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72-707: The Guild is not like medieval guilds in that the emphasis is on education rather than control of this traditional trade . The Guild is not directly associated with the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America , but works closely with similar organizations. Overseas collaborators have included the Carpenters Fellowship in the U. K., Compagnons du Tour de France in France, and Zimmerman in Germany (a German language site). Originally

144-499: A cathedral , university and archdiocese . A major earthquake on 21 May hit in 1950, and caused damage in more than one third of the city's structures. The Dominican Priory and Church of Santo Domingo, which were built on top of the impressive Qurikancha (Temple of the Sun), were among the affected colonial era buildings. Inca architecture withstood the earthquake. Many of the old Inca walls were at first thought to have been lost after

216-965: A biplane, rocket ship or steam locomotive. Traditional building technologies tend towards a closer relationship of the built environment to an in-practice understanding, interaction and use of natural resources and recycled or salvaged building materials than is common in the practice of modern and contemporary building technologies. For example: a traditional timber framer in search of difficult-to-acquire materials with which to rebuild heritage structures will tend to seek out an understanding of forest management, tree harvest, conversion process and building design and technique. These integrated skills and their supportive knowledge base both in scale and localization are readily adaptable to strategies of sustainable new-build economies. Old buildings and structures were built once, energy and natural resources previously expended, and to adaptively re-use or recycle them often requires an understanding and appreciation of not only how

288-639: A central zone that constitutes the World Heritage Site proper and a buffer zone. One of the characteristics that the Incas achieved with their urban plan in Cusco was the respect for the geographical matrix when building their fabric, since they responded with different design strategies to the rugged topography of the Andean area at 3399 meters above sea level The native language is Quechua , although

360-568: A definite plan in which two rivers were channeled around the city. Archeologists have suggested that this city plan was replicated at other sites. The city fell to the sphere of Huáscar during the Inca Civil War after the death of Huayna Capac in 1528. It was captured by the generals of Atahualpa in April 1532 in the Battle of Quipaipan . Nineteen months later, Spanish explorers invaded

432-419: A formal curriculum which is being revised. The Guild publishes a newsletter for members, a respected journal Timber Framing, and books on the specialized topics of traditional timber framing. The Guild also lists other relevant books, software and a Glossary of timber framing terms. An important record of historic timber frame joints found in the U.S.A. is Historic American Timber Joinery: A Graphic Guide which

504-413: A golden sun emblem, as the central element, symbolizing the city's connection to its Inca heritage. The Anthem of Cusco was composed by Roberto Ojeda Campana with lyrics by Luis Nieto Miranda in 1944. It was officially adopted as the city's anthem and has been sung at public events since then. In 1991, the anthem was translated into Quechua by Faustino Espinoza Navarro and Mario Mejía Waman. The anthem

576-466: A jack-of-all-trades with an understanding of electricity, and knowledgeable with properties and finishes of metals, glass, and optics. As an example of the mix of new and old materials, the art of restoration of mobile residential trailers requires a number of traditional trade skills associated with traditional and contemporary materials in a manner not dissimilar to those hand-work skills and preservation approaches required to restore an historic automobile,

648-472: A list of foods and beverages usually found in a Cusco picantería: Other dishes include chairo , adobo , rocoto relleno , kapchi , lawas or creams made with corn or chuño , and Timpu , a dish originating from Cusco served during Carnival Chiri Uchu is a typical dish of the locality not offered in picanterías, as it is consumed in June during the Cusco festivities of Inti Raymi and, primarily, during

720-423: A particular job is limited to union workers, the union should provide workers with the appropriate skills or else allow an exception for a particular task. A traditional trades practitioner may also be able to recommend experts in related skills, as well as promote good communications among the different disciplines at work on any given project. Basic levels of training in contemporary building and craft skills are

792-625: A prerequisite to specialization in traditional trades work. Individuals with an interest in learning a traditional trade can seek out learning opportunities either through formal vocational programs or through informal mentorship in at-work field practice under the tutelage of a traditional trade practitioner. Family businesses, trade unions, historic preservation businesses, government programs ( National Park Service Historic Preservation Training Center ), college programs, religious and non-profit organizations are areas where an interest to provide education of traditional trade practice can often be found. As

