114-468: Tifosi ( pronounced [tiˈfoːzi; -oːsi] ) is a group of supporters of a sports team, especially those that make up a tifo . The word Tifosi comes from Ancient Greek "typhos" (τῦφος), meaning smoke, as it was customary for spectators of the Ancient Olympic Games to celebrate the victories of their favourite athletes by reuniting around a bonfire . The plural Tifosi
228-472: A bloc . Fan activism in support of the 2007 Writers Guild of America strike through Fans4Writers appears to be an extension of this trend. Science Fiction writers, editors and publishers have participated in science fiction fandom themselves, from Ray Bradbury and Harlan Ellison to Patrick Nielsen Hayden and Toni Weisskopf . Ed Brubaker was a fan of the Captain America comics as
342-578: A 2001-spec McLaren-Mercedes MP4-16B, before staying on to have a run in his new Merc CLK-DTM racer. Alesi tested again for McLaren at Mugello in April that same year, putting 90 laps on the board, and was in discussions to become the team's official test driver. It never happened, with Alesi going on to spend five seasons in the DTM with Mercedes instead, and later holding F1-related ambassadorial roles with both Lotus and Pirelli. After Formula One, Alesi raced in
456-450: A Grand Prix despite having had a competitive car, and suffered by comparison with Schumacher at Ferrari. Alesi's contract with Benetton was not renewed at the end of the season and he signed a two-year contract with Sauber. Alesi moved on to the Swiss team Sauber , and was paired with Johnny Herbert and they went on to form the most experienced driver line-up for the 1998 season. The car
570-428: A college student who is a fan of a book series called Simon Snow, which is written by a fictional author named Gemma T. Leslie. On October 6, 2015, Rainbow Rowell published a follow-up novel to Fangirl . Carry On is a stand-alone novel set in the fictional world that Cath, the main character of Fangirl writes fan fiction in. The film and television entertainment industry refers to the totality of fans devoted to
684-522: A common goal of "decreasing world suck". K-pop fans have been involved in various online fan activism campaigns related to Donald Trump's presidential campaign and the Black Lives Matter movement. Notable feature-length documentaries about fandom include Trekkies and A Brony Tale . Slash is a movie released in 2016 about a young boy who writes slash fan fiction. The SiriusXM -produced audio documentary Comic-Con Begins
798-474: A drawing of a character from Steve Gallacci 's Albedo Anthropomorphics initiated a discussion of anthropomorphic characters in science fiction novels, which in turn initiated a discussion group that met at science fiction and comics conventions. Additional subjects with significant fandoms include comics , animated cartoons , video games , sports, music, films, television shows, pulp magazines , soap operas , celebrities, and game shows . Members of
912-451: A driveshaft failure, and he crashed into Michael Schumacher in his final race for Ferrari at Australia. He finished fifth in the drivers' championship, with 42 points. When Benetton 's Michael Schumacher joined Ferrari in 1996, Alesi and teammate Gerhard Berger swapped places with him, with Berger not happy to be the number two to Schumacher at Ferrari. Though Benetton were the defending constructors' champions, they were about to experience
1026-456: A duel with Nigel Mansell's Williams, and then he finished sixth at Australia. Alesi finished fifth in the championship with 24 points. The Ferrari improved further in 1995 and Alesi achieved better results, although the pace of the Ferrari fell back during the second half of the season. He finished fifth at Brazil, followed by second places at Argentina and Imola. He retired from second place at
1140-598: A fandom associate with one another, often attending fan conventions and publishing and exchanging fanzines and newsletters. Amateur press associations are another form of fan publication and networking. Originally using print-based media, these subcultures have migrated much of their communications and interaction onto the Internet, which is also used for the purpose of archiving detailed information pertinent to their given fanbase. Often, fans congregate on forums and discussion boards to share their love for and criticism of
1254-399: A further two-year contract with Ferrari. However, subsequent races continued to feature frequent retirements and finishes outside of the points. In Hungary he had a collision with Christian Fittipaldi , resulting in a leg contusion, and came close to having a brawl with him afterwards. The Ferrari improved towards the end of the season, and Alesi finished second at Monza and then led early in
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#17327866244541368-482: A glimpse into their everyday life, public figures have a new way of expressing themselves and engaging with their fanbases on a deeper level. Online platforms also give fans more ways to connect and participate in fandoms. Some fans have made their work in fandom into careers. The book Fifty Shades of Grey by E.L. James was originally a fan fiction of the Twilight series published on FanFiction.Net . The story
1482-739: A kid and was so upset that Bucky Barnes was killed off that he worked on ways to bring him back. The Winter Soldier arc began in 2004, and in the sixth issue in 2005 it was revealed that the Winter Soldier was Bucky Barnes. Many authors write fan fiction under pseudonyms. Lev Grossman has written stories in the Harry Potter , Adventure Time , and How to Train Your Dragon universes. S.E. Hinton has written about both Supernatural and her own books, The Outsiders . Movie actors often cosplay as other characters to enjoy being
1596-542: A lull in form like Ferrari in 1991. Many team personnel had decided to leave for Ferrari with Michael Schumacher, and chief designer Rory Byrne decided to take a year out. The 1996 Benetton was fairly successful but slower than the Williams, and lost competitiveness through the season, lacking effective developments to the car, while the Ferrari improved as the season progressed, resulting in Schumacher overtaking Alesi in
