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38-461: The Ticuna were originally a tribe that lived far away from the rivers and whose expansion was kept in check by neighboring people. Their historical lack of access to waterways and their practice of endogamy has led to the Ticuna being culturally and genetically distinct from other Amazonian tribes. The first contact with outsiders occurred on the colonization of Brazil when a Portuguese fleet exploring

76-531: A language isolate , although it might possibly be related to the extinct Yuri language thus forming the hypothetical Ticuna–Yuri grouping. The Ticuna language was once thought to be an Arawakan language , but this has now been discredited as more likely the Ticuna have adopted many linguistic features due to a long history of interaction with Arawakan-speaking tribes. It is written in the Latin script . Ticuna people historically practiced Shamanism , although with

114-505: A coming-of-age ceremony for girls when they reach puberty called a pelazon . After the girl's first menstruation, her whole body is painted black with the clan symbol drawn on her head. All their hair is pulled out and they wear a dress custom-made from eagle feathers and snail shells. The girl then must continuously jump over a fire. After four days, the girl is considered a woman and is eligible for marriage. Ticuana men and women must marry outside their own clans according to customs. Nowadays,

152-501: A group's extinction, as genetic diseases may develop that can affect an increasing percentage of the population. However, this disease effect would tend to be small unless there is a high degree of close inbreeding, or if the endogamous population becomes very small in size. The Urapmin , a small tribe in Papua New Guinea , practice strict endogamy. The Urapmin also have a system of kinship classes known as tanum miit . Since

190-449: A higher rate of recessive gene –linked genetic disorders . Endogamy can encourage sectarianism and serves as a form of self-segregation. For instance, a community resists integration or completely merging with the surrounding population. Minorities can use it to stay ethnically homogeneous over a long time as distinct communities within societies that have other practices and beliefs. The isolationist practices of endogamy may lead to

228-518: A month—approximately the same level as that of American Catholics. Almost 75% pray every day, but only 12% engage in Church activities; only 26% say they are "very religious". More than one out of five of those who were raised Catholics leave the church, most of them taking on no religious affiliation or Protestantism . However, Catholicism has the highest rate of retention. More than two-fifths of those who were raised Protestant are no longer Protestant;

266-449: A person's autosomal-DNA matches. It creates stronger DNA matches between the DNA matches than expected from the nearest path. Cousin marriage should not be confused with double cousins , which do not cause a pedigree collapse. Certain levels of sibling marriage and cousin marriage is prevented by law in some countries, and referred to as consanguinity . A long term pattern of endogamy in

304-664: A region may increase the risk of repeated cousin marriage during a long period of time, referred to as inbreeding . It may cause additional noise in the DNA autosomal data, giving the impressions that DNA matches with roots in that region are more closely related than they are. Examples of ethnic and religious groups that have typically practiced endogamy include: Cousin marriage: Marriage systems: Catholic Church in Brazil The Brazilian Catholic Church , or Catholic Church in Brazil ,

342-566: Is Dom Sérgio da Rocha . The Catholic Church is the largest denomination in the country, where 123 million people, or 64.6% of the Brazilian population, were self-declared Catholics in 2010. These figures made Brazil the single country with the largest Catholic community in the world. In 2022, Catholics made up 50% of the population. According to the tradition, the first Catholic mass celebrated in Brazil took place on 26 April 1500. It

380-593: Is part of the worldwide Catholic Church , under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome , and the influential National Conference of Bishops of Brazil ( Portuguese : Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil - CNBB ), composed of over 400 primary and auxiliary bishops and archbishops . There are over 250 dioceses (both of the Latin and Eastern rites) and other territorial jurisdictions in Brazil. The primate of Brazil

418-728: Is the Feast of Bonfim, a ritual in which mães-de-santo gather to wash the stairs of the Church of Nosso Senhor do Bonfim in Salvador, Bahia . Catholics are far more likely to believe in good luck charms, fortune-tellers, faith-healers and astrology than are converts to Protestantism. Religious change in Brazil is frequent. According to polling institute Datafolha , as of July 2013, approximately 57% of those aged over 16 years old were Catholic, while evangelicals constituted 28%. According to America Magazine in 2003, Brazilian Catholics have

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456-451: The Empire of Brazil , Catholicism was the official religion of the country. In practice, separation of Church and state in the country is weak as government officials generally avoid taking actions that may offend the Church which represents a large majority of citizens. A recent example of the Church's influence over political questions was the change conducted by the federal government in