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864-616: A resource to the historic preservation industry provide a physical grounding in feasibility, construction logic, field and site logistics, reference to skilled traditional trades practitioners, estimate and budget considerations. Skilled traditional trades practitioners are generally available to preservationists and property stewards who give themselves a chance to find them. Besides the Internet and verbal networking, information about traditional trades can be found through trade associations and training programs, both private and governmental. If

936-692: A staunch supporter of the Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua , between 1983 and 1995 the Quechua name Qosqo was officially adopted for the city. Tourism in the city was drastically affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru and the 2022–2023 Peruvian protests , with the latter event costing the area 10 million soles daily. Cusco extends throughout the Huatanay (or Watanay) river valley. Located on

1008-669: A year and uses the Cusco Municipal Theater . Among other events, the Imperial City was a venue for the 2004 Copa América , hosting the third-place match between the Colombia and Uruguay national teams. The most popular sport in the city is football (soccer) , with three main clubs. Cienciano participates in the Liga 1 (First Division) and is the only Peruvian club to win an international tournament, winning

1080-585: Is Qusqu . Although the name was used in Southern Quechua , its origin is found in the Aymara language . The word is derived from the phrase qusqu wanka ('rock of the owl'), related to the city's foundation myth of the Ayar siblings. According to this legend, Ayar Awqa ( Ayar Auca ) acquired wings and flew to the site of the future city; there he was transformed into a rock to mark the possession of

1152-600: Is a city in southeastern Peru , near the Sacred Valley of the Andes mountain range and the Huatanay river. It is the capital of the eponymous province and department . The city is the seventh most populous in Peru ; in 2017, it had a population of 428,450. Its elevation is around 3,400 m (11,200 ft). The city was the capital of the Inca Empire until the 16th-century Spanish conquest . In 1983, Cusco

1224-404: Is a popular dish in the city. The local gastronomy presents a diversified array of dishes resulting from the mestizaje and fusion of its pre-Inca , Inca , colonial , and modern traditions. It is a variation of Andean Peruvian cuisine , although it maintains some typical cultural traits of southern Peru. Although the list of typical dishes may vary among individuals, Tapia and García present

1296-542: Is between −8.9 and 30 °C (16.0 and 86.0 °F). Sunshine hours peak in July, the equivalent of January in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, February, the equivalent of August in the Northern Hemisphere, has the least sunshine. In 2006, Cusco was found to be the spot on Earth with the highest average ultraviolet light level. Throughout its history, Cusco has had a marked political importance. During

1368-680: Is considered the most important folkloric institution in the city and was recognized by the Peruvian government as the first folkloric institution in the country and by the regional government as a Living Cultural Heritage of the Cusco region. It is a permanent artistic group of the Decentralized Directorate of Culture of the Cusco Regional Government , created by Directoral Resolution No. 021/INC-Cusco on March 10, 2009. It performs more than 50 concerts

1440-475: Is not only essential to the maintenance of the historic built environment, but also to the preservation of the traditional trade skills and knowledge themselves. In many cases, traditional trade skills and techniques date back centuries. Traditional trades such as carpenters and timber framers; masons, plasterers, lime burners, and brick makers; painters; blacksmiths; and slate, metal, shingle, tile, and thatch roofers, are anecdotally said to be “dying” arts. While it

1512-1096: Is performed in both Spanish and Quechua, reflecting the city's cultural diversity and historical significance. In 2019, the Municipality of Cusco declared the performance of the anthem in Quechua at civic events to be of public interest and historical importance.   Kingdom of Cusco , 1197–1438 [REDACTED] Inca Empire , 1438–1532 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Spain – Habsburg ( Governorate of New Castile and Viceroyalty of Peru ), 1532–1700 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Spain – Bourbon ( Viceroyalty of Peru ), 1700–1808 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Spain – Bonaparte ( Viceroyalty of Peru ), 1808–1813 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Spain – Bourbon ( Viceroyalty of Peru ), 1813–1821 [REDACTED] Protectorate of Peru , 1821–1822 [REDACTED]   Peru , 1822–1836 [REDACTED] Peru–Bolivian Confederation ( Republic of South Peru ), 1836–1839 [REDACTED]   Peru , 1839–present The Killke people occupied