1710-652: A medievalist re-creation group, has its roots in science fiction fandom and was founded by members thereof. Many science fiction and fantasy authors such as Marion Zimmer Bradley , Poul Anderson , Randall Garrett , David D. Friedman , and Robert Asprin have been members of the organization. Media fandom split from science fiction fandom in the early 1970s with a focus on relationships between characters within TV and movie media franchises, such as Star Trek and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. . Fans of these franchises generated creative products like fan art and fan fiction at
1824-550: A number of other ex-Formula One drivers ( Christian Danner , Johnny Herbert , Stefan Johansson , Ukyo Katayama , JJ Lehto , Gianni Morbidelli , Jacques Villeneuve and Alex Yoong ) in the inaugural season of the Far & Middle Eastern Speedcar Series . He won two races and finished 4th in the championship. He finished fifth in the second and last season of Speedcar Series after taking two wins in 2009. On 13 October 2009, Alesi tested an AF Corse Ferrari F430 GT2 at Maranello, on
1938-463: A part of a social network with particular practices, differentiating fandom-affiliated people from those with only a casual interest. A fandom can grow around any area of human interest or activity. The subject of fan interest can be narrowly defined, focused on something like a franchise or an individual celebrity , or encompassing entire hobbies , genres or fashions . While it is now used to apply to groups of people fascinated with any subject,
2052-443: A particular area of interest, organized or not, as the "fanbase". Media fans, have, on occasion, organized on behalf of canceled television series , with notable success in cases such as Star Trek in 1968, Cagney & Lacey in 1983, Xena: Warrior Princess , in 1995, Roswell in 2000 and 2001 (was canceled with finality at the end of the 2002 season), Farscape in 2002, Firefly in 2002, and Jericho in 2007. (In
2166-575: A pit stop problem early in the race. He finished sixth at Imola, but then was plagued by unreliability during the middle part of the season, despite often running in points-scoring positions, including a retirement from fourth place near the end of the Monaco Grand Prix, and being hit by Heinz-Harald Frentzen while running in sixth during the French Grand Prix, and a hydraulic failure forced him to retire after running fourth during
2280-478: A positive social impact. For example, the Harry Potter Alliance is a civic organization with a strong online component which runs campaigns around human rights issues, often in partnership with other advocacy and nonprofit groups; its membership skews college age and above. Nerdfighters , another fandom formed around Vlogbrothers , a YouTube vlog channel, are mainly high school students united by
2394-466: A regular fan at cons; for example, Daniel Radcliffe cosplayed as Spider-Man at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con. Before the release of The Amazing Spider-Man , Andrew Garfield dressed up as Spider-Man and gave an emotional speech about what Spider-Man meant to him and thanking fans for their support. The relationship between fans and professionals has changed because of access to social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook. By giving their follows
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#17327866244542508-417: A specific work. This congregation can lead to a high level of organization and community within the fandom, as well as infighting. Although there is some level of hierarchy among most of the discussion boards, and certain contributors may be valued more highly than others, newcomers are most often welcomed into the fold. Most importantly, these sorts of discussion boards can have an effect on the media itself, as
2622-645: A strong wet-weather drive, in spite of making contact with Gerhard Berger and Mika Hakkinen during the race. He ran third at the San Marino Grand Prix, but retired following a collision with Gerhard Berger. The subsequent races brought a series of retirements, although Alesi had a strong third-place finish at Canada and produced another outstanding wet-weather drive in France, producing lap times on slicks that were comparable to those of Nigel Mansell 's Williams, before retiring with another engine failure. In
2736-429: A time when typical science fiction fandom was focused on critical discussions. The MediaWest convention provided a video room and was instrumental in the emergence of fan vids , or analytic music videos based on a source, in the late 1970s. By the mid-1970s, it was possible to meet fans at science fiction conventions who did not read science fiction, but only viewed it on film or TV. Anime and manga fandom began in
2850-632: Is a strained relationship between the tifosi and Mercedes , who have won in Monza from the start of the turbo hybrid era in 2014 to 2018. Whenever a Mercedes won the Italian GP, or made the podium, the tifosi would boo at the driver. The word is commonly used to describe fans along the roadside at professional road cycling races in Italy such as Tirreno–Adriatico , Milan–San Remo , the Giro d'Italia , and
2964-430: Is now also a racing driver, having competed in the 2019 FIA Formula 2 Championship with Trident Racing . Helena Alesi made her debut at 2017's Le Bal des Débutantes . Alesi is a wine connoisseur and has a vineyard near his hometown of Avignon, where he resides with his wife and children. He is a fan of Italian football team Juventus . Alesi legally changed his name to Jean Robert Alesi in 2005. In 2006, Alesi
3078-526: Is the display of an enormous Ferrari flag in the grandstands during Formula One weekends at every race circuit, with especially large contingents showing up in Ferrari livery at home and nearby European tracks. A similar sight could be observed in former years during the San Marino race, which was held at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari near the town of Imola , 80 km (49.7 mi) east of
3192-517: Is to choreograph fan support with flags , banners , coloured smoke screens, flares, drums , and chanting in unison. For most teams city rivalries, colours, coat of arms , symbols, and the overall iconography have roots in the Middle Ages and early Renaissance . A fictional depiction of a tifoso in football is shown in Tifosi , an Italian film released in 1999. It has become common to use
3306-459: Is used for a mixed gender or an all-male group; masculine singular is tifoso , feminine singular tifosa , feminine plural tifose . The word is mainly used to describe fans of clubs in football . Apart from the many local fan clubs in Italy, whose main role is, for example, to provide a meeting place for fans and friends and organize away trips, since the late 1960s, many Italian fans rely on organized stadium groups known as ultras . The main goal