494-493: The University of Toronto has demonstrated. Endogamic marriage patterns may increase the frequency of various levels of cousin marriage in a population, and may cause high probability of children of first, second, third cousins, etcetera. If a cousin marriage has accrued in a known ancestral tree of a person, in historical time, it is referred to as pedigree collapse . This may cause relations along multiple paths between

532-633: The Amazon came into contact with the Ticuna. Sustained contact with the Portuguese and other outsiders began in 1649. Since the Ticuna lived relatively inland compared to other tribes they were less affected by the diseases and violence caused by colonialism, hence why the Ticuna today have the largest population of any Amazonian people. When the Europeans initiated warfare with the neighboring tribes, their land, which consisted of islands and coastal areas,

570-492: The Catholic Church picks up 16% of those who were raised Protestants. By race, 66.4% of whites are Catholic, along with 58.2% of blacks, 59.9% of East Asians, 64.1% of browns, and 50.7% of American Indians. As the largest Catholic country in the world, Catholic education has a great tradition in Brazil. The Society of Jesus founded the first schools in the country, with the aim of evangelizing Native-Brazilians. In

608-483: The Catholic population is closer to 50 percent of the country and decreasing, with Evangelical Protestant groups growing as a proportion. Religious syncretism is widespread among Brazilian Catholics. There is an overlay of Afro-Brazilian religions (such as Candomblé , Quimbanda and Umbanda ) with Catholic beliefs and practices, which many Catholic Brazilians do not find inconsistent with their faith. An example

646-652: The Church practically the only legitimate focus of resistance and defense of basic human rights during military rule , as well as a main advocate for social rights and human dignity in the Constitutional Assembly of 1987–1988. When then Cardinal Ratzinger became responsible for the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , he launched a successful campaign against the liberation theology, and

684-656: The General Organization of Bilingual Ticuna Teachers (or OGPTB in its Portuguese/Spanish abbreviation) was founded in order to provide Ticuna children with quality bilingual education and more opportunities. In 1998, there were only around 7,400 ethnic Ticuna children enrolled in elementary school; by, 2005 the number had more than doubled to 16,100. Another goal of the OGPTB was the gradual replacement of non-Indigenous teachers with Ticuna ones for Ticuna students to better provide bilingual education. By 2005, over half of

722-600: The Ministry as the best private university, and the best in the state of Minas Gerais , the previous year. In 1969, the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo became the first higher education institute in Brazil to offer a post-graduation course. In Brazil, there are a total of 275 particular churches—consisting of 44 archdioceses, 216 dioceses (2 of which are Eastern rite eparchies under Latin jurisdiction), 9 territorial prelatures,

760-682: The Third National Program of Human Rights in regard to its proposal to legalize abortion , after pressure from the National Conference of Brazilian Bishops. That particular change, along with others, was denounced by the Amnesty International . Nevertheless, the government kept issues contrary to Church teaching in the Program, such as its support for same-sex marriage and same-sex adoption . In

798-514: The Ticuna were forced out of their Brazilian territories. Four Ticuna people were murdered, 19 were wounded, and 10 had disappeared in the 1988 Helmet Massacre . By the 1990s, Brazil formally recognized the Ticunas' right to their lands, thus protecting the Ticuna people, as well as decreasing conflict in the surrounding areas. Ticuna people speak the Ticuna language , which is usually identified as

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836-426: The Ticuna; sometimes the missionaries are ethnic Ticuna themselves. Endogamy Endogamy is the cultural practice of mating within a specific social group , religious denomination , caste , or ethnic group , rejecting any from outside of the group or belief structure as unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships. Its opposite, exogamy , describes the social norm of marriage outside of

874-501: The classes are inherited cognatically , most Urapmin belong to all of the major classes, creating great fluidity and doing little to differentiate individuals. The small community on the South Atlantic island of Tristan da Cunha are, because of their geographical isolation, an almost endogamic society. There are instances of health problems attributed to endogamy on the island, including glaucoma and asthma as research by

912-747: The conservative wing of the Church gained power. Catholics then saw the rise of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal movement, as a way to counter the rapid growth of Pentecostal Protestantism in the country. According to Luis Lugo, director of the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life , “pentecostalism no longer is something confined outside the Catholic Church, it is now firmly within the form of various charismatic tendencies and movements”. During his five-day visit to Brazil in May 2007 Pope Benedict XVI canonized Frei Galvão , who became

950-562: The first Brazilian-born saint. Both the Pope's visit and the canonisation aimed at reinvigorating the local church. Brazil was also the first foreign country visited by Benedict's successor Pope Francis . According to a 2007 poll conducted by the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion & Public Life, more than 60 percent of the urban population of Brazil claims a Catholic affiliation. A 2020 poll by Datafolha suggests that