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1584-416: Is related to extractive activities and to food and beverage products, such as beer, carbonated waters, coffee, chocolates, among others. However, the relevant economic activity of its inhabitants is the reception of tourism, with increasingly better infrastructure and services. It is the second city in this country that has and maintains full employment. Tourism has been the backbone to the Cusco economy since

1656-550: Is responsible for hiring the Executive Director. Traditional trades Traditional trades (known also as traditional building trades and preservation trades ) is a loosely defined categorization of building trades who actively practice their craft in respect of historic preservation , heritage conservation, or the conserving and maintenance of the existing built environment . Though traditional trade practitioners may at times be involved in new construction,

1728-417: Is the coldest month with an average of 9.7 °C (49.5 °F). Summer occurs from October through March, with warm temperatures and abundant rainfall; November is the warmest month, averaging 13.3 °C (55.9 °F). Although frost and hail are common, the last reported snowfall was in June 1911. Temperatures usually range from 0.2 to 20.9 °C (32.4 to 69.6 °F), but the all-time temperature range

1800-455: Is true that some techniques of the past are not well enough understood, it is also true that these crafts have been practiced continuously all over the world without dying at all. Traditional trades not only restore and help to maintain buildings, but also stabilize priceless archaeological sites, and in doing so, help us understand the techniques used at places like Cuzco , Stonehenge , and Angkor Wat . Such trades are not solely practiced for

1872-557: The Corpus Christi . It is considered one of the most authentic gastronomic expressions of Cusco as it blends both native flavors of the Andes and those brought by the Spanish conquistadors . It is a cold dish that includes various meats ( cuy , boiled chicken , charqui , morcilla (blood sausage), salchicha (sausage)), potatoes , cheese , corn cake, fish roe, and lake algae. A folkloric institution established in 1924. It

1944-514: The 1990s, during the mayoral administration of Mayor Daniel Estrada Pérez , the city underwent a new process of beautification through the restoration of monuments and the construction of plazas, fountains and monuments. Likewise, thanks to the efforts of this authority, various recognitions were achieved, such as the declaration as "Historical Capital of Peru" contained in the text of the Political Constitution of Peru of 1993. It

2016-843: The Guild was named the Timber Framers Guild of North America but the "North America" was dropped in recognition of the Guild's international presence. Membership in the Guild does not necessarily reflect competency but an interest in construction, learning and/or teaching. Members are not required to practice timber framing. Most members build new timber frames, but many members restore, rehabilitate, preserve and/or study historic timber-framed buildings. The Guild also has institutional members, primarily corporations, and other partners include public agencies, educational institutions, and nonprofit organizations. The philosophies vary widely with some members being innovative and designing buildings of

2088-496: The Inca period, it was the main political center of the region from which the Inca Empire was ruled and where the political and religious elite lived. After its Spanish foundation, it lost prominence due to Francisco Pizarro 's decision to establish the capital of the new territories in the city of Lima because it had close access to the sea and communication with the metropolis. However, Cusco continued to be an important city within

2160-540: The National Design Specification for Wood Construction..." to assist engineers in this design specialty. The Guild has held annual conferences and meetings since the 1980s at locations across North America. It also convenes regional meetings, workshops and community-building projects. The Guild created a training program for apprentices to learn the art and science of traditional timber framing from mentors called journeyworkers. This program uses

2232-684: The Peruvian Aprista Party and Acción Popular, have recorded eventual electoral victories, while those that represent a right-wing political position, such as the Popular Christian Party and Fujimorism itself, have had little presence among the elected authorities. The city had a population of about 348,935 people in 2007 and 428,450 people in 2017 according to INEI . Economic activity in Cuzco includes agriculture, especially maize and native tubers. The local industry

