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83-703: A sword identified as Tizona was given by Ferdinand II of Aragon to Pedro de Peralta, count of Santisteban de Lerín in c. 1470. This sword was long kept in Marcilla Castle , later in the Army Museum in Madrid and since 2007 in the Museo de Burgos . The name used in the Cantar de Mio Cid is Tizón . The form Tizona has been in use since the late medieval period (14th century). The blade inscription on

166-556: A doctorate to a female student, María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda . In comparison, University of Oxford did not accept female scholars until 1920, and the University of Cambridge did not grant a PhD to a female student until 1926. In 1824, Francisco Tadeo Calomarde further expanded Complutense by merging it with the University of Sigüenza. By a royal order of 29 October 1836, Queen Regent Maria Christina suppressed

249-721: A Catalan noblewoman of Cervera, he had: With Joana Nicolaua: With Toda de Larrea: With Beatriz Pereira: Monarch of the Crown of Castille (with Isabella I) The Arms quarter the arms of Castile and León with the arms of Aragon and Aragonese Sicily , the last combining the arms of Aragon with the black eagle of the Hohenstaufen of Sicily . Complutense University of Madrid The Complutense University of Madrid (Spanish: Universidad Complutense de Madrid; UCM , Universidad de Madrid , Universidad Central de Madrid ; Latin: Universitas Complutensis Matritensis )

332-516: A crate, with a note "Comrade, respect this sword, it is the sword of El Cid" ( Camarada, respeta esta espada, es la espada del Cid ). The sword was moved to the Museo del Ejército in Madrid and was on display there during 1944–2007, while remaining the property of the Marquesses of Falces . The 14th Marqués in 1959 bequeathed ownership of the sword in equal parts to his two children, Pedro and Olga Velluti. The siblings in 1980 confirmed

415-438: A highly effective sovereignty under equal terms. They utilised a prenuptial agreement to lay down their terms. During their reign they supported each other effectively in accordance to his joint motto of equality: "Tanto monta [or monta tanto], Isabel como Fernando" ("They amount to the same, Isabel and Ferdinand"). Isabella and Ferdinand's achievements were remarkable: Spain was united, or at least more united than it ever had been;

498-619: A particularly rich archive of over 90,000 historical documents, and one of the most extensive film collections in Europe. Due to its long history in the capital, the Complutense University enjoys great support from Madrid-based institutions, at a local, national and international level. The School of Medicine operates the Hospital Clínico Universitario de San Carlos , Hospital Gregorio Marañón , and

581-629: A single Spain occurred under Philip V in 1707–1715.) The first years of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule saw the Spanish conquest of the Emirate of Granada , the last Islamic al-Andalus entity on the Iberian peninsula, completed in 1492. The completion of the Reconquista was not the only significant act performed by Ferdinand and Isabella in that year. In March 1492, the monarchs issued

664-801: A year, with all of the different schools competing; the Complutense also participates in the regional university games, held each March at the Puerta del Hierro Stadium in Madrid, and selected national competitions. All students, professors, staff members, and family of staff members have the right to be evaluated and attended to at the Complutense University Center for Sport and Fitness Medicine. Besides an extensive series of accords permitting student/professor exchanges and study abroad opportunity with prestigious universities throughout

747-536: Is a public research university located in Madrid . Founded in Alcalá in 1293 (before relocating to Madrid in 1836), it is one of the oldest operating universities in the world, and one of Spain's most prestigious institutions of higher learning. It is located on a sprawling campus that occupies the entirety of the Ciudad Universitaria district of Madrid , with annexes in the district of Somosaguas in

830-439: Is home to over 100 student political, social and sports-related groups. Aerobics, gym, yoga, swimming, tennis, diving, tai chi, and numerous other courses are offered. In terms of team sports, the Complutense features male and female basketball, football, and volleyball divisions, as well as rugby. Chess, badminton, golf, judo, karate, table-tennis, and archery teams are also available. Internal university games are held several times

913-515: Is in the top 3% overall, in the top 2% in research, and top 3% in social impact. In recent years, the university's notable alumni include 7 Nobel Prize recipients , 18 Prince of Asturias Awardees , 7 Miguel de Cervantes Prize recipients , 10 ERC grantees , as well as prime ministers of Spain , European commissioners , presidents of the EU Parliament , a European Council secretary general, European Central Bank Executive Board members,

