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57-595: Timočani settled in the Balkans in the 6-7th century in the former Dacia Ripensis province and became later subjects of the Avar Khaganate . It is considered that with the arrival of the Bulgars in the 7th century came under Bulgarian suzerainty, but for a good period of time between the mid-8th and early 9th century local Slavs lived in anarchy until around 805 when the area was reconquered and reimposed control of

114-481: A comes rei militaris , who was directly under the control of the magister militum and was in charge of the duces who had the military command of individual provinces. Many modern scholars date the introduction of the dioceses to AD 296–297. A passage of Lactantius , who was hostile to Diocletian because of his persecution of the Christians , seems to indicate the existence of vicarii praefectorum in

171-791: A boat campaign on the Drava in 827 and invade the lands of the Timočani at Sirmium , successfully imposing Bulgar rule again and appointing local governors. Their name derives from the Timok River. Today, "Timočani" can be used as an informal name for the inhabitants of the Timok Valley in Serbia. This article about an ethnic group in Europe is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to History of Serbia

228-580: A process of trial-and-error, was the 'regionalisation' of the Praetorian prefecture . Hitherto, one or two Praetorian prefects had served as chief minister for the whole empire, with military, judicial, and fiscal responsibilities. The political centralisation under Constantine, which culminated in the reunification of the whole empire under his rule, resulted in an "administrative decentralisation." A single emperor could not control everything, so between 326 and 337, Constantine progressively transformed

285-596: A result of the establishment of the first themes (military districts governed by a strategos with military and civilian authority) and the invasions of the Arabs and Slavs, the Praetorian Prefectures of the East and of Illyricum disappeared. The last certain attestation of a Praetorian Prefect of the East is in 629, while Illyricum survived to the end of the 7th century, but without any effective power since

342-591: A well-defined and stable territory. Septimius Valentio in particular was definitely the commander of the Praetorian Guard during a period when the Praetorian Prefect was absent from the city, but was not in charge of Italia Suburbicaria . According to Zuckerman, the establishment of the dioceses should instead be dated to around AD 313/14, after the annexation of Armenia into the Roman empire and

399-471: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Bulgaria -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dacia Ripensis Dacia Ripensis ( lit.   ' riparian Dacia ' ) was the name of a Roman province in the northern Balkan peninsula , immediately south of the Middle Danube . Its capital was Ratiaria (modern Archar , Bulgaria ). It

456-482: Is considered by some scholars to have been the first vicar of the Diocese of the East that we know of. Lactantius also mentions one Sossianus Hierocles as an ex vicario active in the East in this period. Septimius Valentio is also attested as agens vices praefectorum praetorio of Rome between 293 and 296. However, these sources do not prove that these vicarii or agentes vices were already in charge of dioceses with

513-701: The Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima as a regional primacy with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over all provinces of the Diocese of Dacia , including the province of Dacia Ripensis . It is unclear whether Aurelian or the Emperor Diocletian replaced Dacia Aureliana with two provinces, but by 285, there were two – Dacia Mediterranea with its capital at Serdica and Dacia Ripensis, with its capital at Ratiaria. Later, these two "Dacias" along with Dardania , Lower Moesia , and Prevalitana constituted

570-824: The Bulgar Khanate under Khan Krum . In the beginning of the 9th century they were also attacked from the West by the Serbs . In 818 during the rule of Omurtag of Bulgaria (814-836) they, together with other border tribes of the First Bulgarian Empire, revolted because of an administrative reform of centralization that deprived them of much of their local authority. They left the Bulgarian society (association, alliance), and together with other Slavic tribes, searched protection from Holy Roman Emperor Louis

627-526: The Diocese of Dacia . Ratiaria was established as the capital of Dacia Ripensis (it was previously a colony founded by Trajan located within Moesia Superior ) and served both as the seat of the military governor (or dux ) and as the military base for the Roman legion XIII Gemina . According to Priscus , Dacia Ripensis was a flourishing province during the 4th and 5th centuries AD. During

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684-577: The Diocese of Moesiae after the empire was divided into dioeceses during the reign of Constantine the Great ( r.  306–337 ), but by the time of the Notitia Dignitatum they were part of the Diocese of Thrace . According to the Notitia , Dacia Ripensis was governed by a praeses , while the governor of Dacia Mediterranea was a more senior consularis . Dacia Ripensis was under