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2304-417: The Quechua pronunciation. In 1976, the city mayor signed an ordinance banning the traditional spelling and ordering the use of a new spelling, Cusco , in municipality publications. Nineteen years later, on 23 June 1990, the local authorities formalized a new spelling more closely related to Quechua, Qosqo , but later administrations have not followed suit. There is no international, official spelling of

2376-757: The Redwoods Savannah College of Art & Design American College of the Building Arts North Bennet Street School Pine Mountain Settlement School Organizations providing trades education resources, and hands-on workshops include: Preservation Trades Network Cuzco Cusco or Cuzco ( Latin American Spanish: [ˈkusko] ; Quechua : Qosqo or Qusqu , both pronounced [ˈqɔsqɔ] )

2448-593: The Santa Clara and San Blas neighborhoods. The Spanish destroyed many Inca buildings, temples and palaces. They used the remaining walls as bases for the construction of a new city, and this stone masonry is still visible. Father Vincente de Valverde became the Bishop of Cusco and built his cathedral facing the plaza . He supported construction of the Dominican Order monastery ( Santo Domingo Convent ) on

2520-617: The Sun ;... studded with gold plates ... surrounded by convents and dormitories for the priests. ... The palaces were numerous and the troops lost no time in plundering them of their contents, as well as despoiling the religious edifices," including the royal mummies in the Coricancha . Pizarro ceremoniously gave Manco Inca the Incan fringe as the new Peruvian leader. Pizarro encouraged some of his men to stay and settle in

2592-399: The building materials and the coordination, education and project management of in-field work teams. Traditional trades are quite often team members with architectural conservators, preservation architects and structural engineers in both the design phase investigation of heritage sites as well as involved directly in the undertaking of the hands-on restoration process. Traditional trades as

2664-482: The capital of the newly established small Neo-Inca State . There his state survived another 36 years but he was never able to return to Cuzco. Throughout the conflict and years of the Spanish colonization of the Americas , many Incas died of smallpox epidemics, as they had no acquired immunity to a disease by then endemic among Europeans. Cusco was built on layers of cultures. The Tawantinsuyu (former Inca Empire )

2736-588: The center of the city preserves many buildings, squares and streets from pre-Columbian times as well as colonial constructions. That is why the city was declared in 1972 as " Cultural Heritage of the Nation " by Supreme Resolution No. 2900-72-ED.In 1983, during the VII session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, it was decided to declare this area as a World Heritage Site by establishing

2808-619: The city after kidnapping and murdering Atahualpa (see Battle of Cuzco ), and gained control. The first three Spaniards arrived in the city in May 1533, after the Battle of Cajamarca , collecting for Atahualpa 's Ransom Room . On 15 November 1533 Francisco Pizarro officially arrived in Cusco. "The capital of the Incas ;... astonished the Spaniards by the beauty of its edifices, the length and regularity of its streets." The great square

2880-462: The city's historical identity. The Coat of arms of Cusco was officially adopted in 1986 and is used by the city, province , and region of Cusco. The coat of arms incorporates elements from both Inca and Spanish heraldry. Historically, the city's arms included a golden castle on a red field with eight condors surrounding it. The modern design, officially adopted in 1986, features the Sol de Echenique ,

2952-583: The city's inhabitants mostly speak Spanish. The Quechua people are the last living descendants of the Inca Empire . Cusco has the following important museums: There are also some museums located at churches, like the Museum and Convent of San Francisco  [ es ] and the Museum of Qoricancha Temple The most common religion in Cusco is Catholicism . As capital to the Inca Empire, Cusco

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3024-399: The city's name. In English-language publications both "s" and "z" can be found. The Oxford Dictionary of English and Merriam-Webster Dictionary prefer "Cuzco", and in scholarly writings "Cuzco" is used more often than "Cusco". The city's international airport code is CUZ , reflecting the earlier Spanish spelling. The official Flag of Cusco consists of seven horizontal stripes in

