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74-473: The term tianlong combines tian 天 "heaven" and long 龍 "dragon". Since tian literally means "heaven; the heavens; sky" or figuratively "Heaven; God; gods", tianlong can denote "heavenly dragon; celestial dragon" or "holy dragon; divine dragon". Tianlong 天龍 is homophonous with another name in Chinese folklore . Tianlong 天聾 "Heavenly Deaf" (with the character long 聾 "deaf" combining

148-476: A spermatophore for the female to take up. In temperate areas, egg laying occurs in spring and summer. A few parthenogenetic species are known. Females provide parental care, both by curling their bodies around eggs and young, and by grooming them, probably to remove fungi and bacteria. Centipedes are longer-lived than insects; the European Lithobius forficatus may live for 5 to 6 years, and

222-443: A "supreme power reigning over lesser gods and human beings" that brought "order and calm...or catastrophe and punishment", a deity, destiny , an impersonal force that controls events, a holy world or afterlife containing other worlds or afterlives, or one or more of these. The modern Chinese character 天 and early seal script both combine dà 大 ' great; large ' and yī 一 ' one ' , but some of

296-560: A broad range of prey. Common prey items include lumbricid earthworms, dipteran fly larvae, collembolans , and other centipedes. They are carnivorous; study of gut contents suggests that plant material is an unimportant part of their diets, although they eat vegetable matter when starved during laboratory experiments. Species of Scolopendromorph , noticeably members from the genera Scolopendra and Ethmostigmus , are able to hunt for substantial prey items, including large invertebrates and sizable vertebrates, which could be larger than

370-848: A clean and orderly place for nature gods in Shinto. Centipede Centipedes (from Neo-Latin centi- , "hundred", and Latin pes, pedis , " foot ") are predatory arthropods belonging to the class Chilopoda ( Ancient Greek χεῖλος , kheilos , "lip", and Neo-Latin suffix -poda , "foot", describing the forcipules ) of the subphylum Myriapoda , an arthropod group which includes millipedes and other multi-legged animals. Centipedes are elongated segmented ( metameric ) creatures with one pair of legs per body segment. All centipedes are venomous and can inflict painful stings , injecting their venom through pincer-like appendages known as forcipules or toxicognaths, which are actually modified legs instead of fangs . Despite

444-516: A food item, certain large centipedes are consumed in China , usually skewered and grilled or deep fried. They are often seen in street vendors’ stalls in large cities, including Donghuamen and Wangfujing markets in Beijing . Large centipedes are steeped in alcohol to make centipede vodka. Some species of centipedes can be hazardous to humans because of their bite. While a bite to an adult human

518-495: A hierarchy of multiple, sphere-like realms that contained morally ambiguous creatures and spirits such as fox spirits and fire-breathing dragons . The Tao realm was thought to exist by many ancient folk religion practitioners. Ahom religion ethnically originated from Dai people of Yunnan in Southwest China has a concept of Mong Phi (Heavenly Kingdom) which is often identified as Tian. In Yiguandao , Tian

592-430: A moist microhabitat because they lack the waxy cuticle of insects and arachnids , therefore causing them to rapidly lose water. Accordingly, they avoid direct sunlight by staying under cover or by being active at night . Centipedes have a rounded or flattened head, bearing a pair of antennae at the forward margin. They have a pair of elongated mandibles , and two pairs of maxillae . The first pair of maxillae form

666-680: A relation to that cause. While Heaven does not let the cause of truth perish, what can the people of Kuang do to me?" For Mozi , Heaven is the divine ruler, just as the Son of Heaven is the earthly ruler. Mozi believed that spirits and minor demons exist or at least rituals should be performed as if they did for social reasons, but their function is to carry out the will of Heaven, watching for evil-doers and punishing them. Mozi taught that Heaven loves all people equally and that each person should similarly love all human beings without distinguishing between his own relatives and those of others. Mozi criticized