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996-606: Is known particularly for its role as one of the premiere pre-screening locales in Spain- all major Spanish film productions are screened first before an audience of Complutense students, with the main actors or production figures of the films attending a post-screening press conference. Most recently, Blanca Portillo, Carmen Maura , Lola Dueñas and Yohana Cobo pre-screened Pedro Almodóvar 's Volver ; past pre-screening visitors have included director Santiago Segura , actor Alejo Sauras, and writer E. Annie Proulx . The Faculty of Fine Arts

1079-474: The Llibre dels fets had a sword named Tisó . The description of this sword makes no reference to El Cid, suggesting that tizon "firebrand" was in use as a generic term for "sword" (c.f. the same use of English brand ). The extended (feminine) form tizona , by reference to El Cid's sword, could later also stand in as a poetic synonym of "sword" in general. According to the Cantar de Mio Cid , El Cid won

1162-482: The Alcázar of Segovia . The 1503 inventory reads "a sword called Tizona, that belonged to El Cid; it has a channel in each side, with gilded lettering; it has a hilt, and cross, and a block of silver, and in relief castles and lions and a small golden lion on each part of the cross; and has a scabbard of red leather lined with green velvet." This does not fit the description of the extant sword exhibited as Tizona , but

1245-554: The Museum of Burgos alongside other presumed relics of El Cid. In 2011, a lawsuit was filed by the two daughters of Salustiano Fernández, demanding to be paid half of the purchase price, assuming that the sword after 1959 had been co-owned by Pedro, 15th Marqués de Falces, and his sister, Olga Velluti. The lawsuit went on to the Tribunal Supremo (Supreme Court of Spain), which in 2016 finally ruled The 17th Marqués de Falces

1328-577: The Nueva Planta decrees issued between 1707 and 1716. The Crown of Aragon that Ferdinand inherited in 1479 included the kingdoms of Aragon , Valencia , Majorca , Sardinia , and Sicily , as well as the Principality of Catalonia . His marriage to Isabella is regarded as the "cornerstone in the foundation of the Spanish monarchy". They played a major role in the European colonization of

1411-782: The Republic of Venice , in which all the other powers with interests on the Italian peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand II, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together in the League of Cambrai . Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello , the League of Cambrai soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand II became suspicious of French intentions. Instead,

1494-765: The Spanish Empire . In 1909, the Central University became one of the first universities in the world to grant a doctorate degree to a woman. It was renamed as Universidad de Madrid ('University of Madrid') in 1943. On 20 May 1293, King Sancho IV of Castile granted the Archbishop of Toledo , Gonzalo Pérez Gudiel , a royal charter to found a studium generale (as universities were known at that time), named El Estudio de Escuelas Generales in Alcalá de Henares . One of its alumni, Cardinal Cisneros , made extensive purchases of land and ordered

1577-523: The 'Holy League' was formed, in which now all the powers joined together against Louis XII and France. In November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law King Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster , pledging mutual aid between the two against Navarre and France ahead of the Spanish invasion of Navarre as of July 1512. After the fall of Granada in 1492, he had manoeuvred for years to take over

1660-471: The 12th century, with a narrow fuller running along less than half of the blade's length. The hilt is later, added in the time of the Catholic Monarchs , with the elaborate curved crossguard typical of the "Hispano-Moorish" style of the period. Its blade carries acid etched inscriptions in the fullers on either side: Debate on the sword's authenticity concerns the blade. If authentic, both

1743-476: The 14th century. Menéndez Pidal considered the entire sword to be a 16th-century forgery. By contrast, Bruhn de Hoffmeyer (1988) said that the blade may be identical to the sword listed as La Colada in the 1503 inventory. A 2001 examination performed by the Complutense University of Madrid concluded that the blade may indeed date from the 11th century. Álvaro Soler del Campo, curator at

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1826-425: The 19th century, and its accommodations in central Madrid proved to be increasingly inadequate. Besides the greater number of students, after its move from Alcalá the university had been based in a number of preexisting, government-acquired properties – mainly aristocratic mansions and royal châteaux from centuries past, abandoned by their owners for more contemporary lodgings. Though they were not without their charm,

1909-688: The Americas , sponsoring the first voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492. That year the couple defeated Granada , the last Muslim state in Western Europe , thus completing the centuries-long Reconquista . Following Isabella's death in 1504, the couple's daughter Joanna became queen of the Crown of Castile . That year, after a war with France, Ferdinand conquered the Kingdom of Naples . In 1507 he became regent of Castile on behalf of Joanna, who

