to tie the Cretans to the Luwians. Linear A , the script of the Minoans , as the Cretans have been called, remains yet undeciphered. In summary, the ethnicity of the pre-Greek people or peoples, after many decades of scholarship, remains unknown, and there is yet no explanation of how and when this mountain was named with a Luwian name. Parnassus is one of the largest mountainous regions of Mainland Greece and one of

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1342-436: Is nothing to tie the Cretans to the Luwians. Linear A , the script of the Minoans , as the Cretans have been called, remains yet undeciphered. In summary, the ethnicity of the pre-Greek people or peoples, after many decades of scholarship, remains unknown, and there is yet no explanation of how and when this mountain was named with a Luwian name. Parnassus is one of the largest mountainous regions of Mainland Greece and one of

1403-551: The 3rd century BC, when it minted its own coins. Mount Parnassus Mount Parnassus ( / p ɑːr ˈ n æ s ə s / ; Greek : Παρνασσός , Parnassós ) is a mountain range of central Greece that is, and historically has been, especially valuable to the Greek nation and the earlier Greek city-states for many reasons. In peace, it offers scenic views of the countryside and is a major international recreational site with views of mountain landscapes. Economically, its rolling foothills and valleys host extensive groves of olive ,

1464-657: The Boeotian Kifissos, Phocaea, a colony on the coast of Asia Minor, opposite Chios, under the Athenian Philogenes. Lampsacus was one of the first colonies in the Black Sea, Marseilles, Antipolis, Nicaea, Arelati (present-day Arles), Agathi, Hierapolis, Monoikos, present-day Monaco, present-day southern France, Elea in south Italy, Olvia in Sardinia and Kallipoli (Barcelona). The Tithorians, along with

1525-482: The Greek Civil War. Parnassus was in a unique position to serve as a center for resistance, as it had for the Greek war of independence. Battles were fought in the valleys surrounding the range. When the wars were over and the region went back to being an active park, the new science of ecology brought changes to the park administration. Species were inventoried, endemic and endangered ones were identified, and

1586-417: The Greek Civil War. Parnassus was in a unique position to serve as a center for resistance, as it had for the Greek war of independence. Battles were fought in the valleys surrounding the range. When the wars were over and the region went back to being an active park, the new science of ecology brought changes to the park administration. Species were inventoried, endemic and endangered ones were identified, and

1647-586: The Greek liberation, against Turkish. Tithorea was the origin of the admiral of independence, Russian army officer, Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia lover Lambros Katsonis. Tithorea in the post-liberation period and prior to that name Velitsa, was established on 18.10.1835, as a settlement of the prefecture of Attica and Boeotia.During the German-Italian occupation, the Velitsiotes, along with

1708-519: The Phocian towns razed in 346 B.C.; the walls were probably rebuilt soon after the battle of Chaironeia eight years later. The local olive oil was noted for color and sweetness and well known across Greece. In inscription stated that in Tithorea lived and died the famous Alexandrian medical doctor Dorotheos. In Diogenes Laertius, stated in his work "Lives of Philosophers", that Tithorea gave the birth to

1769-416: The Phocians in 338 BC, conquered and leveled the Phocian cities. It has been identified by 3d and 2d c. B.C. inscriptions, dated by the archon of Tithorea. Several refer to Isis, Serapis, and Anubis, recalling the sanctuary that Pausanias (10.32) said was the holiest of those built to Isis in Greece. Varying opinions have arisen from Herodotos' statement, that a number of Phocians fleeing Xerxes took refuge on

1830-477: The concept of a protected area was established. Parnassus National Park became a protected area for birds under the "Birds Directive." Subsequently, it acquired other protections under other laws as required by the EU. After 2000, it became Oros Parnassos, "Mount Parnassus," Natura 2000 protected area ID GR2410002. The two are not exactly identical. The national park is about 150 km (37,000 acres). The Natura 2000 area