740-451: A role in mating rituals. Because glandular pores occur more frequently on ultimate legs than on the "walking" legs, they may serve a sensory role. They are sometimes used in defensive postures, and some species use them to capture prey, defend themselves against predators, or suspend themselves from objects such as branches, using the legs as pincers. Several species use their ultimate legs upon encountering another centipede, trying to grab

814-628: A simple tube, with digestive glands attached to the mouthparts. Like insects, centipedes breathe through a tracheal system , typically with a single opening, or spiracle , on each body segment. They excrete waste through a single pair of malpighian tubules . Just as the first pair of legs are modified into forcipules, the back legs are modified into "ultimate legs", also called anal legs, caudal legs, and terminal legs. Their use varies between species, but does not include locomotion. The ultimate legs may be elongated and thin, thickened, or pincer-like. They are frequently sexually dimorphic , and may play

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888-415: A variable number of ocelli , sometimes clustered together to form true compound eyes . However, these eyes are only capable of discerning light from dark, and provide no true vision. In some species, the first pair of legs can function as sensory organs, similar to antennae; unlike the antennae of most other invertebrates, these point backwards. An unusual clustering of sensory organs found in some centipedes

962-407: A village ( Tenryū, Nagano 天龍村 ). Further examples include Imperial Japanese Navy names ( Japanese cruiser Tenryū 天龍 ), and personal names ( Genichiro Tenryu 天龍源一郎 , a wrestler). Tian Model humanity: Main philosophical traditions: Ritual traditions: Devotional traditions: Salvation churches and sects : Confucian churches and sects: Tian ( 天 ) is one of

1036-612: A voiceless lateral onset, either a cluster or a single consonant, respectively. Baxter & Sagart pointed to attested dialectal differences in Eastern Han Chinese , the use of 天 as a phonetic component in phono-semantic compound Chinese characters , and the choice of 天 to transcribe foreign syllables, all of which prompted them to conclude that, around 200 CE, 天 's onset had two pronunciations: coronal * tʰ and dorsal * x , both of which likely originated from an earlier voiceless lateral * l̥ˤ . Further etymology

1110-629: A whole, which is "the basis for a sincere mind." The Emperor of China as Tianzi was formerly vital to Confucianism. Mount Tai is seen as a sacred place in Confucianism and was traditionally the most revered place where Chinese emperors offered sacrifices to Heaven and Earth. The concept of Tian is pervasive in Confucianism . Confucius had a deep trust in Heaven and believed that Heaven overruled human efforts. He also believed that he

1184-403: Is anamorphic : more segments and pairs of legs are grown between moults . For example, Scutigera coleoptrata , the house centipede, hatches with only four pairs of legs and in successive moults has 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 15, 15 and 15 pairs respectively, before becoming a sexually mature adult. Life stages with fewer than 15 pairs of legs are called larval stadia (there are about five stages). After

1258-455: Is Heaven - that knows me!" Perhaps the most remarkable saying, recorded twice, is one in which Confucius expresses complete trust in the overruling providence of Heaven: The Master was put in fear in Kuang. He said, "After the death of King Wen, was not the cause of truth lodged here in me? If Heaven had wished to let this cause of truth perish, then I, a future mortal, should not have got such

1332-731: Is also the title of a 1963 wuxia novel by Jin Yong , translated as English Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils . This Chinese title is further used by movies, television series, and a Massively multiplayer online role-playing game . Tianlong is a common name in Standard Chinese . Tianlongshan 天龍山 "Heavenly Dragon Mountain", which is located near Taiyuan in Shanxi , is famous for the Tianlongshan Shiku Grottoes ( 天龍山石窟 ). The commercial name Tianlong "Heavenly Dragon"

1406-464: Is divided into three vertical worlds. Li Tian ( 理天 ) 'heaven of truth', Qi Tian ( 氣天 ) 'heaven of spirit' and Xiang Tian ( 象天 ) 'heaven of matter'. In some cases, the heavens in Shinto were thought to be a hierarchy of multiple, sphere-like realms that contained kami such as fox spirits . Myths about the kami were told "of their doings on Earth and in heaven." Heaven was thought to be