988-435: The group. Endogamy is common in many cultures and ethnic groups. Several religious and ethnic religious groups are traditionally more endogamous, although sometimes mating outside of the group occurs with the added dimension of requiring marital religious conversion . This permits an exogamous marriage, as the convert, by accepting the partner's religion, becomes accepted within the endogamous group. Endogamy may result in

1026-519: The highest score in the world on the image of God as a loving Father. They are also more likely to see human nature as good rather than corrupt, and the world as good rather than evil. Brazilian Catholics are less likely to believe in the literal, word-for-word interpretation of the Bible than Protestants. They are also more likely to accept premarital sex , cohabitation before marriage, homosexuality and abortion . About 40% attend Masses at least once

1064-439: The influence of Christian missionaries since contact, Shamans have become rare in all but the most isolated communities. Ta'e was the Ticuna creator god who guarded the earth, while Yo'i and Ip were mythical heroes in Ticuna folklore who helped fight off demons. Depending on different estimates, some say that the Ticuna primarily practice ethnic religion, while other estimates say that 30% to 90% are Christian . The Ticuna practice

1102-611: The late 18th century, Portuguese minister Marquis of Pombal attacked and expelled the Jesuits from Portugal and its overseas possessions. He seized the Jesuit schools and introduced educational reforms all over the Empire . Since then, public schools have been secular, but private Catholic schools are among the best in the country. According to the Ministry of Education , there are more than 30 Catholic universities in Brazil. The first

1140-454: The late 19th century, the Catholic population of Iberian origin was reinforced by a large number of Italian Catholics who immigrated to Brazil, as well as some Polish and German Catholic immigrants. In 1889 Brazil became a republic and approved a constitution separating the Church from the State , a trend followed by all of the country's seven republican constitutions. Prior to that, during

1178-417: The late 20th century the Church's liberation theology movement, which focuses on the poor as the primary recipients of Christ 's message, helped in the quest for social justice. The church organized ecclesiastical base communities throughout the country to work for social and political causes at the local level. Despite the support of the higher clergy for the military, the progressive wing managed to make

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1216-549: The natives. In 1782 the Jesuits were suppressed, and the government tightened its control over the Church. Catholicism was the predominant faith during colonial rule, then in 1824 became the official religion of an independent Brazil which also guaranteed freedom of religion for its citizens. The Brazilian government has been secular since the Constitution of 1891 and the Church has remained politically influential. In

1254-618: The past, are no longer viewed as permissible practices. Divorce is permissible, but infrequent. Today, most Ticuna people dress in western clothing and only wear their traditional garments made out of tree bark and practice their ceremonies on special occasions or for tourists. Most Ticuna nowadays are fluent in Portuguese or Spanish depending on the country in which they live, and mostly use Spanish and Portuguese names. Poverty and lack of education are persistent problems in most Ticuna communities, leading to government and NGO efforts to increase educational and academic opportunities. In December 1986,

1292-441: The ritual is shorter and less intense as it was historically. The Ticuna follow the rules of exogamy , in which members of the same moiety are not permitted to marry. In the past, it was common practice for a maternal uncle to marry his niece. Today, however, marriage generally occurs within the same generation. Due to the influence of Catholic missionaries, cross-cousin marriages and polygyny , which were acceptable and common in

1330-453: The teachers were ethnic Ticuna. So effective has the OGPTB program been that it is now being expanded and copied to better serve the educational needs of other indigenous people in Brazil and Colombia. The Ticuna are also coming under increasing influence of evangelization and proselytism by Christian missionaries, which has impacted the Ticuna way of life. Catholic , Baptist , Presbyterian , and Evangelical missionaries are all active among

1368-529: Was available to the Ticuna. However, the Ticuna still suffered greatly, especially in the rubber cultivation that began in the late 19th century where many Ticuna were used for slave labor. Ticuna as a Brazilian tribe has faced violence from loggers, fishermen, and rubber-tappers entering their lands around the Solimões River . Brazil and Paraguay were in a war between 1864–1870 , and the Ticuna chose to fight in that war. This depleted their population and

1406-545: Was celebrated by a priest who arrived in the country along with the Portuguese pirates and explorers to claim possession of the newfound land. The first diocese in Brazil was erected more than 50 years later, in 1551. Brazil's strong Catholic heritage can be traced to the Iberian missionary zeal, with the 15th-century goal of spreading Christianity. The Church missions began to hamper the government policy of exploiting

1444-468: Was the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul , founded by Marist Brothers on 1931. Another influential is the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro who is one of best private universities in the country, and behind only the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro at the state avaliation rankings. The Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais had been chosen by

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