1891-429: The concept of a protected area was established. Parnassus National Park became a protected area for birds under the "Birds Directive." Subsequently, it acquired other protections under other laws as required by the EU. After 2000, it became Oros Parnassos, "Mount Parnassus," Natura 2000 protected area ID GR2410002. The two are not exactly identical. The national park is about 150 km (37,000 acres). The Natura 2000 area

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1952-488: The decade of 1866 to 1876 as a reaction to Romanticism . Parnassism was characterized by a return to some classicistic elements and belief in the doctrine of " Art for the Art ", first articulated by Theophile Gautier . The periodical Modern Parnassus , issued by Catul Mendes and Xavier Ricard, contained direct references to Mt. Parnassus and its mythological feature as habitation of the Muses. The Parnassists, who did not exceed

2013-439: The decade of 1866 to 1876 as a reaction to Romanticism . Parnassism was characterized by a return to some classicistic elements and belief in the doctrine of " Art for the Art ", first articulated by Theophile Gautier . The periodical Modern Parnassus , issued by Catul Mendes and Xavier Ricard, contained direct references to Mt. Parnassus and its mythological feature as habitation of the Muses. The Parnassists, who did not exceed

2074-589: The defence Minister Giannakitsas, during the period of the Balkan Wars, the founder of Finos Film, F. Finos, Deputy Minister of Agriculture of C. Triantafylou, Deputy President of court of auditors Ev. Gialouris. Tithorea is the place of origin of Stathis Giotas, former Minister the PASOK periods. us ), The ancient city of Tithorea was built after the destruction of the nearby cities, including Neon, by Xerxes ' Persian army in 480 BC. Ac. A recent comparison of

2135-605: The entire Phocian army and invaded Thessaly twice (354-353 BC), where after an equal number of victories forced Philip to return to Macedonia, but Onomarchos in the third match, with the Macedonians had a fatal end to the battle that took place at Krokion Field near the Pagasitic Gulf, where the Phocian forces were defeated and the Onomarchos killed during the battle. Philip, in retaliation for the defeats suffered by

2196-421: The fortifications, classed with Messene and Eleutherai as the finest examples of 4th c. work. The walls, supplementing the natural defenses of cliff to the S and gorge to the E, are of trapezoidal ashlar masonry, as much as 14 courses high. On the steep W slope, the top is both inclined and stepped, and crowned with coping blocks. The towers are square with windows and loopholes. Neon is listed by Pausanias as one of

2257-540: The genetic sample of Phocaeans and French from Provence and Corsica shows that one in ten men in southern France comes from colonized Greek Phocians, Phocaeans.According to Herodotus , inhabitants from ruined cities located on the banks of the Cephissus fled to the foot of the Parnassus around Tithorea. After the Persians left, the Phocians settled around Tithorea, where a fortress was built. The city reached its peak in

2318-519: The highest Greek mountains. It spreads over three municipalities, namely Boeotia , Phthiotis and Phocis , where its largest part lies. Its altitude is 2,457 meters, and its highest peak is Liakouras. To the northwest, it is connected to Mount Giona and to the south to Kirphe. The mountain is delimited to the east by the valley of the Boeotian Kephissus and to the west by the valley of Amfissa . An unusual geological feature of Parnassus

2379-450: The highest Greek mountains. It spreads over three municipalities, namely Boeotia , Phthiotis and Phocis , where its largest part lies. Its altitude is 2,457 meters, and its highest peak is Liakouras. To the northwest, it is connected to Mount Giona and to the south to Kirphe. The mountain is delimited to the east by the valley of the Boeotian Kephissus and to the west by the valley of Amfissa . An unusual geological feature of Parnassus

2440-494: The isolated peak of Tithorea, near Neon. Tithorea referring to the heights above the great cliff rising S of the village, later applied by extension to the whole district. Others, however, have supposed Tithorea was the refuge site, and that Neon is to be identified with the remains of a walled site of considerable size at Palia Pheva on the right bank of the Kephissos about 5 km to the N. Plutarch, described Tithorea as merely