1480-501: Is epimorphic, meaning that all pairs of legs are developed in the embryonic stages, and offspring do not develop more legs between moults. This clade contains the longest centipedes. In the Geophilomorpha, the number of thoracic segments usually varies within species, often on a geographical basis, and in most cases, females bear more legs than males. The number of leg-bearing segments varies within each order (usually 21 or 23 in

1554-458: Is something that "[t]he ways of man should conform to, or else" frustration will result. Many Confucianists, both historically and in current times, use the I Ching to divine events through the changes of Tian and other natural forces. Historical and current Confucianists were/are often environmentalists out of their respect for Heaven and the other aspects of nature and the principle that comes from their unity and, more generally, harmony as

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1628-415: Is the organ of Tömösváry . The organs, at the base of the antennae, consist of a disc-like structure and a central pore, with an encircling of sensitive cells. They are likely used for sensing vibrations, and may provide a weak form of hearing. Forcipules are unique to centipedes. The forcipules are modifications of the first pair of legs (the maxillipeds), forming a pincer -like appendage , just behind

1702-412: Is unknown. It is proposed that transcriptions of a Xiongnu word for "sky", haak-lin 赫連 , is related. Tian is one of the components in hundreds of Chinese compounds . Some significant ones include: "Lord Heaven" and " Jade Emperor " were terms for a supreme deity in Confucianism and Taoism who was an anthropromorphized Tian, and some conceptions of it thought of the names as synonymous. Tian

1776-569: Is used by companies, hotels , and gungfu schools. Japanese Tenryū 天龍 or 天竜 , a loanword from Chinese Tianlong , is a comparable proper name. A famous example is Tenryū-ji 天龍寺 "Heavenly Dragon Temple" in Kyoto , which is headquarters of the Tenryū-ji Branch of the Rinzai sect. Tenryū place names include a waterway ( Tenryū River 天竜川 ), a city ( Tenryū, Shizuoka 天竜市 ), and

1850-483: Is usually very painful and may cause severe swelling, chills, fever , and weakness, it is unlikely to be fatal. Bites can be dangerous to small children and those with allergies to bee stings. The venomous bite of larger centipedes can induce anaphylactic shock in such people. Smaller centipedes are generally incapable of piercing human skin. Even small centipedes that cannot pierce human skin are considered frightening by some humans due to their dozens of legs moving at

1924-857: The Hanyu Da Cidian , is in the Xinxu 新序 "New Prefaces" by Liu Xiang (79–8 BCE). It records a story about Zigao, the Duke of Ye , who professed to love dragons. After he carved and painted dragon images throughout his house, a [ 天龍 ] heavenly dragon [or fulong 夫龍 in some editions] came to visit, but Ye was scared and ran away. The Fangyan 方言 dictionary by Yang Xiong (53 BCE – 18 CE) has another early usage of tian and long . It defines panlong 蟠龍 "coiled dragon" as 未陞天龍 , syntactically meaning either "Dragons which do not yet ascend to heaven" or "Heavenly Dragons which do not yet ascend". Tianlong Heavenly Dragon names both

1998-517: The Cretaceous . The following cladogram shows the position of the Chilopoda within the arthropods as of 2019: inc. horseshoe crabs and spiders [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Chilopoda [REDACTED] millipedes and allies [REDACTED] inc. crustaceans and insects [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Within the myriapods, centipedes are believed to be the first of

2072-476: The Fangyan dictionary also calls maxian 馬蚿 "horse/giant millipede" or juqu 蛆蟝 . According to Eberhard, centipedes were snake predators, and "the enmity between snake and centipede occurs in many folktales and customs." In Chinese Buddhist terminology, tianlong means either "heavenly Nāgas (dragon gods)" or " Devas (heavenly gods) and Nāgas". First, tianlong 天龍 means "heavenly dragon/nāga" as

