16-521: Tilapiinae The Tilapiini (occasionally Tilapini) are a tribe within the family Cichlidae commonly known as tilapiine cichlids . Formerly this tribe contained many other genera and species, including the economically important Oreochromis and Sarotherodon , but a taxonomic review found that this grouping was paraphyletic and most were moved to Coelotilapini , Coptodonini , Heterotilapini , Oreochromini and Pelmatolapiini . Together, most species in these tribes are called " tilapias ". In
32-422: A full-grown grey goral ( Nemorhaedus goral ), to almost 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) long for a musk ox, and from under 30 kg (66 lb) to more than 350 kg (770 lb). Musk oxen in captivity have reached over 650 kg (1,430 lb). The lifestyles of caprids fall into two broad classes: 'resource-defenders', which are territorial and defend a small, food-rich area against other members of
48-485: A high degree of caution. This problem could be alleviated to some extent by using nDNA sequences. Comparing these with the mtDNA data, hybridization effects could be discerned. Also, resolution of nDNA likely is still good enough to delimit the clades that apparently exist in the "tilapiines" if numerous taxa and specimens are sampled. Researchers could then reanalyze morphological data to discover actual autapomorphies . Evolution seems to run quickly in this group. Even
64-492: A mere handful of specimens per taxon —as is often used in molecular studies further acerbates the problem. As discussed below for the example of mouthbreeding , nonmolecular data such as morphology or behavior have also turned out to be extremely prone to homoplasies , not the least due to the small but ongoing gene flow between evolutionarily quite distant gene pools. Essentially, most traditional and mtDNA-based phylogenetic hypothesis for tilapiines must be considered with
80-553: A more distant past, a number of other, more different genera like Steatocranus also were included in Tilapiini. With these as separate, Tilapiini now is a much more restricted tribe with only three genera and about half a dozen species from Central and Southern Africa . The tilapiines were recognised by the ichthyologist Ethylwynn Trewavas . [1] mtDNA-based phylogenies of tilapiines must be evaluated with caution, however, as they are usually close to, but do not represent
96-488: A subfamily within the Bovidae, or a tribe within the subfamily Antilopinae of the family Bovidae, with caprines being a type of bovid. Although most goat-antelopes are gregarious and have fairly stocky builds, they diverge in many other ways – the muskox ( Ovibos moschatus ) is adapted to the extreme cold of the tundra ; the mountain goat ( Oreamnos americanus ) of North America is specialised for very rugged terrain;
112-630: A tribe merely by the presence of one of the standard suffixes: Accordingly, working within animals alone, subfamily -inae , tribe -ini, and subtribe -ina are unique suffixes to their specific taxonomic ranks. At the other extreme, working within algae alone, -eae suffixes class -phyceae , suborder -ineae , family -aceae , subfamily -oideae , and tribe -eae . The longer suffixes themselves suffixed with -eae must first be eliminated before recognizing an unfamiliar -eae designation as belonging to rank tribe. Goat-antelope#Tribe Caprini The subfamily Caprinae , also sometimes referred to as
128-467: Is substratum-spawning behavior, meaning that the fish form pairs, lay the eggs on a rock or into a depression made in the substrate, and then both parents guard the eggs and fry. Tribe (biology) In biology , a tribe is a taxonomic rank above genus , but below family and subfamily . It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes . By convention, all taxa ranked above species are capitalized, including both tribe and subtribe. In zoology ,
144-469: The urial ( Ovis orientalis ) occupies a largely infertile area from Kashmir to Iran , including much desert country. The Armenian mouflon ( Ovis gmelini gmelini ) is thought to be the ancestor of the modern domestic sheep ( Ovis aries ). Many species have become extinct since the last ice age , probably largely because of human interaction. Of the survivors: Members of the group vary considerably in size, from just over 1 m (3 ft) long for
160-399: The fast-evolving mtDNA sequences often are incapable of properly resolving interspecies relationships. The precise evolutionary history of some tilapiines may not be properly resolved with presently available methods, for the reasons discussed above. Like other cichlids, tilapiines exhibit complex reproductive behaviours and guard their eggs and fry. Broadly speaking, the plesiomorphic trait
176-531: The groups, but a continuum varies from the serows at one end of the spectrum to sheep, true goats, and musk oxen at the other. The goat-antelope, or caprid, group is known from as early as the Miocene , when members of the group resembled the modern serow in their general body form. The group did not reach its greatest diversity until the recent ice ages , when many of its members became specialised for marginal, often extreme, environments: mountains, deserts, and
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#1732790256662192-447: The name of a botanical tribe is "-eae". Examples include the tribes Acalypheae and Hyacintheae . The tribe Hyacintheae is divided into subtribes, including the subtribe Massoniinae. The standard ending for the name of a botanical subtribe is "-inae". In bacteriology , the form of tribe names is as in botany, e.g., Pseudomonadeae, based on the genus name Pseudomonas . An unfamiliar taxonomic rank cannot necessarily be identified as
208-672: The same species; and 'grazers', which gather together into herds and roam freely over a larger, usually relatively infertile area. The resource-defenders are the more primitive group: they tend to be smaller, dark in colour, males and females fairly alike, have long, tessellated ears, long manes, and dagger-shaped horns. The grazers (sometimes collectively known as tsoan caprids , from the Hebrew tso'n meaning sheep and goats) evolved more recently. They tend to be larger, highly social, and rather than mark territory with scent glands, they have highly evolved dominance behaviours. No sharp line divides
224-410: The standard ending for the name of a zoological tribe is "-ini". Examples include the tribes Caprini (goat-antelopes), Hominini (hominins), Bombini (bumblebees), and Thunnini (tunas). The tribe Hominini is divided into subtribes by some scientists; subtribe Hominina then comprises "humans". The standard ending for the name of a zoological subtribe is "-ina". In botany , the standard ending for
240-425: The tribe Caprini , is part of the ruminant family Bovidae , and consists of mostly medium-sized bovids . A member of this subfamily is called a caprine . Prominent members include sheep and goats , with some other members referred to as goat antelopes . Some earlier taxonomies considered Caprinae a separate family called Capridae (with the members being caprids), but now it is usually considered either
256-471: The true evolutionary relationships of these fishes. The reason is that hybridization within any one of these major lineages is known to usually produce fertile offspring, and might also do so between the lineages. Gene pools in these fishes have been kept (largely) separate by behavioral cues for millions of years, but reproductive incompatibility has been far slower to evolve, like in many Pseudocrenilabrinae (African cichlids). A small sample size —one to
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