3420-739: The 1994 season ( Brazil ) and was replaced in the Pacific Grand Prix and the San Marino Grand Prix by Nicola Larini . He returned with a fifth place in Monaco and finished a strong third in Canada, but almost lost the position at the end of the race due to a gearbox problem. He retired in the French Grand Prix due to a collision with Rubens Barrichello , but finished second in the British Grand Prix, thanks to
3534-435: The 2012 Indianapolis 500 with a Lotus engine. Deals with former IZOD IndyCar Series team Newman/Haas Racing fell through, and HVM Racing owner Keith Wiggins said that his team didn't have the funding to run Alesi in the 500. However, Firestone Indy Lights team Fan Force United agreed to field Alesi in the 500 where he qualified 33rd. His Lotus-powered car, along with that of fellow Lotus driver Simona de Silvestro ,
Tifosi - Misplaced Pages Continue
3648-632: The 2012 Indianapolis 500 , in a car powered by a Lotus-badged engine. On an episode during season 17 of the BBC TV show Top Gear , Alesi helped presenter Jeremy Clarkson test one of the Lotus T125 single seaters. In 2013 Alesi became an ambassador for Pirelli . Alesi was married to Laurence Bahrfeld, with whom he has a daughter Charlotte. His married Kumiko Goto , a Japanese model, actress, and former pop singer. They have three children, daughter Helena and sons Giuliano and John. Giuliano Alesi
3762-559: The Canadian Grand Prix in 1995 . He left at the end of the season after twice finishing fifth in the standings, swapping seats with Michael Schumacher in 1996 to join Benetton , where he scored 13 podiums across two seasons. He spent a further two seasons with Sauber —scoring his only podium for the team at the 1998 Belgian Grand Prix —before joining Prost . He remained at Prost until 2001 , when he joined Jordan from
3876-588: The Direxiv team in their bid for entry to the 2008 Formula 1 series. It was planned as a McLaren B Team with backing and engines from Mercedes . However, the proposal was beaten to the final grid place by Prodrive . In January 2011, along with the launch of their new car, Lotus Renault GP announced that they had hired Alesi as an ambassador for the team and test driver for the T125 single-seater project. In September, Alesi announced that he will attempt to qualify for
3990-720: The French Formula Three Championship in 1987 and graduating to International Formula 3000 . His subsequent title with Jordan in 1989 led to a Formula One drive with Tyrrell , replacing Michele Alboreto from the 1989 French Grand Prix onwards, where he finished fourth. Alesi scored his maiden podium at the opening round of the 1990 season, repeating this feat in Monaco . He signed for Ferrari in 1991 to partner Alain Prost , scoring several podiums across five seasons before taking his sole victory at
4104-515: The German Touring Car Championship , where he placed fifth in the 2002 championship for Mercedes with one victory. He repeated this in 2003 but this time scoring two victories. In 2004 he finished seventh in the championship scoring no victories. In 2005 he won the opening race and went on to take seventh place in the standings once more. He retired from the DTM after finishing the 2006 season in 9th place. Alesi joined
4218-444: The Giro di Lombardia . Passionate supporters of Italian cycling teams and cyclists are called "the tifosi ". Fandom A fandom is a subculture composed of fans characterized by a feeling of camaraderie with others who share a common interest. Fans typically are interested in even minor details of the objects of their fandom and spend a significant portion of their time and energy involved with their interest, often as
4332-715: The Grateful Dead subculture that emerged in the late 1960s to the early 1970s created a global fandom around hippie culture that would have lasting impacts on society and technology. Music fandom in the 20th century coincided with the rise of popular music culture, and revolves around the collective enthusiasm and dedication of fans towards specific musical artists, bands, or genres. Common forms of engagement for music fandoms include attending concerts, creating fan art , participating in online communities, and consuming media related to their preferred artist. These communities play an important role in promoting and supporting
4446-662: The Hungarian Grand Prix onwards and retired at the conclusion of the season. During his time in Formula One, Alesi was noted for his ability in wet weather, as well as being a mercurial and passionate racer. Alesi holds the joint-record for most podium finishes before first win (15). After leaving Formula One, Alesi raced full-time in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters from 2002 to 2006 , winning several races. Alesi then competed in
4560-614: The all-star Speedcar Series in both of its seasons, as well as entering the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2010 and the Indianapolis 500 in 2012 , before retiring from motor racing in 2012. Since 2013, he has been an ambassador for Pirelli . Alesi was appointed a Knight of the Legion of Honour in 2006. Alesi was born Giovanni Roberto Alesi on 11 June 1964 in the southern French town of Avignon , Vaucluse , between Montpellier and Marseille to Sicilian parents. His father, Franco,
4674-458: The science fiction and fantasy genres . Science fiction fandom dates back to the 1930s and maintains organized clubs and associations in many cities around the world. Fans have held the annual World Science Fiction Convention since 1939, along with many other events each year, and has created its own jargon , sometimes called " fanspeak ". In addition, the Society for Creative Anachronism ,
Tifosi - Misplaced Pages Continue
4788-500: The 1970s in Japan. In America, the fandom also began as an offshoot of science fiction fandom, with fans bringing imported copies of Japanese manga to conventions . Before anime began to be licensed in the U.S., fans who wanted to get a hold of anime would leak copies of anime movies and subtitle them to exchange with friends in the community, thus marking the start of fansubs . While the science fiction and anime fandoms grew in media,