2146-629: The IUCN Red List , there are one vulnerable , six endangered , and three critically endangered species of centipede. For example, the Serpent Island centipede ( Scolopendra abnormis) is vulnerable, and Turk's earth centipede (Nothogeophilus turki) and the Seychelles long-legged centipede ( Seychellonema gerlachi) are both endangered. The fossil record of centipedes extends back to 430  million years ago , during

2220-676: The Late Silurian ( Crussolum ), though they are rare throughout the Paleozoic . The Devonian Panther Mountain Formation contains two species of centipede. One is a species of the scutigeromorph Crussolum . The other is Devonobius , which is included in the extinct group Devonobiomorpha. Another Devonian site, the Rhynie chert , also bears Crussolum fossils, and possible scutigeromorph head material. Rhyniognatha , which

2294-628: The Tianlong Babu 天龍八部 "8 kinds of beings that protect the Dharma ". The lower 6 categories are yecha 夜叉 " Yaksha ; cannibalistic devils; nature spirits", gantapo 乾闥婆 " Gandharva ; half-ghost music masters", axiuluo 阿修羅 " Asura ; evil and violent demigods", jialouluo 迦樓羅 " Garuda ; golden bird-like demons that eat dragons", jinnaluo 緊那羅 " Kinnara ; half-human half-bird celestial music masters", and maholuluojia 摩睺羅迦 "Mahoraga; earthly snake spirits". Tianlong Babu 天龍八部

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2368-483: The cosmos , often translated as " Heaven ") is mentioned in relationship to its complementary aspect of Dì ( 地 , often translated as " Earth "). They are thought to maintain the two poles of the Three Realms of reality, with the middle realm occupied by Humanity ( 人 , rén ), and the lower world occupied by demons ( 魔 , mó ) and "ghosts", the damned, ( 鬼 , guǐ ). Tian was variously thought as

2442-586: The "ear radical " 耳 and a long 龍 phonetic element) and Diya 地啞 "Earthly Dumb" are legendary attendants to Wenchang Wang 文昌王 , the patron deity of literature. From originally denoting "heavenly dragon", Tianlong 天龍 semantically developed meanings as Buddhist "heavenly Nāgas" or "Devas and Nāgas", "centipede", and "proper names" of stars, people, and places. Among Chinese classic texts , tian "heaven" and long "dragon" were first used together in Zhou dynasty (1122 BCE – 256 BCE) writings, but

2516-463: The Confucians of his own time for not following the teachings of Confucius. In Mozi's Will of Heaven ( 天志 ), he writes: Moreover, I know Heaven loves men dearly not without reason. Heaven ordered the sun, the moon, and the stars to enlighten and guide them. Heaven ordained the four seasons, Spring, Autumn, Winter, and Summer, to regulate them. Heaven sent down snow, frost, rain, and dew to grow

2590-531: The Scolopendromorpha; from 27 to 191 in the Geophilomorpha), but the total number of pairs is always odd, so there are never exactly 100 legs or 100 pairs, despite the group's common name. Centipede segments are developed in two phases. Firstly, the head gives rise to a fixed but odd number of segments, driven by Hox genes as in all arthropods. Secondly, pairs of segments are added at

2664-526: The Western constellation Draco and a star in the Chinese constellation Azure Dragon . Tianlongza 天龍座 "Heavenly Dragon Seat/Constellation" is the Chinese translation of Draco (from Latin "Dragon"), a constellation near the north celestial pole . The (1578 CE) Bencao Gangmu pharmacopeia's entry for long "dragon" describes "a pearl under its chin", and Read notes, The constellation Draco has

2738-887: The Western constellation Scorpius . "Room" is the 4th of the Twenty-eight mansions in the Azure Dragon, which is one of the celestial Four Symbols . Wolfram Eberhard notes, "When the dragon star appeared in the sky it was customary to make a sacrifice supplicating for rain," and this springtime dragon festival occurs on the 2nd day of the 2nd month. The Bencao Gangmu entry for wugong 蜈蚣 " centipede " lists tianlong 天龍 "heavenly dragon" as an alternate name. Li Shizhen 's commentary reviews earlier Chinese commentators and texts. The Zhuangzi says, "People eat meat, deer eat grass, [ 蝍且 ] giant centipedes savor snakes, hawks and crows relish mice." The Huainanzi says, "The [ 騰蛇 ] ascending snake can drift in