1992-629: The Arts Fernando de los Ríos , announced that Einstein had agreed to take charge of a professorship in a research institute, which would bear the name Instituto Albert Einstein , under the university's School of Science. However, as the political situation began to deteriorate throughout Europe, Einstein ended up accepting a similar position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey . The university greatly expanded during

2075-599: The Catholic , was King of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516. As the husband and co-ruler of Queen Isabella I of Castile , he was also King of Castile from 1475 to 1504 (as Ferdinand V ). He reigned jointly with Isabella over a dynastically unified Spain ; together they are known as the Catholic Monarchs . Ferdinand is considered the de facto first king of Spain , and was described as such during his reign, even though, legally, Castile and Aragon remained two separate kingdoms until they were formally united by

2158-560: The Complutense University of Madrid and the Technical University of Madrid . When the city of Alcalá de Henares decided to open a university within the older campus buildings, it was named Universidad de Alcalá de Henares to clearly distinguish it from the Complutense University. The University of Madrid has played a major role in the political development of Spain since its founding. Its graduates have been members, at either congressional or ministerial level, in all of

2241-644: The Edict of Expulsion of the Jews, also called the Alhambra Decree , a document which ordered all Jews either to be baptised and convert to Christianity or to leave the country. It allowed Mudéjar Moors (Islamic) and converso Marrano Jews to stay, while expelling all unconverted Jews from Castile and Aragon (most Jews either converted or moved to the Ottoman Empire). 1492 was also the year in which

2324-490: The French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later, however. Ferdinand II died on 23 January 1516 in Madrigalejo , Extremadura , Kingdom of Castile and Leon. He is entombed at Capilla Real , Granada . His wife Isabella, daughter Joanna, and son-in-law Philip rest beside him there. Ferdinand and Isabella established

2407-652: The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and by Pope Leo X . Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian Regent , Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros accepted the fait accompli , and the Castilian and Aragonese Cortes paid homage to him as King of Aragon jointly with his mother. Ferdinand's grandson and successor Charles,

2490-522: The Marcilla sword, presumably of the 13th or 14th century, has the form TIZONA . The older form of the name, tizón , is a word for "firebrand" ( leño encendido , from Latin titionem ). Sebastián de Covarrubias (1611) recognizes this as the plausible origin of the name Tizona , but also adduces possible derivation from τυχωνα, the name of the lance of Severus Alexander , or from τύχη " fortuna ". James I of Aragon (r. 1213–1276) according to

2573-453: The Museo del Ejército, points out that the sword is formed of three joined pieces and that their typology is the same as that of the handle, adornment, and the inscription, from the era of the Catholic Monarchs . A sword identified as Tizona is listed in the treasure stock of the house of Castille, transferred by The 1st Duque de Trujillo , recovered in 1452 and placed in a 1503 inventory of

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2656-611: The Neapolitan throne. In 1500, following Ferdinand II's death and accession of his uncle Frederick , Ferdinand signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII , who had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan , to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi , including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria . The agreement soon fell apart and, over

2739-811: The Ocean Sea. But the Treaty of Villafáfila did not hold for long because of the death of Philip; Ferdinand returned as regent of Castile and as "lord of the Indies". The widowed Ferdinand made an alliance with France in July 1505 and married Germaine of Foix , cementing the alliance with France. She was the granddaughter of his half-sister Queen Eleanor of Navarre and niece of Louis XII of France. Had Ferdinand's son with Germaine, John, Prince of Girona, born on 3 May 1509, survived, "the crown of Aragon would inevitably been separated from Castile" and denied his grandson Charles

2822-526: The School of Communications. While the university has a select number of registered dormitories, these are located on the fringes of the campus within bordering neighborhoods, and therefore no students truly live on the campus proper. Due to the costs, and the fact that university-affiliated lodging is not required, the majority of the Complutense's students live independently, either in non-affiliated dormitories or in actual apartments. The University of Madrid

2905-534: The University of Madrid. At the time, this constituted all of the land between the Royal Palace and the Palace of El Pardo , and today it comprises a vast swath of western Madrid referred to as the "Ciudad Universitaria", or University City of Madrid . A council appointed by King Alfonso XIII had decided that the new University of Madrid would require the innovative architecture and planning. A team of academics