3096-529: The city, giving out repartimientos , or land grants to do so. Alcaldes were established and regidores on 24 March 1534, which included the brothers Gonzalo Pizarro and Juan Pizarro . Pizarro left a garrison of 90 men and departed for Jauja with Manco Inca. Pizarro renamed it as the "very noble and great city of Cuzco". Buildings often constructed after the Spanish invasion have a mixture of Spanish influence and Inca indigenous architecture , including

3168-402: The colors red, orange, yellow, green, sky blue, blue, and violet, representing the rainbow. This flag was introduced in 1973 by Raúl Montesinos Espejo in celebration of the 25th anniversary of his Tawantinsuyo Radio station. Its popularity led to its official adoption by the Municipality of Cusco in 1978. Since 2021, the flag has also included the golden "Sol de Echenique," a symbol associated with

3240-857: The conservation of monumental heritage sites and can be applied to conserve vernacular sites such as barns. The traditional trades focus on preservation of the knowledge of craft work specific to historic building technologies and traditional/non-traditional building materials. Traditional building materials and traditional trade technologies are commonly associated with a host of materials, but not limited to, stone, brick, terra cotta , adobe , cork, leather, timber and log, bamboo, thatch, slate and metal roofing, fine and vernacular carpentry, ornamental plaster ( scagliola ), stained glass , window and door restoration, wood refinishing, painting, cast iron and wrought iron . In what may at times be considered non-traditional materials are found trades such as chandelier and lighting restoration where you have to be somewhat of

3312-478: The early 2000s, bringing in more than 1.2 million tourists per year. In 2019, Cusco was the region that reached the highest number of tourists in Peru with more than 2.7 million tourists. In 2002, the income Cusco received from tourism was US$ 837 million. In 2009, that number increased to US$ 2.47 billion. Most tourists visiting the city are there to tour the city and the Incan Ruins, especially

3384-550: The earthquake, but the granite retaining walls of the Qurikancha were exposed, as well as those of other ancient structures throughout the city. Restoration work at the Santo Domingo complex exposed the Inca masonry formerly obscured by the superstructure without compromising the integrity of the colonial heritage. Many of the buildings damaged in 1950 had been impacted by an earthquake only nine years previously. In

3456-654: The eastern end of the Knot of Cusco , its elevation is around 3,400 m (11,200 ft). To its north is the Vilcabamba mountain range with 4,000–6,000-meter-high (13,000–20,000-foot) mountains. The highest peak is Salcantay (6,271 meters or 20,574 feet) about 60 kilometers (37 miles) northwest of Cusco. Cusco has a subtropical highland climate ( Köppen Cwb ). It is generally dry and temperate, with two defined seasons. Winter occurs from April through September, with abundant sunshine and occasional nighttime freezes; July

3528-948: The emphasis of the categorization is toward work on existing structures, regardless of their age or their historic value, with a specific interest in replication or conservation of the original results and craft techniques. Traditional building trades commonly include masonry , timber framing , log building , traditional roofing , upholstery , carpentry and joinery , sometimes plumbing , plasterwork , painting , blacksmithing , and ornamental metal working ( Bronze and brass ). In addition to "hands-on" skills and knowledge of building processes, traditional trade practitioners incorporate knowledge of historic preservation, materials science, historic architecture, and procuring replacement materials. Contemporary practitioners of traditional trades must also avail themselves of modern technologies, current materials science, and 21st century construction project management. The work performed by these practitioners

3600-468: The empire in order to own land for his family to keep after his death. According to Inca legend, the city was rebuilt by Sapa Inca Pachacuti , the man who transformed the Kingdom of Cusco from a sleepy city-state into the vast empire of Tawantinsuyu . Archeological evidence, however, points to a slower, more organic growth of the city beginning before Pachacuti. The city was constructed according to