2501-468: The largest ski center in Greece. A smaller ski center (only two drag lifts) called Gerontovrahos is across a ridge from Kellaria. Parnassus is mined for its abundant supply of bauxite which is converted to aluminium oxide and then to aluminium . The construction of the ski resort started in 1975 and was completed in 1976, when the first two drag lifts operated in Fterolaka. In 1981 the construction of

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2562-411: The largest ski center in Greece. A smaller ski center (only two drag lifts) called Gerontovrahos is across a ridge from Kellaria. Parnassus is mined for its abundant supply of bauxite which is converted to aluminium oxide and then to aluminium . The construction of the ski resort started in 1975 and was completed in 1976, when the first two drag lifts operated in Fterolaka. In 1981 the construction of

2623-609: The left bank of the Seine , where artists and poets used to gather and recite their poems in public. Montparnasse is nowadays one of the most renowned quarters of the city, and in its cemetery, many personalities of the arts and culture are buried. Parnassus figures earlier in Jonathan Swift's The Battle of the Books (1697) as the site of an ideological war between the ancients and the moderns. The National Park of Parnassus

2684-442: The left bank of the Seine , where artists and poets used to gather and recite their poems in public. Montparnasse is nowadays one of the most renowned quarters of the city, and in its cemetery, many personalities of the arts and culture are buried. Parnassus figures earlier in Jonathan Swift's The Battle of the Books (1697) as the site of an ideological war between the ancients and the moderns. The National Park of Parnassus

2745-621: The other Phocians, were the only ones from the central and northern Greek states who did not get the side of the Persians when Xerxes marched against Greece and participated with a remarkable army in the battle of Thermopylae. Tithorea was the operational center of Onomarhos, born near Tithorea in the settlement of Parapotamioi, Emperor of the Phocians, the most powerful personality of Greece from 353 BC to 352 BC, where at that time it had occupied Thronio in Locri, subjugated Amfissa, conquered Doric Tetrapolis and Orchomenos. The Phocians King Onomarchos, led

2806-519: The other villages, took part in one of the largest sabotages in central Greece, in Palavitsa, between Amfikleia-Tithorea, on April 16, 1943, which cost Rommel the supply, for 12 days and influenced the development of World War II. After a few days, the Italian army entered Velitsa and  the people of Velitsa paying for their brave act, a heavy blood cost. Velitsa (Tithorea) was looted, the village

2867-592: The possessive adjective of the Luwian word parna meaning house , or specifically temple , so the name effectively means the mountain of the house of the god . Such a derivation, being consistent with the reputation of the mountain as being a holy one, where the power of divinity is manifested, has always been considered a strong one, even by critics of the theory. Palmer goes on to postulate that some pre-Greek people were Anatolian, perhaps from an earlier wave of conquest, and that their country and facilities were taken by

2928-540: The possessive adjective of the Luwian word parna meaning house , or specifically temple , so the name effectively means the mountain of the house of the god . Such a derivation, being consistent with the reputation of the mountain as being a holy one, where the power of divinity is manifested, has always been considered a strong one, even by critics of the theory. Palmer goes on to postulate that some pre-Greek people were Anatolian, perhaps from an earlier wave of conquest, and that their country and facilities were taken by

2989-438: The proto-Greeks. The consistency, however, ends there. With regard to a possible preponderance of the evidence, this one word remains an isolate . There is no historical or archaeological evidence to tie the name to an Anatolian presence. G. Mylonas , reviewing the possibilities, found nothing at all to tie the archaeology around the mountain to anything Anatolian, and although a probable Cretan connection has been detected, there

3050-438: The proto-Greeks. The consistency, however, ends there. With regard to a possible preponderance of the evidence, this one word remains an isolate . There is no historical or archaeological evidence to tie the name to an Anatolian presence. G. Mylonas , reviewing the possibilities, found nothing at all to tie the archaeology around the mountain to anything Anatolian, and although a probable Cretan connection has been detected, there