2988-441: The ancient buildings were not ideal as educational settings, and the early 20th century witnessed the students of the Central University attending philosophy lectures and anatomy lessons in elaborate spaces that had served as ballrooms and salons only a few decades prior. This situation changed in 1927, when by royal decree King Alfonso XIII ceded state-held lands in the proximity of the Palace of La Moncloa to establish space for

3071-406: The blind Marqués prior to his death. The marquessate passed to Olga Velluti, who became The 16th Marquesa de Falces. However, in 1997, she transferred the peerage to her son, José Ramón Suárez del Otero y Velluti, who thus became The 17th Marqués de Falces. In 1999, The 17th Marqués de Falces announced his intention of selling the sword. The Ministry of Culture began a process of estimating

3154-603: The clearly guaranteed religious freedom for Mudéjar Muslims. Ferdinand forced all Muslims in Castile and Aragon to convert, converso Moriscos , to Catholicism, or else be expelled. Some of the Muslims who remained were mudéjar artisans, who could design and build in the Moorish style. This was also practised by the Spanish inquisitors on the converso Marrano Jewish population of Spain. The latter part of Ferdinand's life

3237-413: The construction of many buildings, in what became the first university campus ex-novo in history: The Civitas Dei , or city of God , named after the work of Augustine of Hippo . On 13 April 1499, Cardinal Cisneros secured from Pope Alexander VI a papal bull to expand Complutense into a full university. This papal bull conferred official recognition throughout Christendom to all degrees granted by

3320-667: The crown of Aragon. But the infant Prince John died within hours and was buried in the convent of Saint Paul in Valladolid , Kingdom of Castile and Leon , and later transferred to Poblet Monastery , Vimbodí i Poblet , Principality of Catalonia ( Crown of Aragon ), traditional burial site of the kings of Aragon. Ferdinand had no legal position in Castile, with the cortes of Toro recognizing Joanna and her children as heirs and Ferdinand left Castile in July 1506. After his son-in-law Philip's untimely death in September 1506, Castile

3403-455: The crown power was centralised, at least in name; the reconquista was successfully concluded; the groundwork for the most dominant military machine of the next century and a half was laid; a legal framework was created; the church was reformed. Even without the benefit of the American expansion, Spain would have been a major European power. Columbus' discovery set the country on the course for

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3486-523: The day of his wife's death, he formally renounced his title as King of Castile and instead became governor ( gobernador ) of the kingdom, as a way to become regent. Philip deemed his wife sane and fit to rule. A compromise was forged between Philip and Ferdinand, which gave Ferdinand a continued role in Castile. Ferdinand had served as Joanna's regent during her absence in the Netherlands , ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain

3569-432: The doubtful nature of the deal. Isabella made her will on 12 October 1504, in advance of her 26 November 1504 death. In it she spelled out the succession to the Crown of Castile, leaving it to Joanna and then to Joanna's son Charles. Isabella was dubious of Joanna's ability to rule and was not confident of Joanna's husband Archduke Philip . Ferdinand moved quickly after his wife's death to continue his role in Castile. On

3652-509: The era, however, ended up having a greater influence than the academics' visits to Harvard, the University of Pennsylvania , La Sorbonne or the University of Berlin ; while the final plans from this period are hardly recognizable to anyone familiar with the contemporary campus, the buildings from the era that managed to survive the design revisions, the Civil War and the Franco regime betray

3735-412: The faculties have been able to benefit greatly by lectures given by some of the most illustrious figures in recent history, of all fields, from singer-songwriter and Catalan activist Joan Manuel Serrat to historian Ernst Gombrich , from writer Umberto Eco to communist politician Santiago Carrillo . Alejandro Amenábar wrote his first film, Tesis , while still attending the Complutense University. All

3818-430: The first modern world power. During the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain pursued alliances through marriage with Portugal, Habsburg Austria , and Burgundy . Their first-born daughter Isabella was married to Manuel I of Portugal , and their first-born son John was married to Margaret of Austria. However, the deaths of these children, and the death of Isabella, altered the succession plan forcing Ferdinand to yield

3901-732: The government of Castile to Philip of Habsburg the husband of his second daughter Joanna. In 1502, the members of the Aragonese Cortes gathered in Zaragoza , and Parliaments of the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia in Barcelona , as members of the Crown of Aragon, swore an oath of loyalty to their daughter Joanna as heiress, but Alonso de Aragón , Archbishop of Saragossa, stated firmly that this oath