3672-453: The future, some use computer-controlled machinery to cut frames, some work only with traditional hand-powered tools. Some members use metal connectors rather than traditional wooden joinery. The TTRAG group produced survey guidelines for recording historic timber-framed buildings. The TFEC has developed a Standard for the Design of Timber Framed Structures as a "...supplement to provisions of

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3744-485: The help of the four women, made a house. Having done this, Manco Capac and his companion, with the four women, planted some land with maize. It is said that they took the maize from the cave, which this lord Manco Capac named Pacaritambo , which means those of origin because...they came out of that cave. The Spanish conquistadors (Spanish soldiers) adopted the local name, transcribing it according to Spanish phonetics as Cuzco or, less often, Cozco . Cuzco

3816-623: The individual increases in skill, learning will come from study, from workshops, from travel and personal contacts, and from clues found in the work itself. Some individual tradespeople provide training opportunities for their fellow tradespeople without a close association with the larger educational institutions. Individuals providing trades training include: John Leeke's Historic HomeWorks Steve Quillian, Historic Homes Workshop Amy McAuley, Oculus Kelsie Gray Institutions providing trades education programs include: The Preservation Education Institute Belmont Tech College of

3888-492: The land by his ayllu ("lineage"): Then Ayar Oche stood up, displayed a pair of large wings, and said he should be the one to stay at Guanacaure as an idol in order to speak with their father the Sun. Then they went up on top of the hill. Now at the site where he was to remain as an idol, Ayar Oche raised up in flight toward the heavens so high that they could not see him. He returned and told Ayar Manco that from then on he

3960-473: The older materials with which they were built work together in a structure, but a need to understand the techniques by which these materials were originally worked, and an understanding of how they can most optimally be worked now. As opposed to an emphasis on materials science (as with an architectural conservator ) the primary orientation of a traditional trade practitioner tends toward the in-process work activity and physical interaction and intervention with

4032-637: The region from 900 to 1200 CE, prior to the arrival of the Inca in the 13th century. Carbon-14 dating of Saksaywaman , the walled complex outside Cusco, established that Killke constructed the fortress about 1100 CE. The Inca later expanded and occupied the complex in the 13th century. In March 2008, archeologists discovered the ruins of an ancient temple, roadway and aqueduct system at Saksaywaman. The temple covers some 2,700 square feet (250 square meters) and contains 11 rooms thought to have held idols and mummies, establishing its religious purpose. Together with

4104-425: The republic, Cusco's political role languished due to its isolation from the capital, coastline, and trade routes of the 19th and 20th centuries. However, it maintained its status as the main city in southern Peru, although subordinated to the importance that Arequipa was gaining, better connected with the rest of the country. Cusco has always remained the capital of the department of Cusco Politically, according to

4176-698: The results of elections held in the second half of the 20th century, Cusco has been a stronghold of leftist parties in Peru. In the 1970s and 1980s, the socialist leader Daniel Estrada Pérez brought together this political tendency under the banner of the United Left alliance. Since his death, Cusco has been a major city for parties such as the Peruvian Nationalist Party and the Broad Front for Justice, Life and Liberty, as well as regional movements. Traditional Peruvian parties, such as

4248-404: The results of excavations in 2007, when another temple was found at the edge of the fortress, this indicates a longtime religious as well as military use of the facility. Cusco was long an important center of indigenous people. It was the capital of the Inca Empire (13th century – 1532). Many believe that the city was planned as an effigy in the shape of a puma , a sacred animal. How Cusco

4320-709: The ruins of the Corichanca, House of the Sun, and a convent at the former site of the House of the Virgins of the Sun. During the Siege of Cuzco of 1536 by Manco Inca Yupanqui , a leader of the Sapa Inca , he took control of the city from the Spanish. Although the siege lasted 10 months, it was ultimately unsuccessful. Manco's forces were able to reclaim the city for only a few days. He eventually retreated to Vilcabamba ,

4392-662: The top destination, Machu Picchu , which is one of the New Seven Modern Wonders of the World. In order to keep up with tourist demand, the city is constructing a new airport in Chinchero known as Chinchero International Airport . Its main purpose is for tourists to bypass lay overs through Lima and connect the city to Europe and North America. It will replace the old airport, Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport . Due to its antiquity and significance,