741-707: The Gothic War . The whole territory of the Empire in Africa, which had been the Diocese of Africa in the 4th and 5th centuries, was thus promoted to the rank of Prefecture. It was not divided into dioceses. It is unlikely that the Praetorian Prefecture of Italia was subdivided into two vicariates again in the Byzantine period. The authority of the two Italian vicars was definitely much reduced compared to

798-510: The Late Roman Empire , usually dated 284 AD to 641 AD, the regional governance district known as the Roman or civil diocese was made up of a grouping of provinces each headed by a Vicarius , who were the representatives of praetorian prefects (who governed directly the dioceses they were resident in). There were initially twelve dioceses, rising to fourteen by the end of the 4th century. The term diocese comes from

855-519: The Latin : dioecēsis , which derives from the ‹See Tfd› Greek : dioíkēsis ( διοίκησις ) meaning "administration", "management", "assize district", or "group of provinces". Two major reforms to the administrative divisions of the empire were undertaken during the Tetrarchy . The first of these was the multiplication of the number of provinces , which had remained largely unchanged since

912-784: The Long Walls was created in Thrace by Anastasius I (491-518). Around the end of the 5th century, the majority of the dioceses of the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist, following the establishment of the Barbarian kingdoms . There is no evidence that the Franks and Burgundians maintained the Roman provincial system; the Visigoths and Vandals did maintain the provinces (governed by rectores or iudices ), but not

969-478: The Praetorian Prefect of Gaul . In fact, according to Jones, the diocese in which each Praetorian Prefect was based was generally under their direct control, except for the Diocese of Thrace , which was administered by a vicarius Thraciarum even though the Praetorian Prefect of the East had his seat in the diocese. The title of vicar was used in all provinces except for the Diocese of the East, which

1026-544: The themes until the second half of the 9th century. The vicarius was a high official appointed by the Emperor and accountable only to him. The position was held by equites who were given the rank of perfectissimus (before the egregii and after the eminentissimi ). Thus, in rank, the vicars were inferior to the governors of the senatorial provinces (the consulares ), although they had to exercise political authority over them. René Rémond suggests that this paradox

1083-544: The vicarius Italiae respectively. Italia Suburbicaria and Italia Annonaria were not de jure dioceses, but vicariates within a single Italian diocese, as the Laterculus Veronensis and the Notitia Dignitatum show. Constantine I also divided the diocese of Moesia into the dioceses of Dacia and Macedonia in 327. Under Emperor Valens (364-378), the Diocese of Egypt was split out of

1140-464: The 'ministerial' Praetorian Prefect into a 'regional' Prefect, in charge of a specific territory which contained several dioceses and was called a 'Praetorian Prefecture' ( praefectura praetorio ). These Praetorian Prefects had authority over the Vicars and Provincial Governors. Paul Petit argues that the dioceses "themselves prefigured to some degree" the regional praetorian prefectures. Thus,

1197-399: The 5th century. The successors of Justinian continued his policy of concentrating civilian and military power in the hands of a single individual. Maurice (582-602) transformed the old Prefectures of Italia and Africa into Exarchates governed by an Exarch , who held both civilian and military authority. The vicars and other civilian officials seem to have lost most of their importance to

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1254-522: The City when the Praetorian Prefect was absent since the Severan period , into the civil vicar of Italia Suburbicaria , as part of his demilitarisation of the city after his victory over Maxentius . Thus, under Constantine, the diocese of Italia was split into the two vicariates of Italia Suburbicaria in the south and Italia Annonaria in the north, under the administration of the vicarius urbis Romae and

1311-576: The Diocese of the East. The Notitia Dignitatum indicates that at some point, the Diocese of Gaul was suppressed and incorporated into the diocese of the Septem Provinciae . According to the Notitia Dignitatum , the dioceses of Dacia and Illyricum did not have vicars, but were governed by the Praetorian Prefect of Illyricum directly. Before its suppression, the Diocese of Gaul also seems to have been directly administered by