4902-469: The 1987 French Formula 3 title before moving up to International Formula 3000 in 1988. The 1988 season was a disappointment, finishing tenth in the championship with two podium finishes, not helped by problems within the team. However, in 1989 he joined the Jordan Formula 3000 team and won the championship. Both crowns were after duels with his rival Érik Comas . In 1989 Alesi tied on points for
5016-470: The 1991 Ferrari set good lap times in winter testing. He had third-place finishes at Monaco, Germany and Portugal, and finished in the top six at Brazil, France, Hungary and Spain (despite a stop and go penalty for a jump start in the Spanish Grand Prix). The 1991 Ferrari also turned out to be unreliable, and he had nine retirements during the season, including a mechanical failure while leading
5130-548: The Belgian Grand Prix he was given the F92A / T, an improvement over the previous model, but retired due to a collision with Nigel Mansell's Williams. He qualified a strong third at Monza, but retired with a fuel pump failure early in the race. He finished in the points during the last two races of the season, leaving him seventh in the championship with 18 points. Alesi was joined by Austrian Gerhard Berger in 1993 who
5244-541: The Belgian Grand Prix. Having a dismal 1991 season, Alesi's teammate Prost was sacked after the Japanese Grand Prix when he publicly described the car as a "truck" and took a year-long sabbatical from racing, and thus Alesi became the team's number one driver for 1992. Alesi scored 21 points and finished seventh in the championship. Alesi was partnered by Ivan Capelli in 1992, when the Ferrari F92A
5358-478: The Benetton's form during the season was erratic. His cause was not helped by an embarrassing retirement in the season-opening Australian Grand Prix in 1997 when he ignored several radio messages from the pit mechanics to come in for his pit stop, and continued for five laps until running out of fuel and was criticised by Briatore, who felt he had wasted a chance of a podium finish. He only scored three points in
5472-672: The British Grand Prix. He qualified on the front row at the Austrian Grand Prix, but a collision with Giancarlo Fisichella forced him to retire. He achieved the last podium of his career at the rain-soaked Belgian Grand Prix, behind the Jordans of Damon Hill and Ralf Schumacher. He also scored points at the Italian Grand Prix, and finished in eleventh place in the drivers' championship with nine points, comprehensively beating team-mate Johnny Herbert. The 1999 Sauber
5586-929: The Canadian Grand Prix. A dispute after the British Grand Prix , however, saw Alesi walk out after the German Grand Prix , where he scored a point. This was because German driver Heinz-Harald Frentzen was suddenly sacked by Jordan after the British Grand Prix and needed a drive. He joined the Prost team, and Alesi joined Jordan. Alesi was fined and criticised by Prost, who had given him a two-year contract and did not want to lose his number one driver. Alesi first raced for Prost in 2001. Alesi ended his open-wheel career in 2001 with Jordan. Alesi had driven for Jordan in Formula 3000 when he won
5700-585: The F3000 title with Comas, but won the title on number of wins, having scored three to Comas' two. Made the strong start with a street Ferrari F40 LM in Laguna Seca IMSA GTO race. Surprisingly led for six laps and finished third overall, ahead of most experienced drivers in race-spec cars. He also raced in the Le Mans 24 hours in the same year, but a fire forced him to retire in the fourth hour of
5814-454: The Ferrari factory in Maranello . The tifosi in Italy have been known to actually cheer for a non-Italian driver in a Ferrari passing an Italian driver in another make of car. At the 1983 San Marino Grand Prix , the crowd at Imola cheered long and loud when Italian Riccardo Patrese crashed his Brabham out of the lead of the race only 6 laps from home, handing Frenchman Patrick Tambay
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#17327866244545928-821: The Internet has furthermore resulted in the creation of online fan networks who help facilitate the exchange of fanworks. Some fans create pictures known as edits , which consist of pictures or photos with their chosen fandom characters in different scenarios. These edits are often shared on social media networks such as Instagram , TikTok, Tumblr or Pinterest . In edits, one may see content relating to several different fandoms. Fans in communities online often make gifs or gif sets about their fandoms. Gifs or gif sets can be used to create non-canon scenarios mixing actual content or adding in related content. Gif sets can also capture minute expressions or moments. Fans use gifs to show how they feel about characters or events in their fandom; these are called reaction gifs. The Temple of
6042-631: The Jedi Order, or Jediism , a self-proclaimed "real living, breathing religion," views itself as separate from the Jedi as portrayed in the Star Wars franchise. Despite this, sociologists view the conflation of religion and fandom in Jediism as legitimate in some sense, classifying both as participatory phenomena. There are also active fan organizations that participate in philanthropy and create
6156-528: The Spanish Grand Prix due to an engine failure, and at the Monaco Grand Prix, again while running second, Martin Brundle's Ligier spun in front of him, leaving him nowhere to go and causing him to crash. However, at the Canadian Grand Prix, on his 31st birthday, he won his first and only race, helped by Michael Schumacher encountering mechanical problems with ten laps to go. Alesi was unaware that he
6270-684: The car up in favour of Johnny Herbert when Formula 3000 clashed, scoring points again at the Italian and Spanish Grands Prix. With Jonathan Palmer having retired from driving at the end of 1989 and a new teammate in Satoru Nakajima , Alesi amazingly became Tyrrell's lead driver in 1990 for what would be his first full year in Grand Prix racing (prior to the start of the 1990 season, Alesi only had 8 race starts in Formula One). At
6384-412: The careers of artists, as well as shaping cultural trends within the music industry. Some popular examples of music fandom include Beatlemania , Swifties , Deadheads and The Barbz . The furry fandom refers to the fandom for fictional anthropomorphic animal characters with human personalities and characteristics. The concept of the furry originated at a science fiction convention in 1980, when