3111-491: The same range. As the home of the Muses, Parnassus became known as the home of poetry, music, and learning. Parnassus was also the site of several unrelated minor events in Greek mythology. Parnassus was also the home of Pegasus , the winged horse of Bellerophon . This relation of the mountain to the Muses offered an instigation for its "mystification" by the poetic-artistic Parnassism movement, established in France in

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3172-438: The same range. As the home of the Muses, Parnassus became known as the home of poetry, music, and learning. Parnassus was also the site of several unrelated minor events in Greek mythology. Parnassus was also the home of Pegasus , the winged horse of Bellerophon . This relation of the mountain to the Muses offered an instigation for its "mystification" by the poetic-artistic Parnassism movement, established in France in

3233-522: The south and east. They had good views of Parnassus, and climbed some part of it frequently, and yet the name remains unattested in what is known of their language, Mycenaean Greek , which is written in Linear B script. The philologist Leonard Robert Palmer suggested that Parnassus is a name derived from Luwian language , one of the Anatolian languages . In his view, the name derives from parnassas ,

3294-414: The south and east. They had good views of Parnassus, and climbed some part of it frequently, and yet the name remains unattested in what is known of their language, Mycenaean Greek , which is written in Linear B script. The philologist Leonard Robert Palmer suggested that Parnassus is a name derived from Luwian language , one of the Anatolian languages . In his view, the name derives from parnassas ,

3355-404: The surrounding communities. The mountain is composed of limestone , but also contains bauxite aluminum ore, which is mined and processed. In war, Parnassus has been a center of resistance if need be, providing cover and refuge to partisans. Parnassus is mentioned in early Ancient Greek literature. Many of its ancient communities are cited in Homer's Iliad . From a linguistic point of view, it

3416-575: Was burned, in retaliation for the sabotage in Palavitsa and by indiscriminately firing, killed the people of Velitsa: Gazis Christos father's name Andreas, Kaperonis Ioannis fathe's Konstantinos, Trifylli Kalliopi of fatner's name Ioannis, Stafyla Panayiou and the teacher Yiannis Galanis. The economy of Tithorea was predominantly tobacco-producing, livestock-based, with mills, a class of food merchants, shoemakers, barbers, tailors, craftsmen, builders and ironworkers. The Gymnasium of Tithorea operated for decades with students as Academician Georgios Sklavounos,

3477-497: Was founded in 1938. The idea behind the park was to preserve the natural habitat, for which it was necessary to govern the disposition of its natural resources. However, the park did not include all the terrain considered to be in the range. The highest peaks were omitted. Within a few years the park aspect of the land became dormant as Greece turned its attention toward ending the German occupation, and then after World War II, settling

3538-444: Was founded in 1938. The idea behind the park was to preserve the natural habitat, for which it was necessary to govern the disposition of its natural resources. However, the park did not include all the terrain considered to be in the range. The highest peaks were omitted. Within a few years the park aspect of the land became dormant as Greece turned its attention toward ending the German occupation, and then after World War II, settling

3599-420: Was home to states of the Dorians , such as the Phokians , who spoke a Doric dialect, Phokian. According to Greek mythology , this mountain was sacred to Dionysus and the Dionysian mysteries ; it was also sacred to Apollo and the Corycian nymphs , and it was the home of the Muses . However, there is a significant gap in the proto-history of the name, Parnassos. Mycenaean settlements were abundant to

3660-490: Was the leader was flooded by torrential rains. The citizens ran from the flood, following the howling of wolves, up the mountain slope. There, the survivors built another city called Lykoreia, which in Greek means "the howling of the wolves." While Orpheus was living with his mother and his eight beautiful aunts on Parnassus, he met Apollo , who was courting the laughing muse Thalia . Becoming fond of Orpheus , Apollo gave him

3721-439: Was the leader was flooded by torrential rains. The citizens ran from the flood, following the howling of wolves, up the mountain slope. There, the survivors built another city called Lykoreia, which in Greek means "the howling of the wolves." While Orpheus was living with his mother and his eight beautiful aunts on Parnassus, he met Apollo , who was courting the laughing muse Thalia . Becoming fond of Orpheus , Apollo gave him

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