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32-402: As of 2020, the municipality had a total population of 22,758. Tizapán means "place of chalk" ( "lugar de tiza" ), due to the banks of that non-metallic mineral that exist around; or, "water over the tizate" (the tizate is a shrub up to 20 feet tall, with a very white trunk and stems; ovate, lanceolate, rough leaves with jagged edges, and yellow flowers in heads. The decoction of the leaves and

64-522: A land area of 67,540 acres (27,332 hectares), of which 33,940 acres are used for agricultural purposes, 18,118 for livestock, 6,425 for forestry, 690 for urban land, and 8,365 for other uses. As far as property is concerned, an extension of 23,267 acres is private and another of 44,271 is ejido . There is no communal property. Its vegetation is basically made up of oak , huisache , palo dulce, juniper , nopal , spiny hackberry , tepame and other species. Tizapán has grassland vegetation, pine-oak forest to

96-584: A larger program of neoliberal economic restructuring that had already been weakening support for ejidal and other forms of small-scale agriculture and negotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), President Carlos Salinas de Gortari in 1992 pushed legislation through Congress that modified article 27 of the Mexican Constitution to permit the privatization and the sale of ejidal land. This

128-508: Is an area of communal land used for agriculture in which community members have usufruct rights rather than ownership rights to land, which in Mexico is held by the Mexican state. People awarded ejidos in the modern era farm them individually in parcels and collectively maintain communal holdings with government oversight. Although the system of ejidos was based on an understanding of

160-533: Is made up of flat areas (50%), with elevations ranging from 4,920 to 5,250 feet above sea level; semi-flat areas make up 40% of the surface, with elevations ranging from 5,250 to 5,905 feet asl, and rugged areas (10%) with heights ranging from 5,950 to 6,890 feet asl. The territory is made up of land belonging to the Quaternary period. The composition of the soils is predominantly Vertisol Pélic and Chromic types, Nitosol Humic and Feozem Haplic. The municipality has

192-613: The General Indian Court so that individual natives and indigenous communities could defend their rights against Spanish encroachment. Spaniards applied their own terminology to indigenous community lands, and early in the colonial era began calling them ejidos. Mexico achieved its independence from Spain in 1821, following the Mexican War of Independence , the new sovereign nation abolished crown protections of natives and indigenous communities, making them equal before

224-854: The Lerdo Law , calling for the end of corporate landholding and then incorporated that law into the Constitution of 1857. Ejidos were thus legally abolished, although many continued to survive. Mexico was plunged into civil unrest, civil war, and a foreign invasion by the French, so not until the expulsion of the French in 1867 and the restoration of the Mexican republic under liberal control did land reform begin to take effect. Under liberal general Porfirio Díaz , who came to power by coup in 1876, policies to promote political stability and economic prosperity, "order and progress", meant that large haciendas began expanding and many villages lost their lands leaving

256-560: The 4th District of Sayula and to the first party of that city. In 1878, always belonging to Sayula, it passed to the 2nd Department of Zacoalco. In 1886, by decree of General Ramón Corona, at the same time Governor of the State, Tuxcueca was segregated from Tizapán, to become a municipality. In 1886, La Manzanilla was integrated as a Police Station and in 1890, Decree 426, created the Civil Registry Office, being included, within

288-549: The Mexican nation was deemed "The Indian Problem," and the breakup of communal landholding identified as the key to integrating of Indians into the Mexican nation. When the Liberals came to power in 1855, they embarked on a major reform that included the expropriation and sale of corporate lands, that is, those held by indigenous communities and by the Roman Catholic Church. The Liberal Reform first put in place

320-431: The banks of Lake Chapala and also of the river today called La Pasión. Oral tradition indicates that, after the conquest, a mixed congregation was formed, that is, of Indian and Spanish origin and indicates the date of December 29, 1529, since Don Alonso de Ávalos , cousin of Hernán Cortés and closely linked in interests to the conqueror, had already passed through these lands. The same tradition indicates as petitioners of

352-443: The collective ejido (hitherto a rare institution) in order to justify the expropriation of large commercial estates." The typical procedure for the establishment of an ejido involved the following steps: Ejidatarios do not actually own the land but are allowed to use their allotted parcels indefinitely as long as they do not fail to use the land for more than two years. They can pass their rights on to their children. Opponents of

