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44-733: Tiksi (Russian: Ти́кси , IPA: [ˈtʲiksʲɪ] ; Yakut : Тиксии , Tiksii – lit. a moorage place ) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement ) and the administrative center of Bulunsky District in the Sakha Republic , Russia , located on the shore of the Buor-Khaya Gulf of the Laptev Sea , southeast of the delta of the Lena River . As of the 2010 census , its population was 5,063. In August 1901, Russian Arctic ship Zarya headed across

88-462: A mental illness prior to the study. While in Antarctica, 7 of the 88 crew members were diagnosed with a mental illness during early winter. The mental illnesses included insomnia disorder (3 diagnosed), depressive disorder (1 diagnosed), adjustment disorder (2 diagnosed), and alcohol use disorder (1 diagnosed). Overall, both Antarctic studies showed a lower amount of sleep beginning at

132-511: A temperature as high as +34 °C (93 °F) was reported) and see rainfall on most days. The polar night lasts from November 19 to January 24, and the period with continuous daylight, the midnight sun , lasts a bit longer, from May 11 to August 3. The growing season in Tiksi lasts for 74 days usually from around June 23 to September 5. Yakut language The Yakut language differs from all other Turkic languages in

176-516: Is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender . Word order is usually subject–object–verb . Yakut has been influenced by Tungusic and Mongolian languages . Historically, Yakut left the community of Common Turkic speakers relatively early. Due to this, it diverges in many ways from other Turkic languages and mutual intelligibility between Yakut and other Turkic languages is low and many cognate words are hard to notice when heard. Nevertheless, Yakut contains many features which are important for

220-523: Is a 2 month long polar night, lasting from mid-November to mid-January. An analysis was conducted based on 2015-16 data from a health survey that involved residents of the region over age 40, with the goal being to analyze the seasonal variation of sleeping patterns in Tromsø. The study found that there was a higher prevalence of insomnia among men in the fall and winter months, but not among women. However, overall, sleep duration varied little to none throughout

264-436: Is a common sound-change across the world's languages, being characteristic of such languages as Greek and Indo-Iranian in their development from Proto-Indo-European, as well as such Turkic languages as Bashkir, e.g. höt 'milk' < *süt . Debuccalization of /s/ to /h/ is also found as a diachronic change from Proto-Celtic to Brittonic , and has actually become a synchronic grammaticalised feature called lenition in

308-1247: Is a location at the horizon with more light than others around midday due to refraction. Some critical observations, such as of faint diffuse items such as nebulae and galaxies , may require observations beyond the limit of astronomical twilight. Nautical twilight happens when the Sun is between 6 and 12° degrees below the horizon, so this phenomenon can also be referred to as nautical polar night. The Norwegian territory of Ny-Ålesund , Svalbard , experiences this from about December 12 to 30. Its antipode ( 78°55′S 168°4′W  /  78.917°S 168.067°W  / -78.917; -168.067 ) experiences this from about June 12 to July 1. The Canadian territory of Eureka, Nunavut , experiences this from about December 2 to January 8. Its antipode ( 79°59′S 94°4′E  /  79.983°S 94.067°E  / -79.983; 94.067 ) experiences this from about June 1 to July 11. The Russian territory of Franz Josef Land experiences this from about November 27 to January 15. Its antipode ( 81°S 125°W  /  81°S 125°W  / -81; -125 ) experiences this from about May 25 to July 17. Alert , Nunavut ,

352-407: Is a period of continuous night where no astronomical twilight occurs at the solar culmination . During a true polar night, stars of the sixth magnitude, which are the dimmest stars visible to the naked eye, will be visible throughout the entire 24-hour day . At solar noon , the sun will be between exactly 18° and approximately 23° 26' below the horizon. These conditions last for about 11 weeks at

396-431: Is defined as when it is darker than the corresponding kind of twilight. The descriptions below are based on relatively clear skies, so the sky will be darker in the presence of dense clouds. As mentioned, a location experiencing polar night does not mean that the location will be in full darkness; in most cases, due to sunlight being refracted over the horizon, a location experiencing polar night will actually be in one of

440-764: Is entirely predictable, and all words will follow the following pattern: Like the consonant assimilation rules above, suffixes display numerous allomorphs determined by the stem they attach to. There are two archiphoneme vowels I (an underlyingly high vowel) and A (an underlyingly low vowel). Examples of I can be seen in the first-person singular possessive agreement suffix -(I)m : as in (a): aat- ïm name- POSS . 1SG aat- ïm name-POSS.1SG 'my name' et- im meat- POSS . 1SG et- im meat-POSS.1SG 'my meat' uol- um son- POSS . 1SG uol- um son-POSS.1SG 'my son' üüt- üm milk- POSS . 1SG üüt- üm milk-POSS.1SG 'my milk' The underlyingly low vowel phoneme A