3984-538: The governments of Spain since the Enlightenment , and their positions in the Second Spanish Republic and the post-Franco transition to democracy were particularly notable. The former first deputy prime minister , María Teresa Fernández de la Vega , and the former president , José María Aznar , are both graduates of the university. The Complutense University has also played host to some of

4067-468: The greatest centers of academic excellence in the world. Many of the leading figures in science, arts and politics of that age studied or taught in Complutense's classrooms. Special colleges were created for students of foreign origin, such as Flemish or Irish (at the Irish College of San Jorge at Alcalá de Henares ). In 1785, Complutense became one of the first universities in the world to grant

4150-483: The hilt and the inscription would have been added later (the inscription possibly in the 13th to 14th century, the hilt in the 15th century). The date "1040" given in the description is traditionally identified as given in the Hispanic Era (38 BC), i.e. designating the year AD 1002. The name Tizona itself suggests a late medieval date, as early references use the name Tizón , with Tizona being recorded only from

4233-526: The monarchs commissioned Christopher Columbus to find a westward maritime route for access to Asia, which resulted in the Spanish arrival in the Americas. In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the entire world beyond Europe between Portugal and Castile (Spain) for conquest and dominion purposes – by a north–south line drawn down the Atlantic Ocean. Ferdinand abrogated a section of the 1491 Treaty of Granada peace treaty in 1502 by dismissing

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4316-465: The most famous one, Hospital 12 October , as well as a number of other specialized clinics located on-campus, some of which are operated jointly with the Ministry of Health or perform specific research for the ministry. The School of Medicine is not the only one with government involvement; indeed, despite past conflicts, the Complutense University shares a close bond with the Spanish government, as both

4399-563: The most significant figures of the intellectual world, with a long tradition of visiting professors amongst which feature some of the greats of world academia (most notably, Albert Einstein ). A significant part of the European intelligentsia flocked to its halls during the 1930s, when democratic Spain provided a refuge from the rising terrors of fascism. The contemporary Complutense University has also counted numerous Nobel Laureates not only among its graduates, but also its faculty members over

4482-712: The negotiations that led to his marriage with Isabel of Castile in 1469. This sword remained in the possession of the Marqueses of Falces, from at least the 17th century kept in the Palacial Castle of Marcilla. Marcilla Castle was plundered by the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War , but it was recovered by the Nationalist faction upon taking Figueres . The sword was properly stored in

4565-437: The neighboring city of Pozuelo de Alarcón . It is named after the ancient Roman settlement of Complutum , now an archeological site in Alcalá de Henares , just east of Madrid. It enrolls over 86,000 students, making it the eighth largest non-distance European university by enrollment . By Royal Decree of 1857, the Central University was the first and only institution in Spain authorized to grant doctorate degrees throughout

4648-491: The next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba fought to take Naples from the French, finally succeeding by 1504. The King of France complains that I have twice deceived him. He lies, the fool; I have deceived him ten times and more. Some time before 1502 Andreas Palaiologos , the last exiled claimant to the Byzantine throne of his house, sold his titles and royal and imperial rights to Ferdinand. Those, however, had never been made use of, due to

4731-402: The on-campus scenes in the film were shot in the School of Communications, which Amenábar himself had attended, and the building itself serves as major device in the plot. The Complutense University publishes a bi-monthly newspaper, the Gaceta Complutense , and also features a fully operational radio station, Radio Complutense (107.5 FM), which broadcasts for 12 hours daily; both are run from

4814-411: The period's fondness for the German Bauhaus movement. Indeed, the original buildings, exemplary amongst them the Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, are an homage to structural functionalism and the graceful utilitarianism of the 1920s. In the 1970s, following the political instability of the regime of Francisco Franco, the University of Madrid was renamed, dividing existing colleges between

4897-404: The presidential residence of La Moncloa and the Spanish Constitutional Court are located directly on-campus (with the political centre of the city at walking distance). The School of Communications, meanwhile, enjoys equally good relations with the press (large part of its professors being former reporters, editors, or directors of major Spanish and international newspapers). Moreover, the school

4980-410: The purported daughter of Henry IV, and were swiftly successful. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union . The various states were not formally administered as a single unit, but as separate political units under the same monarchs. (The legal merging of Aragon and Castile into

5063-421: The regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband. In the Treaty of Villafáfila of 1506, Ferdinand renounced not only the government of Castile in favor of Philip but also the lordship of the Indies, withholding half of the income of the "kingdoms of the Indies". Joanna and Philip immediately added to their titles the kingdoms of Indies, Islands and Mainland of