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384-600: The designated police station, the ranches of La Tuna Manza, Las Cuevas, Agua Escondida, La Cañada, La Soledad, La Peña, and Palos Verdes. In 1896, it became part of the 7th Canton of Chapala by decree 747 of December 30 of that same year. In 1906, by decree of Governor Miguel Ahumada, the La Manzanilla Police Station became a municipality. In 1924, the Estancia de Columba was erected as a police station and in 1947 that of El Volantín. The municipality has

416-456: The east with the State of Michoacán ; to the south with the municipality of La Manzanilla de la Paz , and to the west with the municipality of Tuxcueca . The climate in Tizapán in summer is warm semi-humid with occasional rains reaching a maximum of 86°F. During the winter it is cold, with winter showers reaching a minimum of 44.6°F. The average annual rainfall is 112.5 dcl per season. During

448-534: The ejido system pointed to widespread corruption within the Banco Nacional de Crédito Rural ( Banrural )—the primary institution responsible for providing loans to ejidatarios —illegal sales and transfers of ejido lands, ecological degradation, and low productivity as evidence of the system's failure. Proponents countered these arguments by pointing out that every administration since that of Cárdenas had been either indifferent or openly hostile to ejidos, that

480-512: The ejido system with a male figure being the head of the household. On ejido land job opportunities were limited creating a push for the male figures to migrate to the United States in order to support their households and land. US job opportunities for Mexican migrants would include agricultural sectors which contributed to further development of the ejido land and growing agricultural technology. Those who lived on ejido land but did not own

512-537: The end of awarding ejidos and allowed existing ejidos to be rented or sold, ending land reform in Mexico . In central Mexico following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire (1519-1521), indigenous communities remained largely intact, including their system of land tenure. The Spanish crown guaranteed that indigenous communities had land under its control, the fundo legal  [ es ] . It also established

544-543: The fall and the spring it is usually semi-humid with occasional intermittent showers. Average annual temperature of 75°F. Its hydrological resources are provided by the river of La Pasión; through the streams: San José, San Vicente, El Bosque, El Laurel, El Refugio, Las Mesas, Los Coyotes, Las Moscas, El Mezquitillo, El Regadío, Zarco, La Soltera, and Las Trancas; also, the Lake Chapala and the dams: El Volantín, El Refugio, Los Cuatro, and Palos Altos. Half of its surface

576-438: The land assigned to ejidos was often of lower quality and inherently less productive than privately held land. Also, the majority of agricultural research and support was biased towards large-scale commercial enterprises. The politicians complaining about Banrural were the people responsible for the corruption, and regardless of its productivity, subsistence production is an important survival strategy for many peasants. As part of

608-574: The law rather than vassals of the Spanish crown. The disappearance of the General Indian Court was one effect of independence. With political instability and economic stagnation following independence, indigenous communities largely maintained their land holdings, since large landed estates were not expanding to increase production. For nineteenth-century Mexican liberals, the continuing separateness of natives and indigenous villages from

640-532: The leader of a reactionary coup that ousted and assassinated Madero; and Venustiano Carranza , a wealthy landowner who led the Constitutionalist faction, which defeated all others. In 1917, a new Constitution was drafted, which included empowerment of the government to expropriate privately held resources. Many peasants expected Article 27 of the Constitution to bring about the breakup of large haciendas and to return land to peasant communities. Carranza

672-467: The legal estate the Spaniards Juan de la Salud, Lorenzo Manuel Taracho Tadeo, Bernardino de los Reyes, Pedro Joseph, Concepción de los Ángeles, Silvestre de los Santos, Ignacio Cupertino and Cristóbal Nolasco, as well as the indigenous Roque Jorge, Franco Javier, Diego Salvador, Gregorio Magdaleno and Juan Evangelista. All of them with their respective families that multiplied until they formed what

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704-533: The municipal seat, 2 delegations and 9 municipal agencies. Tizapán el Alto is located in the Southeast region of the state of Jalisco, between coordinates 20°02 ′ 40″ — 20°56 ′ 15″ north latitude and 102°36 ′ 06″ — 103°09 ′ 40″ west longitude; at a height of 5026 feet meters above sea level. The municipality borders to the north with the Lake Chapala and the municipalities of Chapala and Poncitlán ; to