2812-592: The appearance of guarding and encircling the northern pole which is the centre of the movement of the fixed stars. The Chinese paintings of the Dragon straining after a mystical "Pearl" undoubtedly relate to this relationship to the North Pole Star, though other explanations are given for this. Tianlong 天龍 "Heavenly Dragon" is the 3rd star in Fangxiu 房宿 " Room (Chinese constellation) " and corresponds to

2886-415: The body of the other centipede. Members of the genus Alipes can stridulate their leaf-like ultimate legs to distract or threaten predators. Rhysida immarginata togoensis makes a faint creaking sound when it swings its ultimate legs. There are many differences between millipedes and centipedes. Both groups of myriapods have long, multi-segmented bodies, many legs, a single pair of antennae, and

2960-926: The bronze graphs for Tian, showing a person with a round head, resemble those for dīng 丁 "4th Celestial stem ", and suggests "The anthropomorphic graph may or may not indicate that the original meaning was 'deity', rather than 'sky'." Two variant Chinese characters for 天 are 二人 (written with 二 èr 'two' and 人 rén 'human') and the Daoist coinage 靝 (with 青 qīng 'blue' and 氣 ' qi ', cf. 'blue sky'). Tian 天 reconstructions in Middle Chinese ( c.  6th –10th centuries CE) include t'ien , t'iɛn , tʰɛn > tʰian , and then . Reconstructions in Old Chinese ( c.  6th –3rd centuries BCE) include * t'ien , * t'en , * hlin , * thîn , and * l̥ˤin . For

3034-428: The disciples to act as ministers to him. During a remission of his illness, he said, "Long has the conduct of You been deceitful! By pretending to have ministers when I have them not, whom should I impose upon? Should I impose upon Heaven? Moreover, than that I should die in the hands of ministers, is it not better that I should die in the hands of you, my disciples? And though I may not get a great burial, shall I die upon

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3108-869: The eight directions. The Tian are the heaven worlds and pure lands in Buddhist cosmology . Some devas are also called Tian. The number of vertical heaven layers in Taoism is different. A common belief in Taoism is that there were 36 Tian "arranged on six levels" that have "different deities". The highest heaven is the "Great Web" which was sometimes said to be where Yuanshi Tianzun lived. After death, some Taoists were thought to explore "heavenly realms" and/or become Taoist immortals . These immortals could be good or evil, and there were sometimes rivalries between them. Some heavens in Taoism were thought to be evil, as in Shangqing Daoism , although Tian

3182-640: The etymology of Tian, Schuessler links it with the Turkic and Mongolian word tengri 'sky', 'heaven', 'deity' or the Tibeto-Burman words taleŋ ( Adi ) and tǎ-lyaŋ ( Lepcha ), both meaning 'sky' or 'God'. He also suggests a likely connection between Tian, diān 巔 'summit, mountaintop', and diān 顛 'summit', 'top of the head', 'forehead', which have cognates such as Zemeic Naga tiŋ 'sky'. However, other reconstructions of 天 's OC pronunciation * qʰl'iːn or * l̥ˤi[n] reconstructed

3256-618: The extant classes to branch from the last common ancestor . The five orders of centipedes are: Craterostigmomorpha , Geophilomorpha , Lithobiomorpha , Scolopendromorpha , and Scutigeromorpha . These orders are united into the clade Chilopoda by the following synapomorphies : The Chilopoda are then split into two clades: the Notostigmophora including the Scutigeromorpha and the Pleurostigmophora including

3330-472: The final two segments are small and legless. Each pair of legs is slightly longer than the pair preceding them, ensuring that they do not overlap, which reduces the chance that they will collide and trip the animal. The last pair of legs may be as much as twice the length of the first pair. The final segment bears a telson , and includes the openings of the reproductive organs. Centipedes mainly use their antennae to seek out their prey. The digestive tract forms