6498-403: The case of Firefly the result was the movie Serenity , not another season.) It was likewise the fans who facilitated the push to create a Veronica Mars film through a Kickstarter campaign. Fans of the show Chuck launched a campaign to save the show from being canceled using a Twitter hashtag and buying products from sponsors of the show. Fans of Arrested Development fought for
6612-473: The championship in 1989 . He drove the remaining five races of 2001 for Jordan, scoring his last Formula one points in Belgium by finishing sixth. Alesi made his 200th Formula One start in 2001 United States Grand Prix and finished his F1 career at the 2001 Japanese Grand Prix , where he retired after colliding with Kimi Räikkönen on lap 5. However, he was generally outpaced by team-mate Jarno Trulli , and
6726-606: The character Steve Holt to be included in the fourth season. The Save Steve Holt! campaign included a Twitter and Facebook account, a hashtag , and a website. In the music industry, fandoms have played vital roles in shaping the music of their favorite artists. In 2023, Lana Del Rey was featured in Taylor Swift's song "Snow on the Beach", a track off of her popular album Midnights . Both Swifties , Taylor Swift's loyal fan base, and Lana Del Rey fans were disappointed with
6840-399: The conclusion of the 2006 season, leading the team to six Constructors' Championship from 1999–2004 and personally winning five drivers' championships. When Ferrari's Charles Leclerc won at Monza 2019, which was the first time for the team since 2010, a massive crowd of tifosi went to the podium to celebrate the victory. As revealed by David Croft during the podium celebration, there
6954-407: The constant delays, as a result he then opted instead to sign for Ferrari as the second driver alongside fellow countryman Alain Prost , and the Ferrari team had to pay Williams a fine of four million dollars. The move to Ferrari initially appeared to be a logical choice from a results perspective too, for Alain Prost had mounted a serious world championship challenge at Ferrari the previous year, and
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#17327866244547068-576: The disqualification of Michael Schumacher, and was looking set for a strong result in the German Grand Prix, qualifying second behind team-mate Berger, but his engine failed on the first lap. Subsequent races were marked by a series of retirements. At Monza, he took his first pole position and led until his first pit stop, when his gearbox failed in the pitlane, and in anger, he drove back to Avignon at speeds in excess of 200 km/h. This streak finally ended at Japan, when he finished third after
7182-515: The driver within a very short period. The results dropped away during the rest of the 1990 season, and Alesi finished ninth in the championship, with 13 points. There were signs of Alesi's talent in the Italian Grand Prix at Monza where he qualified the under powered Tyrrell in 5th place less than a second slower than Senna's pole time. At both the original and restart (caused by Derek Warwick 's Lotus crashing heavily), Alesi passed
7296-424: The drivers' championship. His season began with a collision with the Ferrari of Eddie Irvine , but two podiums followed. After a bad start due to the car's braking system, he collided with Mika Salo in the fourth race of the season and he and team-mate Berger were summoned by team boss Flavio Briatore , and they were told, 'No more errors', and this generated tension within the team. After a sixth place at Imola, he
7410-456: The early 1990s, where Gerhard Berger and Jean Alesi each won one race, as the front-running teams were McLaren, Williams, and Benetton. The mid-1990s increase in the ranks of the tifosi can be directly traced to the arrival of Michael Schumacher who joined Ferrari in 1996 , after winning two drivers' titles with Benetton, bringing over key personnel like Ross Brawn and Rory Byrne . Schumacher drove for Ferrari until his first retirement at
7524-451: The fandom community by sponsoring and presenting at events and conventions dedicated to fandom. Studios frequently create elaborate exhibits, organize panels that feature celebrities and writers of film and television (to promote both existing work and works yet to be released), and engage fans directly with providing Q&A sessions, screening sneak previews, and supplying branded giveaway merchandise. The interest, reception, and reaction of
7638-413: The fandom community to the works being promoted have a marked influence on how film studios and others proceed with the projects and products they exhibit and promote. Fandoms, for example at Comic Con, can sometimes lead to toxic behavior, including harassing other fans or media creators. The rise of the Internet created new and powerful outlets for fandom. While the principles of fandom largely remain
7752-444: The feature, as they felt her contribution was not long enough or sufficiently prominent in the mix. In response, Taylor Swift released an updated version of the track titled "Snow on the Beach (Feat. More Lana Del Rey)", where she sings the entire second verse. Such outcries, even when unsuccessful, suggest a growing self-awareness on the part of entertainment consumers, who appear increasingly likely to attempt to assert their power as
7866-547: The finish line and so got a lift back to the pits off Michael Schumacher. This broke the record for the largest number of consecutive races without a win for a Ferrari driver (67) which was subsequently exceeded by Felipe Massa in 2013. He finished second at the British Grand Prix, but then suffered four consecutive retirements, and was devastated prior to the Hungarian Grand Prix when hearing that he had lost his Ferrari drive to Michael Schumacher. He retired from
7980-413: The first fan fiction as early as about 1897 to 1902. Outside the scope of media, railway enthusiasts are another early fandom with its roots in the late 19th century that began to gain in popularity and increasingly organize in the first decades of the early 20th century. A wide variety of modern organized Western fan subcultures originated with science fiction fandom , the community of fans of