1368-613: The Gauls, which was promoted to the rank of Prefecture with a capital at Arelate two years later. This Praetorian Prefecture was abolished in 536, during the reign of Vitiges , after the cession of Provence to the Franks. The rationale behind Odoacer and Theoderic's maintenance of the Roman provincial system was that they were officially viceroys of the Roman emperor in Constantinople, for whom Italia nominally continued to form part of

1425-547: The Pious in the same year, meeting him at his court at Herstal . However, they also joined the rebellion of Lower Pannonian Duke Ljudevit against the Franks. Many Timochans fled to Transdanubia, later becoming part of the Lower Pannonian Principality . Omurtag decided to settle the matter by means of diplomacy in 824-826, though his letters were not replied to by Louis. This prompted Omurtag to undertake

1482-519: The Praetorian Prefects) or simply Vicar ( vicarius ), under the Praetorian prefect , although some provinces were governed directly by the Praetorian Prefect. These vicars had previously been ad hoc representatives of the prefects, but they were now made into permanent, regularised positions. The vicar controlled the provincial governors (variously titled as consulares , correctores , praesides ) and heard appeals of cases decided at

1539-600: The Praetorian prefect of the East. The Prefect of Egypt, formerly in charge of the whole diocese, was renamed the dux augustalis , and left with control over only the provinces of Aegyptus I and Aegyptus II. Essentially, the modifications to the provincial system carried out by Justinian were motivated by the desire to end the conflict between civilian and military officials, and thus moved away from Diocletian's principle of completely separating civilian and military power. In this, according to J. B. Bury , Justinian anticipated

1596-403: The Roman empire. The civilian offices, including the vicars, praesides , and Praetorian Prefects, continued to be filled with Roman citizens, while Barbarians without citizenship were barred from holding them. According to Cassiodorus , however, the authority of the vicarius urbis Romae was diminished: in the 4th century, he no longer controlled the ten provinces of Italia Suburbicaria, but only

1653-574: The Treasury and Crown Estate officials but could not meddle in their routine business. The offices of the three regional ministries were located in the same towns or cities: this facilitated the work of the diocesan staffs which was to audit and process the huge amounts of fiscal and judicial work from the provincial level before being sent to the prefectures. He was tasked with regulating and controlling governors; exacting compliance from any officials he had partial or whole authority over in cooperation with

1710-477: The authority of the Comes Orientis in this period. Furthermore, it seems from the fact that a Vicar of Thrace is again attested in 576, it also seems that the diocese of Thrace was revived at some point - perhaps even under Justinian. When Africa and Italia were reconquered, Justinian established Praetorian prefecture of Africa , while the Praetorian Prefecture of Italia returned to Imperial hands after

1767-708: The authority of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum . Dacia Ripensis flourished in the mid-4th century, and some forts on the northern bank of the Danube were recovered by the Romans. In the 5th century Priscus described Ratiaria as large and densely populated. In the 6th century, Hierocles 's Late Greek Synecdemus identifies Ratiera as the principal city of the province, calling the province Δακία Παραποτάμια , Dakía Parapotámia , 'Dacia-by-the-river', though Procopius referred to it as Ῥιπησία , Rhipēsía . In 535, emperor Justinian I (527-565) created

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1824-452: The collection of taxes, intervened in military affairs in order to fortify the borders, and judged appeals. They were not under the control of the Praetorian Prefect, but only to the Emperor himself. Appeals of their legal decisions went straight to the emperor. In as much as they were responsible for the integrity of the global diocesan budgets drawn up by the prefectures, they were in 328-329 AD given oversight powers and appeal authority over

1881-475: The creation of the praetorian prefectures reduced the utility of the dioceses. The direct link between the prefects and the governors bypassed the Vicars and caused their power to decline; they increasingly became agents carrying out the will of the Praetorian Prefects. However, despite their decreased importance, the vicars played an important role in the court hierarchy - Constantine raised them to

1938-518: The damage from these taxes was unbearable. Thus Lactantius refers to the vicarii praefectorum as being active already in Diocletian's time. Other sources from Diocletian's reign mention one Aurelius Agricolanus who was an agens vices praefectorum praetorio active in Hispania and condemned a centurion named Marcellus to be executed for his Christianity, as well as an Aemilianus Rusticianus, who