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4464-535: The viceregal political scheme to the point of being the first city in the entire Viceroyalty to have a bishop. Its participation in the trade routes during the viceroyalty guaranteed its political importance as it remained the capital of the corregimiento established in these territories and, later, of the Intendancy of Cusco and, towards the end of the viceroyalty, of the Royal Audience of Cusco. During

4536-434: Was also decided to change the coat of arms of Cusco, leaving aside the colonial coat of arms and adopting the " Sol de Echenique " as the new coat of arms. Additionally, the change of the official name of the city was proposed to adopt the Quechua word Qosqo , but this change was reversed a few years later. Currently, Cusco is the most important tourist destination in Peru. Under the administration of mayor Daniel Estrada Pérez,

4608-407: Was an important agricultural region. It was a natural reserve for thousands of native Peruvian species, including around 3,000 varieties of potato cultivated by the people. Fusion and neo-Andean restaurants developed in Cusco, in which the cuisine is prepared with modern techniques and incorporates a blend of traditional Andean and international ingredients. Cuy (guinea pig), a native animal in Cusco,

4680-488: Was built on Killke structures. The Spanish replaced indigenous temples with Catholic churches, and Inca palaces with mansions for the invaders. Cusco was the center for the Spanish colonization and spread of Christianity in the Andean world. It became very prosperous thanks to agriculture, cattle raising and mining, as well as its trade with Spain . The Spanish colonists constructed many churches and convents , as well as

4752-544: Was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO with the title " City of Cusco ". It has become a major tourist destination, hosting over 2 million visitors a year and providing passage to numerous Incan ruins, such as Machu Picchu , one of the Seven modern wonders of the world and others. The Constitution of Peru (1993) designates the city as the Historical Capital of Peru. The indigenous name of this city

4824-591: Was partially funded by a grant from National Park Service and the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training and thus are available for free download. This guide is expanding as new types of joints are found and recorded. An online, public forum is managed for anyone to search for past discussions or ask questions. The Guild is led by a volunteer Board which is elected by the membership. The Board of Directors consists of 12 positions, including President, Vice President, Clerk and Treasurer. The Board

4896-407: Was required to build a house in the city and live part of the year in Cusco, restricted to the quarter that corresponded to the quarter in which he held territory. After the rule of Pachacuti , when an Inca died, his title went to one son and his property was given to a corporation controlled by his other relatives ( split inheritance ). Each title holder had to build a new house and add new lands to

4968-403: Was specifically built, or how its large stones were quarried and transported to the site remain undetermined. Under the Inca, the city had two sectors: the hurin and hanan . Each was divided to encompass two of the four provinces, Chinchasuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Kuntisuyu (SW) and Qullasuyu (SE). A road led from each quarter to the corresponding quarter of the empire. Each local leader

5040-465: Was surrounded by several palaces, since "each sovereign built a new palace for himself." "The delicacy of the stone work excelled" that of the Spaniards'. The fortress had three parapets and was composed of "heavy masses of rock". "Through the heart of the capital ran a river ... faced with stone. ... The most sumptuous edifice in Cuzco ;... was undoubtedly the great temple dedicated to

5112-467: Was the standard spelling on official documents and chronicles in colonial times, though Cusco was also used. Cuzco , pronounced as in 16th-century Spanish, seems to have been a close approximation to the Cusco Quechua pronunciation of the name at the time. As both Spanish and Quechua pronunciation have evolved since then, the Spanish pronunciation of 'z' is no longer universally close to

5184-421: Was to be named Manco Capac . Ayar Oche came from where the Sun was and the Sun had ordered that Ayar Manco take that name and go to the town that they had seen. After this had been stated by the idol, Ayar Oche turned into a stone, just as he was, with his wings. Later Manco Capac went down with Ayar Auca to their settlement...he liked the place now occupied in this city Cuzco. Manco Capac and his companion, with

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