8094-828: The first event, the United States Grand Prix at Phoenix , he led for 25 laps in front of Ayrton Senna with a car powered by a customer Ford V8 considered as vastly inferior to the factory-developed Honda V10 in Senna's McLaren , and also re-passing Senna after the Brazilian had first overtaken for the lead, before ultimately finishing second. Second place in the Monaco Grand Prix followed, and by mid-season top teams were clamouring for his services in 1991. A confused situation erupted, with Tyrrell, Williams , and Ferrari all claiming to have signed
8208-617: The first two races Alesi and his team-mates Fisichella and Finn Toni Vilander finished on the podium. Alesi, Fisichella and Vilander raced in the Le Mans 24 h race for AF Corse and finished 4th in their class. In the third race of the season in Algarve the trio finished in second position and at the Hungaroring they finished in fourth place. They finished second in the championship. In April 2012, Alesi announced his intent to race in
8322-608: The following four races, but then had a strong run with some podiums, moving up into third place in the drivers' championship. However, there were further embarrassing incidents, such as at the French Grand Prix when he needlessly pushed David Coulthard off the track, and the Austrian Grand Prix , where his attempt to outbrake Eddie Irvine from nearly eight lengths behind caused a collision that saw Alesi placed under investigation for dangerous driving after
8436-573: The form of video-making as well as writing. Fan fiction may or may not tie in with the story's canon ; sometimes fans use the story's characters in different situations that do not relate to the plot line at all. Especially at events, fans may also partake in cosplay , the creation and wearing of costumes designed in the likeness of characters from a source work, which can also be combined with role-playing , reenacting scenes, or inventing likely behavior inspired by their chosen sources. Others create fan vids , or analytical music videos focusing on
8550-473: The good relationship between the two drivers, accused Trulli of not behaving as a professional driver. He had several other retirements following some good qualifying performances including a front row position at the French Grand Prix, thanks to a wet qualifying session. During the summer, he was named as a possible replacement for Eddie Irvine as the number two Ferrari driver alongside Michael Schumacher, and Schumacher said that he would be happy to have Alesi in
8664-460: The incident at the Variante del Rettifilo chicane that took out the leading McLaren - Honda of Ayrton Senna , fittingly handing Ferrari's Gerhard Berger and Michele Alboreto an emotional 1–2 Italian Grand Prix result only a month after the death of Enzo Ferrari . Berger's win handed McLaren their only loss of the 16-race 1988 season. The tifosi stuck by Ferrari during the struggles in
8778-403: The last race, Alesi finished fourth in the drivers' championship with 47 points, the best result of his career. At the start of the 1997 season, Alesi was given an ultimatum from Flavio Briatore , warning him that 1997 would be his last chance to get good results. The car produced good results in pre-season testing, but Ross Brawn, Nigel Stepney and Rory Byrne joined Schumacher at Ferrari, and
8892-586: The lead four laps into the Belgian Grand Prix due to a suspension failure, and retired from the lead again at the Italian Grand Prix, seven laps from the end, due to a rear wheel problem. He had a heated argument with Jean Todt after the Portuguese Grand Prix due to refusing to obey team orders to defer to team-mate Gerhard Berger in spite of having more points in the championship. At the European Grand Prix Alesi led for most of
9006-526: The more powerful V12 Ferrari of reigning World Champion Alain Prost for 3rd place and within a lap would be harrying McLaren's Gerhard Berger for 2nd. On lap 5, though, he spun into the barriers at the Rettifilo chicane. Alesi initially signed a contract with Williams for the 1991 season. However due to Williams delaying the announcement of his signature with the reasoning eventually given they were pursuing Ayrton Senna, Alesi eventually grew tired of
9120-438: The more well-known and highly attended events that cater to overlapping fandoms. Feminist scholar Adrianne Wadewitz cited Janeites , the devotees of 19th century author Jane Austen , as the earliest example of fandom subculture, beginning around 1870. Another early example was fans of the literary detective Sherlock Holmes , holding public demonstrations of mourning after Holmes was "killed off" in 1893, and creating some of
9234-608: The practices of Deadhead fandom online. Jean Alesi Jean Robert Alesi ( French pronunciation: [ʒã a.lɛ.si] ; born Giovanni Roberto Alesi , 11 June 1964) is a French former racing driver , who competed in Formula One from 1989 to 2001 . Alesi won the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix with Ferrari . Born and raised in Avignon , Alesi started karting aged 16 with a desire to eventually compete in rallying . He progressed to open-wheel racing aged 20, winning
9348-402: The race at Portugal, eventually finishing fourth. Alesi finished sixth in the championship with 16 points. In 1994, the Ferrari was far more competitive, but marred by unreliability, and team-mate Berger became established as the team leader. After finishing third in the first race of the season, Alesi injured his back after a testing accident at Mugello circuit in Italy after the first race of
9462-499: The race due to fast laps on slick tyres in damp conditions, but was passed by Michael Schumacher two laps from the end, hindered by low fuel and trouble progressing through lapped traffic. After a fifth place in the Pacific Grand Prix, he produced an outstanding wet-weather drive in Japan, making a powerful comeback after being angered by a stop-go penalty for a jump start that he felt he did not commit, but then retired with
9576-476: The race, but he did take part. He had another sixth place at the last race of the season, leaving him sixteenth in the championship with two points. For the 2000 season, Alesi moved on to join Prost , which was owned by his former Ferrari teammate and four time World Drivers' Champion Alain Prost, after Prost had bought the Ligier team in early 1997 and renamed it. However, the car was very slow and unreliable. He