3404-409: The first 50 million years of the clade's evolutionary history, centipede venoms appear to have consisted of a simple cocktail of about four different components, and differentiation into specific venom types appears to have only occurred after the currently recognized five orders had developed. The evolution of the venom includes horizontal gene transfer , involving bacteria, fungi and oomycetes . As

3478-474: The first of four nāga classes in Mahayana tradition. Hangzhou Tianlong 杭州天龍 "Heavenly Dragon from Hangzhou " was a 9th-century Chan Buddhist master who enlightened Juzhi Yizhi by holding up one finger. The Blue Cliff Record (tr. Cleary 1977:123-8) calls this "Chu Ti's One-Finger Ch'an" kōan . Second, tianlong 天龍 translates Sanskrit deva-nāga "Devas and Nāgas", the 2 highest categories of

3552-415: The five grains and flax and silk that so the people could use and enjoy them. Heaven established the hills and rivers, ravines and valleys, and arranged many things to minister to man's good or bring him evil. He appointed the dukes and lords to reward the virtuous and punish the wicked, and to gather metal and wood, birds and beasts, and to engage in cultivating the five grains and flax and silk to provide for

3626-431: The full complement of legs is achieved, the now postlarval stadia (about five more stages) develop gonopods, sensory pores, more antennal segments, and more ocelli. All mature lithobiomorph centipedes have 15 leg-bearing segments. The Craterostigmomorpha only have one phase of anamorphosis, with embryos having 12 pairs, and adults 15. The clade Epimorpha, consisting of the orders Geophilomorpha and Scolopendromorpha ,

3700-402: The head. Forcipules are not oral mouthparts , though they are used to subdue prey by injecting venom and gripping the prey animal. Venom glands run through a tube, from inside the head to the tip of each forcipule. Behind the head, the body consists of at least fifteen segments. Most of the segments bear a single pair of legs; the maxillipeds project forward from the first body segment, while

3774-454: The lower lip, and bear short palps . The first pair of limbs stretch forward from the body over the mouth. These limbs, or forcipules, end in sharp claws and include venom glands that help the animal to kill or paralyze its prey. Their size ranges from a few millimetres in the smaller lithobiomorphs and geophilomorphs to about 30 cm (12 in) in the largest scolopendromorphs . Many species of centipedes lack eyes, but some possess

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3848-440: The mist, yet it is endangered by the [ 蝍蛆 ] centipede." The Erya dictionary defines jili 蒺蔾 "thorns; puncture vine; bramble" as jieju 蝍蛆 "centipede; cricket"; which Guo Pu 's commentary says resembles a huang 蝗 "locust" with a large abdomen, long horns, and which eats snake brains. Although jieju can also mean xishuai 蟋蟀 "cricket", Li concludes it means the snake-controlling wugong "centipede" that

3922-623: The myriapod itself. For instance, Scolopendra gigantea (the Amazonian giant centipede) preys on tarantulas , scorpions , lizards , frogs , birds , mice , snakes , and even bats , catching them in midflight. Three species ( Scolopendra cataracta , S. paradoxa , and S. alcyona ) are amphibious, believed to hunt aquatic or amphibious invertebrates. Many larger animals prey upon centipedes, such as mongooses , mice , salamanders , beetles and some specialist snake species. They form an important item of diet for many species and

3996-425: The name, no species of centipede has exactly 100 legs; the number of pairs of legs is an odd number that ranges from 15 pairs to 191 pairs. Centipedes are predominantly generalist carnivorous , hunting for a variety of prey items that can be overpowered. They have a wide geographical range, which can be found in terrestrial habitats from tropical rainforests to deserts . Within these habitats, centipedes require

4070-521: The oldest Chinese terms for heaven and a key concept in Chinese mythology , philosophy , and religion . During the Shang dynasty (17th―11th century BCE), the Chinese referred to their highest god as Shangdi or Di ( 帝 , 'Lord'). During the following Zhou dynasty , Tian became synonymous with this figure. Before the 20th century, worship of Tian was an orthodox state religion of China. In Taoism and Confucianism , Tian (the celestial aspect of