736-489: The peasantry landless. Many peasants participated in the Mexican Revolution, with the expectation that their village lands could be restored. In particular, many peasants in the state of Morelos under the leadership of Emiliano Zapata waged war against the presidency of Francisco I. Madero , a wealthy landowner whose reformist political movement sought to oust the regime of Porfirio Díaz; Victoriano Huerta ,

768-494: The preconquest Aztec calpulli and the medieval Spanish ejido, since the 20th century ejidos have been managed and controlled by the government. After the Mexican Revolution , ejidos were created by the Mexican state to grant lands to peasant communities as a means to stem social unrest. As Mexico prepared to enter the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1991, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari declared

800-793: The province of Ávalos there. He was a cousin of Hernán Cortés . The Province of Ávalos extended southwest of Lake Chapala , its capital was Sayula, and was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain , unlike most of the current state of Jalisco, which along with Aguascalientes, Nayarit, Zacatecas and areas of San Luis Potosí and Sinaloa, constituted the Nueva Galicia . He was a brother of Francisco de Saavedra Sandoval. Around 1530, Alonso de Ávalos married Francisca de Estrada y Gutiérrez-Flórez, daughter of Alonso de Estrada and Marina Gutiérrez-Flórez. Ejido An ejido ( Spanish pronunciation: [eˈxiðo] , from Latin exitum )

832-472: The root is used in traditional medicine). According to some scholars of anthropology, due to the pre-Cortesian vestiges that exist, the Toltecs inhabited this region without being able to specify exactly the date on which the settlements that were formed both in what is today the municipal seat and in its vicinity took place. Some affirm that back in the 7th century of our era, various tribes began to settle on

864-442: The sale of basic necessities and mixed stores that sell various items predominate. Mining : it has deposits of stone quarry , sand , gold , silver and gravel . There are two delegations: There are nine municipal agencies: Alonso de %C3%81valos Saavedra Alonso de Ávalos Saavedra ( Medellín , Badajoz , Extremadura , Spain , c.  1495 – Amatitlán, Sayula , province of Ávalos, New Spain , 1575)

896-408: The south, and to the north lies the Lake Chapala . Deer , coyote , rabbit , hare , squirrel , fox , armadillo , badger , opossum , black vulture , crow , and other minor species inhabit this region. Livestock : bovines , equines , goats , pigs , beehives . Agriculture : stand out corn , beans , sorghum , broccoli , onion , cabbage . Commerce : establishments dedicated to

928-458: Was a Castilian encomendero, explorer, conquistador, founder, captain, and mayor of Sayula . In 1521, during the times the House of Trastámara ruled over Spain and its possessions , he organized an expedition to conquer the territory that today constitutes southern Jalisco, where he arrived in 1523, conquered Tzaulan (today, Sayula ), "Place where flies abound", and established the capital city of

960-459: Was a direct cause of the Chiapas conflict . The changes to the ejidal system have largely failed to improve ejidal productivity, and have been implicated as significant contributing factors to worsening rural poverty , forced migration, and the conversion of Mexico, where the cultivation of maize originated, into a net-importer of maize and food in general. The majority of peasants were part of

992-448: Was entirely resistant to the expropriation of haciendas, and in fact returned many to their owners that had been seized by revolutionaries. Distribution of large amounts of land did not begin until Lázaro Cárdenas became president in 1934. The ejido system was introduced as an important component of the land reform in Mexico . Under Cárdenas, land reform was "sweeping, rapid, and, in some respects, structurally innovative... he promoted

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1024-530: Was then called the Estancia de Tizapán and several decades later San Francisco Tizapán. On March 27, 1824, it was assigned to the canton of Sayula, and to the department of Zacoalco. In 1825 he continues to belong politically to Sayula and the 3rd. Department of Zacoalco, having under its jurisdiction the Haciendas of Santa Ana and San Francisco Javier, adjacent to its head. In 1837, in the jurisdiction of Sayula belonging to Zapotlán el Grande. In 1843 it belongs to

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