484-419: Is exactly 12° to 18° inside the polar circles. There is then no nautical twilight at the solar culmination , only astronomical twilight . During astronomical polar twilight, the sky is dark enough at midday to permit astronomical observation of point sources of light such as stars , except in regions with more intense skyglow due to light pollution , moonlight , auroras , and other sources of light. There

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528-809: Is incorporated within Bulunsky District as the Settlement of Tiksi . As a municipal division , the Settlement of Tiksi is incorporated within Bulunsky Municipal District as Tiksi Urban Settlement . Tiksi serves as one of the principal ports for accessing the Laptev Sea . It is served by the Tiksi Airport , which was shut down by the Defense Ministry on October 1, 2012 except for helicopters. Tiksi

572-586: Is longer than polar night, and the area that experiences polar night is somewhat smaller than the area that experiences polar day. The polar circles are located at latitudes between these two areas, at approximately 66.5°. While it is day in the Arctic Circle , it is night in the Antarctic Circle , and vice versa. Any planet or moon with a sufficient axial tilt that rotates with respect to its star significantly more frequently than it orbits

616-525: Is represented through the third-person singular agreement suffix -(t)A in (b): aɣa- ta father- POSS . 3SG aɣa- ta father-POSS.3SG 'his/her father' Polar night Polar night is a phenomenon that occurs in the northernmost and southernmost regions of Earth when the Sun remains below the horizon for more than 24 hours. This only occurs inside the polar circles . The opposite phenomenon, polar day or midnight sun , occurs when

660-694: Is the Amundsen–Scott scientific research station in Antarctica , whose winter personnel are completely isolated from mid-February to late October. The South Pole experiences this from about May 11 to August 1, while the North Pole experiences this from about November 12 to January 28. If an observer located on either the North Pole or the South Pole were to define a "day" as the time from

704-800: Is this definition met. The Norwegian territory of Longyearbyen , Svalbard , experiences nautical polar twilight from about 11 November until 30 January. Dikson , in Russia, experiences nautical polar twilight from about 6 December to 6 January. During dense cloud cover, places like the coast of Finnmark (about 70°) in Norway will experience a "day" that is darker than usual. On the Canadian territory of Pond Inlet, Nunavut , however, nautical polar twilight lasts from about 16 December until 26 December. Astronomical polar twilight occurs at latitudes between about 78° 34' and 84° 34' North or South, which

748-483: The Arctic Circle . Since June 2023, the port of Tiksi has been opened to foreign ships. The Lena River is navigable in the summer months. There is infrequent passenger navigation from Yakutsk . Tiksi has a tundra climate ( Köppen ET ). Winter averages and extremes are less severe than the subarctic region further south, but the winter length is longer courtesy of the higher latitude. The very short summers are generally cooler than inland regions (although in 1991

792-534: The Laptev Sea , searching for the legendary Sannikov Land but was soon blocked by floating drift ice in the New Siberian Islands . During 1902, the attempts to reach Sannikov Land continued while Zarya was trapped in fast ice . Leaving the ship, Russian Arctic explorer Baron Eduard Toll and three companions vanished forever in November 1902 while traveling away from Bennett Island towards

836-506: The dissolution of the Soviet Union , Tiksi's population has declined markedly and many of its apartment blocks have been abandoned. Despite its rapid population decline, it remains the world's most northerly settlement with a population of over 4,000. Within the framework of administrative divisions , the urban-type settlement of Tiksi serves as the administrative center of Bulunsky District . As an administrative division, it

880-611: The solar culmination , only civil twilight . During civil polar twilight, there is still enough light for most normal outdoor activities at midday because of light scattering by the upper atmosphere and refraction. However, street lamps may still remain on, and a person looking at a window from within a brightly lit room might see their reflection even at midday, as the level of outdoor illuminance will still be below that of many illuminated indoor spaces. Northern Hemisphere: Southern Hemisphere: Sufferers of seasonal affective disorder tend to seek out therapy with artificial light, as

924-473: The 2010s, bringing in a total of 82 participants. The study found that participants generally slept for longer periods of time in the summer months than the winter months. Additionally, greater amounts of social jetlag were observed in the winter months. A third study aimed to examine the mental health of 88 Korean crew members at two different research stations in Antarctica, King Sejong Station and Jang Bogo Station . No crew members had been diagnosed with