4144-516: The original characters in Shāng oracle bone script and Zhōu bronzeware script anthropomorphically portray a large head on a great person. The ancient oracle and bronze ideograms for dà 大 depict a stick figure person with arms stretched out denoting "great; large". The oracle and bronze characters for Tian 天 emphasize the cranium of this 'great (person)', either with a square or round head, or head marked with one or two lines. Schuessler notes

4218-641: The other four orders. The following physical and developmental traits can be used to separate members of the Pleurostigmomorpha from Notostigmomorpha: It was previously believed that Chilopoda was split into Anamorpha (Lithobiomorpha and Scutigeromorpha) and Epimorpha (Geophilomorpha and Scolopendromorpha), based on developmental modes, with the relationship of the Craterostigmomorpha being uncertain. Recent phylogenetic analyses using combined molecular and morphological characters supports

4292-454: The people's food and clothing. This has been so from antiquity to the present." There are three major schools on the structure of Tian. Most other hypothesis were developed from them. Tian schools influenced popular conception of the universe and earth until the 17th century , when they were replaced by cosmological concepts imported from Europe . Sometimes the sky is divided into Jiutian ( 九天 ) 'nine sky divisions'—the middle sky and

4366-450: The presence of postantennal organs . Centipedes have one pair of legs per segment, while millipedes have two. Their heads differ in that millipedes have short, elbowed antennae , a pair of robust mandibles and a single pair of maxillae fused into a lip; centipedes have long, threadlike antennae, a pair of small mandibles, two pairs of maxillae and a pair of large venom claws. Centipede reproduction does not involve copulation. Males deposit

4440-456: The previous phylogeny. The Epimorpha still exist as a monophyletic group within the Pleurostigmophora, but the Anamorpha are paraphyletic , as shown in the cladogram: Scutigeromorpha [REDACTED] Lithobiomorpha [REDACTED] Craterostigmomorpha [REDACTED] Scolopendromorpha [REDACTED] Geophilomorpha [REDACTED] All centipedes are venomous . Over

4514-413: The road?" Confucius believed that Heaven gives people tasks to perform to teach them of virtues and morality: The Master said, "At fifteen, I had my mind bent on learning. At thirty, I stood firm. At forty, I had no doubts. At fifty, I knew the decrees of Heaven. At sixty, my ear was an obedient organ for the reception of truth. At seventy, I could follow what my heart desired, without transgressing what

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4588-447: The secretions of Geophilus vittatus are sticky and odorous, and contain hydrogen cyanide. The giant desert centipede of Arizona, Scolopendra polymorpha , has a black head and tail, and an orange body; this conspicuous pattern may be aposematic , an honest signal of the animal's toxicity. Many species raise and splay their ultimate legs and display the spines found on the legs in a defensive threat posture. Because centipedes lack

4662-576: The staple diet of some such as the African ant Amblyopone pluto , which feeds solely on geophilomorph centipedes, and the South African Cape black-headed snake Aparallactus capensis . Some Geophilomorph, Lithobiomorph, and Scolopendromorph centipedes produce sticky, toxic secretions to defend themselves. The various secretions ward off or entangle predators. Scolopendromorph secretions contain hydrogen cyanide . Among Geophilomorphs,

4736-636: The tail (posterior) end by the creation of a prepattern unit, a double segment, which is then always divided into two. The repeated creation of these prepattern units is driven by an oscillator clock, implemented with the Notch signalling pathway . The segments are homologous with the legs of other arthropods such as trilobites ; it would be sufficient for the Notch clock to run faster , as it does in snakes , to create more legs. Centipedes are predominantly generalist predators, which means they are adapted to eat

4810-510: The waxy water-resistant cuticle of other arthropods, they are more susceptible to water loss via evaporation. Thus, centipedes are most commonly found in high-humidity environments to avoid dehydration, and are mostly nocturnal . Centipedes live in many different habitats including in soil and leaf litter; they are found in environments as varied as tropical rain forests, deserts, and caves. Some geophilomorphs are adapted to littoral habitats, where they feed on barnacles . According to