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5146-414: The royal House of Trastámara , and the two were second cousins by descent from John I of Castile . They were married with a clear prenuptial agreement on sharing power, and under the joint motto " tanto monta, monta tanto ". He became jure uxoris King of Castile when Isabella succeeded her deceased brother in 1474. The two young monarchs were initially obliged to fight a civil war against Joanna ,

5229-514: The sole owner of the sword. This judgement reversed two previous verdicts which declared the plaintiffs co-owners of the sword. The Tribunal Supremo decision was based on the uninterrupted ownership of the sword from 1987 by Olga Velluti, 16th Marquesa de Falces, following the death of her brother, The 15th Marqués de Falces, "for more than the six-year period established by the Civil Code [of 1955]". Ferdinand II of Aragon Ferdinand II (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), called Ferdinand

5312-410: The stunned Jew, who let himself be baptized and under the name Diego Gil became the servant of El Cid's squire Gil Diaz. The Tizona sword was long owned by the Marquesses of Falces and kept in their Marcilla Castle ; now in the Museo de Burgos , the sword has a length of 93.5 centimetres (36.8 in) long and a mass of 1.15 kilograms (2.5 lb). The broad blade is of type XIII , typical of c.

5395-469: The suggestion has been made that the sword listed as Colada in the same inventory may be the same now known as Tizona (Bruhn de Hoffmeyer 1988) According to Prudencio de Sandoval 's Historia de los reyes de Castilla y León (1615), Ferdinand II of Aragon gave a sword identified as Tizona to Pedro de Peralta y Ezpeleta , first Count of Santisteban of Lerín (also cited as Antonio Carrillo de Peralta, 2nd Marqués de Falces), for services rendered in

5478-421: The sword from its previous owner, King Yucef in Valencia . Afterward, it was given by El Cid to his sons-in-law, the Infantes de Carrión but eventually returned into the possession of El Cid. In the poem, Tizona's power depends on the wielder, and it frightens unworthy opponents. When the infantes of Carrión had Tizona, they underestimated the power of the sword, due to their cowardice, but when Pero Vermúdez

5561-406: The sword was a "false relic". The Marqués de Falces voiced his disappointment to the Spanish press, stating "I would dare to say that that man has never seen the sword in his life". The sword was eventually sold in 2007/8, for a reported price of EUR 1.6 million, by the autonomous community of Castile and León and the Cabinet of Commerce and Industry of Burgos, and since then has been on display in

5644-430: The sword's loan to the Museo del Ejército. Pedro Velluti y Murga, 15th Marqués de Falces (1912-1987), died in 1987. In a will made two years earlier, he made Salustiano Fernández and his wife Jacinta Méndez his sole beneficiaries, "for lacking forced heirs and having a sister [Olga] who abandoned him to his Luck, which could not have been better." Salustiano Fernández, an Asturias fisherman, and his wife had cared for

5727-402: The throne of the Basque kingdom, ruled by Queen Catherine of Navarre and King John III of Navarre , also lords of Béarn and other sizeable territories north of the Pyrenees and in Gascony . Ferdinand annexed Navarre first to the Crown of Aragon, but later, under the pressure of Castilian noblemen, to the Crown of Castile. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving

5810-441: The university in Alcalá and ordered its move to Madrid, where it took the name of Literary University and, in 1851, of Central University ( Universidad Central ). The Central University awarded Albert Einstein a Doctor of Science degree Honoris Causa on 28 February 1923; this was the first Doctor of Science degree Honoris Causa that Albert Einstein accepted from a European university. In April 1933, Minister for Education and

5893-453: The university. It also renamed the institution Universitas Complutensis , after Complutum , which was the Latin name of Alcalá de Henares , where the university was originally located. In the 1509–1510 school year, the Complutense University already operated with five major schools: Arts and Philosophy, Theology , Canon Law , Philology and Medicine. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Complutense University became one of

5976-486: The value of the artefact. The sword was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in January 2003. In October 2003, the Ministry offered EUR 1.5 million, and The 17th Marqués de Falces accepted the offer. However, a 2007 report cast doubt on the sword's authenticity, and the Ministry withdrew its offer, reducing the estimated value to EUR 200,000 – 300,000. The study in question was authored by Jose Godoy, who concluded that