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968-411: The Sun is 12 degrees below the horizon. During nautical twilight, the horizon is visible enough for navigation. "Astronomical" twilight continues until the Sun has sunk 18 degrees below the horizon. Beyond 18 degrees, refracted sunlight is no longer visible. True night is defined as the period when the sun is 18 or more degrees below either horizon. Since the atmosphere refracts sunlight, polar day

1012-400: The Sun remains above the horizon for more than 24 hours. There are multiple ways to define twilight, the gradual transition to and from darkness when the Sun is below the horizon. "Civil" twilight occurs when the Sun is between 0 and 6 degrees below the horizon. Nearby planets like Venus and bright stars like Sirius are visible during this period. "Nautical" twilight continues until

1056-660: The Yakut language during the 2002 census . Yakut has the following consonants phonemes , where the IPA value is provided in slashes '//' and the native script value is provided in bold followed by the romanization in parentheses. Yakut is in many ways phonologically unique among the Turkic languages . Yakut and the closely related Dolgan language are the only Turkic languages without hushing sibilants . Additionally, no known Turkic languages other than Yakut and Khorasani Turkic have

1100-667: The below section ). There is an additional regular morphophonological pattern for [ t ] -final stems: they assimilate in place of articulation with an immediately following labial or velar. For example at 'horse' > akkït 'your [pl.] horse', > appït 'our horse'. Yakut initial s- corresponds to initial h- in Dolgan and played an important operative rule in the development of proto-Yakut, ultimately resulting in initial Ø- < *h- < *s- (example: Dolgan h uoq and Yakut s uox, both meaning "not"). The historical change of *s > h , known as debuccalization ,

1144-418: The following table for the suffixes -GIt (second-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoɣut 'your [pl.] child'), -BIt (first-person plural possessive suffix, oɣobut , 'our child'), -TA ( partitive case suffix, tiiste 'some teeth'), -LArA (third-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoloro 'their child'). Note that the alternation in the vowels is governed by vowel harmony (see the main article and

1188-421: The last). Following civil twilight, the day will progress through the other phases in the opposite order (nautical twilight, then astronomical twilight, then night to end the day). Civil polar twilight occurs at latitudes between about 67°24' and 72°34' North or South, where the Sun will be below the horizon all day on the winter solstice , but by less than 6° at solar noon . There is then no true daylight at

1232-407: The maximal elevation of the Sun above the horizon during one period of daylight, until the maximal elevation of the Sun above the horizon of the next period of daylight, then a "polar day" as experienced by such an observer would be one Earth-year long. Numerous analyses have been conducted to examine the effects of polar night on humans. In Tromsø, Norway , a city located at 69 degrees north, there

1276-517: The native script bold and romanization in italics: Like other Turkic languages , a characteristic feature of Yakut is progressive vowel harmony . Most root words obey vowel harmony, for example in кэлин ( kelin ) 'back', all the vowels are front and unrounded. Yakut's vowel harmony in suffixes is the most complex system in the Turkic family. Vowel harmony is an assimilation process where vowels in one syllable take on certain features of vowels in

1320-672: The northernmost settlement in Canada and the world, experiences this from about November 19 to January 22. Its antipode ( 82°30′S 117°38′E  /  82.500°S 117.633°E  / -82.500; 117.633 ) experiences this from about May 19 to July 25. Oodaaq , a gravel bank at the northern tip of Greenland and a disputed northernmost point of land , experiences this from about November 15 to January 27. Its antipode ( 83°40′S 150°7′E  /  83.667°S 150.117°E  / -83.667; 150.117 ) experiences this from about May 13 to July 31. A true polar night

1364-401: The palatal nasal / ɲ / . Consonants at morpheme boundaries undergo extensive assimilation , both progressive and regressive. All suffixes possess numerous allomorphs . For suffixes which begin with a consonant, the surface form of the consonant is conditioned on the stem-final segment. There are four such archiphonemic consonants: G , B , T , and L . Examples of each are provided in

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1408-439: The polar circles. There is then no civil twilight at the solar culmination , only nautical twilight . During nautical polar twilight, the human eye may distinguish general outlines of ground objects at midday but cannot participate in detailed outdoor operations. Civil twilight happens when the Sun is between 0 and 6° below the horizon, so this phenomenon can also be referred to as civil polar night. Nowhere on mainland Europe