1995-465: The dioceses or prefectures. In Italia, Odoacer and then the Ostrogothic kings, particularly Theoderic , basically retained the Roman provincial system, including the Praetorian Prefecture of Italia and the two vicariates of Italia Annonaria and Italia Suburbicaria, as well as the various provinces that they contained. When Theoderic conquered Provence in 508, he also re-established a Diocese of

2052-645: The early 440s, however, the Huns captured the province (prior to this, there were conflicts between the Romans and the Huns whereby the latter group captured Castra Martis through treacherous means ). Even though the province recovered briefly from Hunnic rule, it was eventually decimated by the Avars in 586. On a more specific note, Aurelian developed Dacia Ripensis on a stretch of the Danube specifically between Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior . Roman diocese In

2109-773: The efficiency of provisioning troops garrisoned in Thrace, a new prefecture was introduced, the Prefecture of the Islands , which was governed by a quaestor exercitus (Quaestor of the army) based in Odessa . This prefecture contained the provinces of Moesia II , Scythia Minor, Insulae (the Cyclades ), Caria , and Cyprus . In 539, Justinian also abolished the diocese of Egypt, splitting it into five independent circumscriptions (groups of provinces) governed by duces with civilian and military authority, who were direct subordinates of

2166-588: The exarchs and their subordinates, but did not disappear until the middle of the 7th century AD. After 557, there is no record of vicarii in Italia, but two agentes vices of the Praetorian Prefect of Italia with their seats in Genova and Rome are mentioned in Pope Gregory I 's letters. These Italian agentes vices are no longer attested after the first half of the seventh century. In the seventh century, as

2223-514: The introduction of the themes in the 7th century. Morevoer, by abolishing the dioceses, Justinian attempted to simplify the bureaucracy and simultaneously decrease the state's expenses, noting that the vicars had become superfluous, since their courts of appeal were used ever less frequently and the provincial governors could be directly controlled by the Praetorian Prefect, by means of the so-called tractatores . Some of Justinian's decisions were subsequently revisited. In fact, thirteen years after

2280-418: The jurisdiction of a biocolytes (preventor of violence), in order to maintain order in the region. The jurisdiction of this official was reduced to just Lycaonia and Lydia in 553, since the other three provinces had been pacified. Novel 157 of AD 542, concerning Osroene and Mesopotamia is addressed to the Comes Orientis , suggesting that the northern part of the former diocese of the East remained under

2337-512: The land within forty miles of the City of Rome. In 535–536, Justinian decided to abolish the dioceses of the East , Asia , and Pontus ; their vicars were demoted to simple provincial governors. For example, the comes Orientis (count of the East) became the title of the governor of Syria I , while the vicars of Asia and Pontus became governors of Phrygia Pacatiana and Galatia I respectively, with

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2394-645: The majority of the Balkans, aside from Thessaloniki , had fallen under the Slavs. Thus the Prefect of Illyricum was renamed the Praetorian Prefect of Thessaloniki. In the same period, the dioceses of Dacia and Macedonia finally disappeared as a result of the loss of almost all their territory. However, the Taktikon Uspenskij which was written at the beginning of the 9th century, mentions a Praetorian Prefect of Constantinople and Proconsuls ( anthypatoi ) of

2451-661: The meeting of Constantine and Licinius in Mediolanum . The matter remains controversial. From 310, Constantine I was one of the Augusti of the Empire and from 324 he was the sole ruler of the whole state. During his reign, he carried out many crucial reforms creating the administrative and military organization of the empire which would last until the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The principal territorial reform undertaken by Constantine, as part of

2508-497: The northern bank of the river, and created the two new "Dacias" between the existing provinces of Moesia Prima (upstream) and Moesia Secunda (downstream). The northern part of Aurelian's Dacia Aureliana is attested as "Dacia Ripensis" in 343/4. The southern part, with its capital at Serdica (modern Sofia ) was known as Dacia Mediterranea. According to the Laterculus Veronensis , both provinces were part of

2565-403: The provincial level (parties could decide whether to appeal to the vicar or the praetorian prefect). The provinces governed by proconsuls ( Africa and Asia ) remained outside the vicars' jurisdiction,. as did the cities of Rome and Constantinople, which were governed by a Praefectus urbi instead. The vicars had no military powers. Troops stationed in the dioceses fell under the command of