9690-493: The race. While Alesi was seen as a talent of the future, his start as a Formula One driver was somewhat fortuitous. Prior to the 1989 French Grand Prix, Ken Tyrrell had signed a deal to run Camel cigarette sponsorship on his previously unsponsored cars. However this caused problems for Michele Alboreto who was personally sponsored by rival cigarette brand Marlboro . The sponsorship clash forced Tyrrell to release Alboreto and find another driver. The team decided to look at whoever
9804-455: The race. He took pole position at the Italian Grand Prix which sent the fans into raptures despite the fact that he no longer drove for Ferrari and led early in the race but lost out to David Coulthard 's McLaren due to a slow pit stop. He finished fourth in the championship with 36 points, thanks to the disqualification of Michael Schumacher at the end of the season. Alesi's reputation was damaged during his spell at Benetton, having failed to win
9918-581: The same day that Felipe Massa drove an F1 car for the first time after his accident in Hungary earlier in the year. After the test, which lasted just 65 laps, Alesi was enthusiastic and Amato Ferrari talked about Alesi's possible involvement in the 2010 programme. Early in 2010 it was announced that Alesi would be the team-mate of another ex-F1 Ferrari driver, Giancarlo Fisichella , in the Le Mans Series GT2 class in Ferrari's AF Corse team. In
10032-591: The same, internet users now have the ability to engage in discourse on a global scale, creating an even stronger sense of community among fans. Mark Duffet touches on this point in Popular Music Fandom: Identities, Roles and Practices : "Online social media platforms... have operated as a forthright challenge to the idea that electronic mediation is an alienating and impersonal process". Fandoms engaging with technology began with early engineers trading Grateful Dead set lists and discussing
10146-471: The series. Comic-Con Begins was expanded into the book See You at San Diego: An Oral History of Comic-Con, Fandom, and the Triumph of Geek Culture by creator Mathew Klickstein and published by Fantagraphics on September 6, 2022. The book includes forewords by cartoonists Stan Sakai and Jeff Smith , and an afterword by Wu-Tang Clan 's RZA . Fangirl is a novel written by Rainbow Rowell about
10260-533: The setup of the band's concert speaker system, called the "Wall of Sound," on ARPANET , a precursor to the Internet. This led to tape trading over FTP , and the Internet Archive began to add Grateful Dead shows in 1995. Online tape trading communities such as etree evolved into P2P networks trading shows through torrents . After the birth of the World Wide Web , many communities adopted
10374-417: The source fandom, and yet others create fan art . Such activities are sometimes known as " fan labor " or " fanac " (an abbreviation for "fan activity"). The advent of the Internet has significantly facilitated fan association and activities. Activities that have been aided by the Internet include the creation of fan "shrines" dedicated to favorite characters, computer screen wallpapers, and avatars. The rise of
10488-484: The subsequent Grand Prix in Hungary, but he was able to take part. In 2001 the Prost car was reliable and he finished every race that he drove for the Prost team. He got into a points-scoring position at the wet Brazilian Grand Prix but his tyres went off and consequently he dropped to eighth place. Alesi scored his first points since the 1999 season at the Monaco Grand Prix, with a sixth place, and then finished fifth at
10602-400: The team Ferrari opted to sign Rubens Barrichello for the second seat, closing the door on a possible return for Alesi. Eventually, he signed for Prost Grand Prix and accused the engineers of Sauber of not developing the car or following the advice of the drivers. Shortly before the Hungarian Grand Prix, Alesi had an accident that caused bruises to his right leg and almost caused him to miss
10716-405: The team opted to take on Takuma Sato instead for 2002. Although Alesi was offered a drive with Arrows, he did not want to race for another season in an uncompetitive car, and so decided to retire from Formula One. In March 2002, Alesi – who was set to drive for Mercedes that season in DTM – was recruited by McLaren to work on tyre development, managing 224 laps over three days at Paul Ricard in
10830-478: The term has its roots in those with an enthusiastic appreciation for sports. Merriam-Webster 's dictionary traces the usage of the term back as far as 1903. Many fandoms are overlapped. There are a number of large conventions that cater to fandom such as film, comics, anime, television shows, cosplay, and the opportunity to buy and sell related merchandise. Annual conventions such as San Diego Comic-Con , Wondercon , Dragon Con , and New York Comic Con are some of
10944-411: The use of the number 27 on his car, led to comparisons with Gilles Villeneuve . His helmet is white with black and red lines going down on the front side of the helmet with his name written, being an homage to Elio de Angelis , in addition to a deep blue top section. In 1999, his helmet changed from white to silver, owing to one of Sauber's sponsors being Red Bull. Alesi was an active spokesman for
11058-456: The win in his Ferrari. Patrese himself had only passed Tambay for the lead half a lap earlier. One driver who never actually drove for Ferrari but is supported by the tifosi is Frenchman Jean-Louis Schlesser . He drove for the Williams team at the 1988 Italian Grand Prix at Monza substituting for an ill Nigel Mansell . On lap 49 of the 51 lap race, Schlesser was unwittingly involved in
11172-415: The word " tifosi " to refer to the supporters of Scuderia Ferrari in Formula One . Italian motor racing fans are well known for their love of Ferrari, though they have also been staunch supporters of other Italian cars such as Maserati , Lancia , and Alfa Romeo . The tifosi provide Formula One with a sea of red filling the grandstands at the Italian Grand Prix . One of the most common tifosi sights
11286-584: Was awarded Knight in France's Legion of Honour . ( key ) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) * – Alesi won the 1989 title on countback, winning three races to Érik Comas ' two. ( key ) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) ( key ) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) ( key ) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) - Shanghai