1452-441: The poles. Astronomical twilight happens when the Sun is between twelve and eighteen degrees below the horizon, so this phenomenon can also be referred to as astronomical polar night. Thus, the true polar night is limited to latitudes above roughly 84° 34' North or South, which is exactly 18° within the polar circles, or approximately five and a half degrees from the poles. The only permanent settlement on Earth at these latitudes

1496-418: The preceding syllable. In Yakut, subsequent vowels all take on frontness and all non-low vowels take on lip rounding of preceding syllables' vowels. There are two main rules of vowel harmony: The quality of the diphthongs /ie, ïa, uo, üö/ for the purposes of vowel harmony is determined by the first segment in the diphthong. Taken together, these rules mean that the pattern of subsequent syllables in Yakut

1540-622: The presence of a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin (possibly Paleo-Siberian ). There is also a large number of words of Mongolian origin related to ancient borrowings, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian . Like other Turkic languages and their ancestor Proto-Turkic , Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony . Yakut is a member of the Northeastern Common Turkic family of languages, which also includes Shor , Tuvan and Dolgan . Like most Turkic languages , Yakut has vowel harmony ,

1584-416: The psychological benefits of daylight require relatively high levels of ambient light (up to 10,000  lux ) which are not present in any stage of twilight; thus, the midday twilights experienced anywhere inside the polar circles are still "polar nights" for this purpose. Nautical polar twilight occurs at latitudes between about 72° 34' and 78° 34' North or South, which is exactly 6° to 12° inside

1628-549: The reconstruction of Proto-Turkic , such as the preservation of long vowels. Despite all the aberrant features of Sakha (i.e. Yakut), it is still considered to belong to Common Turkic (in contrast to Chuvash ). Yakut is spoken mainly in the Sakha Republic . It is also used by ethnic Yakuts in Khabarovsk Region and a small diaspora in other parts of the Russian Federation , Turkey , and other parts of

1672-622: The related Goidelic languages ( Irish , Scottish , and Manx ). Debuccalization is also an active phonological process in modern Yakut. Intervocalically the phoneme / s / becomes [ h ] . For example the /s/ in кыыс ( kïïs ) 'girl' becomes [h] between vowels: kïï s girl > > kïï h -ïm girl- POSS . 1SG kïï s > kïï h -ïm girl > girl-POSS.1SG 'girl; daughter' > 'my daughter' Yakut has twenty phonemic vowels: eight short vowels, eight long vowels, and four diphthongs. The following table give broad transcriptions for each vowel phoneme, as well as

1716-640: The south on loose ice floes. Zarya was finally moored close to Brusneva Island in the Tiksi Bay , never to leave the place again. The remaining members of the expedition returned to Saint Petersburg , while Captain Fyodor Matisen went to Yakutsk . Modern Tiksi was founded in 1933; urban-type settlement status was granted to it in 1939. During the Cold War , Tiksi saw military construction projects at Tiksi North and Tiksi West airfields. Since

1760-416: The star (and with no tidal locking between the two) will experience the same phenomenon (a nighttime lasting more than one rotation period). The length of polar night varies by latitude from 24 hours just inside the polar circles to 179 days at the poles. As there are various kinds of twilight , there also exist various kinds of polar twilight that progress towards true polar night. Each kind of polar night

1804-456: The various phases of polar twilight. As in locations experiencing daylight, the middle of the day will typically be the brightest time in locations experiencing polar twilight. For example, a typical day during civil polar twilight in Vadsø, Norway will begin with night, astronomical twilight, nautical twilight, and civil twilight in that order (with each successive phase including more light than

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1848-548: The world. Dolgan , a close relative of Yakut, which formerly was considered by some a dialect of Yakut, is spoken by Dolgans in Krasnoyarsk Region . Yakut is widely used as a lingua franca by other ethnic minorities in the Sakha Republic – more Dolgans , Evenks , Evens and Yukagirs speak Yakut than their own languages. About 8% of the people of other ethnicities than Yakut living in Sakha claimed knowledge of

1892-446: The year despite the extreme changes in daylight; it is worthwhile to note that a factor in this result may be the significant amount of artificial light in Tromsø. A similar study was conducted among men who overwintered at Belgrano II , an Argentine research station in Antarctica . The station is located at 77 degrees south, resulting in a polar night 4 months in length. The study was conducted across 5 different winter campaigns in

1936-658: Was connected only by helicopter flights and winter roads. The closure was harshly criticized by Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev . Following an agreement between the Defense Ministry and the Government of the Sakha Republic in April 2013, the airfield re-opened to passenger traffic in June 2013. In December 2013, President Vladimir Putin announced that the Tiksi airport would be "rehabilitated" along with others beyond

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