4884-451: The wide-ranging Scolopendra subspinipes can live for over 10 years. The combination of a small number of eggs laid, long gestation period, and long time of development to reproduction has led authors to label lithobiomorph centipedes as K-selected . Centipedes grow their legs at different points in their development. In the primitive condition, seen in the orders Lithobiomorpha , Scutigeromorpha , and Craterostigmomorpha , development

4958-643: The word tianlong was not recorded until the Han dynasty (207 BCE – 220 CE). The ancient Yijing "Book of Changes" exemplifies using tian "heaven" and long "dragon" together. Qian 乾 "The Creative", the first hexagram , says: — Qian 乾 "The Creative", Yijing Commentaries on these explain: — Commentary on the Decision ( 彖傳 ) —Commentary on the Images ( 象傳 ) The earliest usage of tianlong 天龍 "heavenly dragon", according to

5032-490: The worship of heaven a major part of their political philosophy and viewed it as "many gods" who embodied order and kingship, as well as the mandate of heaven . "Confucianism has a religious side with a deep reverence for Heaven and Earth ( Di ), whose powers regulate the flow of nature and influence human events." Yin and yang are also thought to be integral to this relationship and permeate both, as well as humans and man-made constructs. This "cosmos" and its "principles"

5106-421: Was carrying out the will of Heaven, and that Heaven would not allow its servant, Confucius, to be dead until his work was done and complete. Many attributes of Heaven were delineated in his Analects . Confucius honored Heaven as the supreme source of goodness: The Master said, "Great indeed was Yao as a sovereign! How majestic was he! It is only Heaven that is grand, and only Yao corresponded to it. How vast

5180-405: Was his virtue! The people could find no name for it. How majestic was he in the works which he accomplished! How glorious in the elegant regulations which he instituted!" Confucius felt himself personally dependent upon Heaven: "Wherein I have done improperly, may Heaven reject me! may Heaven reject me!" Confucius believed that Heaven cannot be deceived: The Master being very ill, Zi Lu wished

5254-930: Was mostly thought of as a force for good. Heaven is sometimes seen as synonymous with the Dao or a natural energy that can be accessed by living in accordance with the Dao. A Tao realm inconceivable and incomprehensible by normal humans and even Confucius and Confucianists was sometimes called "the Heavens". Higher, spiritual versions of Daoists such as Laozi were thought to exist in there when they were alive and absorb "the purest Yin and Yang ", as well as xian who were reborn into it after their human selves' spirits were sent there. These spiritual versions were thought to be abstract beings that can manifest in that world as mythical beings such as dragons who eat yin and yang energy and ride clouds and their qi . Some Tian in Chinese folk religion were thought to be many different or

5328-582: Was once thought to be the oldest insect fossil, is also found in the Rhynie Chert. Three species, one scutigeromorph ( Latzelia ) and two scolopendromorphs ( Mazoscolopendra and the poorly known Palenarthrus ), have been described from the Mazon Creek fossil beds , which are Carboniferous , 309–307 mya. More species appear in the Mesozoic , including scolopendromorphs and scutigeromorphs in

5402-424: Was right." He believed that Heaven knew what he was doing and approved of him, even though none of the rulers on earth might want him as a guide: The Master said, "Alas! there is no one that knows me." Zi Gong said, "What do you mean by thus saying - that no one knows you?" The Master replied, "I do not murmur against Heaven. I do not grumble against men. My studies lie low, and my penetration rises high. But there

5476-472: Was viewed as "the dwelling place of gods and other superhuman beings". It was also viewed as "the guardian of both the moral laws of mankind and the physical laws of nature...and is synonymous with the divine will." In Chinese culture, heaven tends to be "synonymous with order", "containing the blueprints for creation", "the mandate by which earthly rulers govern , and the standards by which to measure beauty, goodness, and truth." Zhou dynasty nobles made

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