2622-410: The rank of clarissimi (between the consulares and the proconsulares ). The other reason for the weakening of the vicars was the regular dispatch of comites , who outranked the vicars and probably had the role of inspecting their conduct. It was probably Constantine in 312 who transformed the agens vices prefectorum praetorio of Rome, which had been the commander of the troops stationed in

2679-421: The reforms of 535, in 548, Justinian decided to re-establish the diocese of Pontus due to serious internal problems. The vicar of Pontus was also given military powers, in order to effectively oppose the brigands that infested the region. In the same period, five provinces of the former diocese of Asia which had become infested with brigands ( Lycaonia , Pisidia , Lydia , and the two Phrygiae ), were placed under

2736-477: The regional officials of the respective jurisdictions; processing huge amounts of judicial and fiscal information before being sent up prefecture. The additional authority truly made vicars mini-prefects. The position went into decline from the first decades of the 5th century as the emperors switches back to the two tier prefect-governor arrangement rather than the 3 level with the diocese as regional level as fiscal officials for central headquarters became stationed in

2793-435: The same time, the status of the provinces was regularized. Egypt lost its unique status and was divided into three provinces, while Italia was 'provincialized' - the numbered regiones established by Augustus received names and were governed by correctores . The distinction between senatorial and imperial provinces was abolished and henceforth all governors were appointed by the Emperor. In order to compensate for

2850-426: The themes, which suggests that the Praetorian Prefecture of the East continued to exist even though it had lost most of its earlier powers and had only a few judicial functions. If the dioceses lost their fiscal functions during the 6th and 7th centuries, it may be that they were replaced by new groupings of provinces under the judicial administration of a Proconsul ( anthypatos ). The provinces continued to exist under

2907-411: The time of Augustus , from 48 at the beginning of Diocletian 's reign to around a hundred by the time of his abdication. The multiplication of the provinces was probably undertaken for military, financial, and economic reasons. It brought the governor closer to the cities which were responsible for the collection of taxes. It also limited the power of the governors and the autonomy of the cities. At

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2964-456: The time of Diocletian: And so that everything would be filled with terror, the provinces were also sliced to bits; many governors and more offices brooded over individual regions and almost every city, as well as many rationales , magistri , and vicarii praefectorum , all of whose civil acts were exceedingly rare, but whose condemnations and proscriptions were common, whose exactions of innumerable taxes were not so much frequent as constant, and

3021-469: The title of Comes Iustinianus and civilian and military powers. In May 535, Justinian abolished the vicariates of Thrace and the Long Walls, in order to improve the defence of the Long Walls by ending the continuous conflicts between the two vicars. He entrusted the administration of the diocese of Thrace to a praetor Iustinianus with civilian and military powers. A year later, in order to improve

3078-486: The weakening of the provinces and to maintain the link between the Imperial centre and the individual provinces, the dioceses were created as a new territorial subdivision above the level of the province. The empire was divided into twelve dioceses. The largest of these, the Diocese of the East , encompassed sixteen provinces . Each diocese was governed by an agens vices praefectorum praetorio (Acting Representatives of

3135-477: Was a district less urban than neighbouring Dacia Mediterranea and more militarized; "military camps and forts, rather than cities, were typical of the province". Besides Ratiaria, Oescus was the major settlement. Dacia Ripensis was one of the "Two Dacias" established south of the Danube in the late 3rd century. The Roman emperor Aurelian ( r.  270–275 ) abandoned the province of Roman Dacia established by Trajan ( r.  98–117 ) in 106 AD on

3192-443: Was governed by a comes Orientis and Egypt, which continued to be governed by a Prefect . The successors of Theodosius I made few changes to the administrative subdivisions of the Empire. A few provinces were further subdivided. For example, the provinces of Epirus , Galatia , Palestina , and Thebais were split in two. At the beginning of the 6th century, the province of Aegyptus was also split in two. A separate Vicariate of

3249-417: Was resolved by promoting vicars whose dioceses contained provinces with senatorial governors to the rank of clarissimus , but there is no evidence for this. Constantine the Great raised them to the senatorial rank of clarissimus in 324-325. Initially, the powers of the vicars were considerable: they controlled and monitored the governors (aside from the proconsuls who governed Asia and Africa), administered

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