11400-565: Was equipped with Ferrari engines from 1997, which were evolved from Petronas. Although Alesi's results declined relative to previous years, his reputation improved again, for he put in many strong performances that masked the deficiencies of his Sauber. He had a poor first race of the season in Melbourne, which ended in an engine failure, and a ninth place in Brazil, but he showed good form in the 1998 Grand Prix of Argentina, finishing fifth despite
11514-423: Was even further from the pace than the 1991 Ferrari. Capelli had a disastrous season and was replaced for the last two races by Nicola Larini . Alesi had no realistic hope of winning a race, and retired with engine failure in the first two races of the season, but he finished fourth in the third race of the season, behind the Williams drivers and Michael Schumacher . He finished third in the Spanish Grand Prix, after
11628-400: Was from Alcamo , Sicily, and his mother was from Riesi . His father ran an automotive bodywork repair garage in the town, where Alesi spent much of his formative years and developed a love of cars. In addition to spending time in the family garage, Alesi's father also provided his first taste of motorsport, being a keen amateur competitor in rallying and hillclimb events. On weekends that he
11742-641: Was hit by a billboard in qualifying for the Brazilian Grand Prix, resulting in an accident, but came out unscathed. He failed to score a single point during the season, for the first time in his career. Late in the season, he criticised the car and the Peugeot engines, so much so that in the French Grand Prix, the technicians of the Transalpine went on strike for five minutes. A bad accident in the German Grand Prix threatened his ability to race at
11856-432: Was in the lead for some time, as the mechanics didn't have enough time to put out his new position. Alesi realized what happened after he saw people getting up in the stands. Ferrari confirmed it with a P1 panel as he was passing through the pit lane. Overwhelmed by emotions, when Alesi was braking into Turn 1, he had tears in his eyes, making it difficult to drive in the right line. His Ferrari ran out of fuel after crossing
11970-592: Was launched as a six-part series starting June 22, 2021. It presents the history of both San Diego Comic-Con and the modern fandom scene it helped to spawn, as told by nearly 50 surviving foundational SDCC members, fandom experts, and special guests such as: Kevin Smith , Neil Gaiman , Frank Miller , Felicia Day , Trina Robbins , Maggie Thompson , the Russo brothers , and Bruce Campbell . Cosplay pioneer, scream queen , and foundational SDCC member Brinke Stevens hosts
12084-459: Was leading International Formula 3000 at the time, and Alesi was signed as the replacement. Alesi debuted in the 1989 French Grand Prix at Paul Ricard in a Tyrrell - Ford and finished fourth, having run as high as second during the race. Ken Tyrrell was sufficiently impressed to give him an eighteen-month contract. He drove most of the rest of the season for Tyrrell while continuing his successful Formula 3000 campaign, occasionally giving
12198-417: Was leading the Monaco Grand Prix but retired due to a broken suspension. He then had five podium finishes, sandwiching a retirement at the British Grand Prix after having run in second place. At the Italian Grand Prix, following the retirement of Damon Hill , he led until the pit stops, when he was overtaken by Michael Schumacher, who had a better race strategy. After a fourth place at Portugal and retirement in
12312-406: Was not in the spirit of the community. There is contention over fans not being paid for their time or work. Gaming companies use fans to alpha and beta test their games in exchange for early access or promotional merchandise. The TV show Glee used fans to create promotional materials, though they did not compensate them. The entertainment industry has promoted its work directly to members of
12426-524: Was returning to Maranello after three seasons with McLaren. The Ferrari F93A was very slow during pre-season testing. Mainly due to the unreliability of the "active" suspension of the F93A, there came four retirements in the first five races of the season and an eighth-place finish at Brazil, causing Alesi to even consider leaving Ferrari. However, he finished third in the Monaco Grand Prix, and in July, he signed
12540-419: Was slower and less reliable than the previous year's, and he had to retire immediately in the first Grand Prix of the season, and also retired in the Brazilian Grand Prix, albeit after having worked his way up to 5th position from 21st on the grid. His first points came in the third race of the season, with a sixth-place finish. At the Canadian Grand Prix he was angered by an incident with Jarno Trulli and, despite
12654-481: Was so severely underpowered as to be unable to maintain sufficient pace in the race, and both were forced to park their cars after less than a dozen completed laps. On 18 December 2012, Alesi unofficially announced his intention to quit racing when, in an interview with L'Equipe, he conceded that for next year he had given up on finding the sponsorship required for a second attempt. During his spell at Ferrari from 1991 to 1995, his aggressive driving style, combined with
12768-450: Was taken down for mature content that violated the site's terms of service. James rewrote the story to take out any references to Twilight and self-published on The Writer's Coffee Shop in May 2011. The book was published by Random House in 2012 and was very popular, selling over 100 million copies. However, many fans were not happy about James using fan fiction to make money and felt it
12882-418: Was the case in the television show Glee . Trends on discussion boards have been known to influence the writers and producers of shows. The media fandom for the TV series Firefly was able to generate enough corporate interest to create a movie after the series was canceled. Some fans write fan fiction ("fanfic"), stories based on the universe and characters of their chosen fandom. This fiction can take
12996-509: Was unable to compete he would sometimes lend his rally cars to family friend and future Monte Carlo Rally -winning professional rally driver Jean Ragnotti , who would commonly return them "destroyed". Starting his career with a passion for rallying rather than racing, he took up karting at the age of 16 and then graduated to cars in 1983 by entering the French Renault 5 Turbo championship, where he raced for two seasons. He won
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