6059-753: The world, the Complutense University of Madrid currently operates four full-time institutions outside of Spain. In the Shangai Ranking , the UCM is ranked among the best 300 worldwide, and among the top 3 Spanish ones. In the QS World University Ranking , the UCM is the #164 worldwide, #58 in Europe, and #1 in Spain. In the Scimago institution rankings , the UCM is #175 worldwide, #79 in research, and #3 in Spain. Besides, internationally it

6142-590: The years. Currently, the Complutense University is the largest university in Spain. During the 2004–2005 academic year the university recorded an enrollment of 91,598 students and employed a staff of 9,500, of which over 6000 are directly involved in teaching duties; the university operates on government subsidies, grants and enrollment funds, with a current annual budget of over €500,000,000 . The university currently offers nearly 80 possible majors, 230 individual degrees, and 221 doctorate programs. The university has over 30 libraries, with over 2 million works in print,

6225-442: Was alleged to be mentally unstable. In 1506, as part of a treaty with France, Ferdinand married Germaine of Foix , with whom he had no surviving children. In 1512 he conquered most of the Kingdom of Navarre , ruling all the territories comprising modern-day Spain until his death in 1516. He was nominally succeeded by his daughter Joanna, but power was soon assumed by her son Charles I (later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ). Ferdinand

6308-462: Was born on 10 March 1452, in the town of Sos del Rey Católico , Kingdom of Aragon , as the son of John II of Aragon (whose family was a cadet branch of the House of Trastámara ) by his second wife, Juana Enríquez . Ferdinand married Isabella , the half-sister and heir presumptive of Henry IV of Castile , on 19 October 1469 in Valladolid , Kingdom of Castile and Leon . Isabella also belonged to

6391-535: Was created in 1978, and now offers first degrees in Fine Arts, Design, and Preservation and Restoration of Artistic Patrimony; as well as postgraduate magister's and doctorate degrees. Each year, the Madrid Círculo de Bellas Artes extends special invitations to the Complutense students during its series of annual conferences featuring prominent philosophers, sociologists, and psychologists. Likewise, all of

6474-433: Was going to fight Ferrán González and unsheathed Tizona (a gift from El Cid), Ferrán González yelled and surrendered, cowering in terror at the sight of Tizona (verses 3642-3645): According to legend, after his death in 1099, the body of El Cid was seated in full armour and in the monastery church of San Pedro de Cardeña , and there with the sword Tizona struck down a Jew who plucked the dead hero's beard. The monks revived

6557-619: Was in crisis. Joanna was allegedly mentally unstable, and Joanna's and Philip's son, Charles, the future Emperor Charles V , was only six years old. Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros , the Chancellor of the Kingdom, was made regent, but the upper nobility reasserted itself. Ferdinand led an army against Pedro Fernández de Córdoba y Pacheco , the marquis of Priego of Córdoba , who had seized control there by force. By 1508 Ferdinand had triumphed and war resumed in Italy, this time against

6640-575: Was invalid and did not change the law of succession which could only be done by formal legislation by the Cortes with the King. So, when King Ferdinand died on 23 January 1516, his daughter Joanna inherited the Crown of Aragon , and his grandson Charles became Governor General (regent). Nevertheless, the Flemish wished that Charles assume the royal title, and this was supported by his paternal grandfather

6723-490: Was largely taken up with disputes with successive kings of France over control of Italy, the Italian Wars . In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Alfonso II , who was Ferdinand's first cousin once removed and step nephew, from the throne of Naples . Ferdinand allied with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I to expel the French by 1496 and install Alfonso's son, Ferdinand II , on

6806-448: Was sent on an international expedition to visit the most prestigious universities in Europe and North America, to combine the best of both continents and design the utopian academic setting. The trip took them to 19 universities in the American northeast, as well as to Paris, Lyon , Oxford , Berlin, Hamburg , and numerous other European cities, all in an effort to discern the best possible building structure. The architectural tendencies of

6889-868: Was to inherit not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Austrian and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, which would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent and, with the discoveries and conquests in the Americas and elsewhere, of the first truly global empire. With his wife Isabella I the Catholic (whom he married 19 October 1469), King Ferdinand had seven children: With his second wife, Germaine of Foix (whom he married on 19 October 1505 in Blois , Kingdom of France ), King Ferdinand had one son: He also left several illegitimate children, two of them were born before his marriage to Isabella: With Aldonça Ruiz d'Ivorra i Alemany ,

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