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21-648: The Serbian name is derived from the hydronym Timok and krajina ("frontier, march "), named such due to its location and history as a borderland. It was introduced in the Interwar period as denoting the Timok confluence with the Negotin Valley and Ključ , which are part of the Timok Valley. The term has no historical or geographical basis. In Romanian , the term "Timoc Valley" ( Valea Timocului )

42-595: A humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfa ), bordering on a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ). Early Bronze Age pottery of the Kostolac-Kocofeni culture has been found throughout the region. During the Roman era, the area was administratively part of the Dacia Ripensis . During emperor Justinian's reign there were numerous fortifications in

63-547: A hypothetical new language for the Vlachs. Both Serbs and Vlachs are Eastern Orthodox by denomination. There is currently controversy regarding the ethnic identification of the Vlach community and whether they are Romanians or not. 44°00′N 22°10′E  /  44.000°N 22.167°E  / 44.000; 22.167 Hydronym A hydronym (from Greek : ὕδρω , hydrō , "water" and ὄνομα , onoma , "name")

84-464: A river-name pattern against which to fit the story of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain and pockets of surviving native British culture. His river map of Britain divided the island into three principal areas of English settlement: the river valleys draining eastward in which surviving British names are limited to the largest rivers and Saxon settlement was early and dense; the highland spine; and

105-421: A single variety. The Banat dialect was considered separately by Heimann Tiktin , Gustav Weigand , Sextil Pușcariu (in his latter studies), Emil Petrovici , Romulus Todoran , Ion Coteanu , Alexandru Philippide , Iorgu Iordan , and others. The dialect is spoken in southwestern Romania, in the following counties : Caraș-Severin , Timiș , the southern part of Arad , and the southern part of Hunedoara . It

126-644: A third region whose British hydronyms apply even to the smaller streams. Banat Romanian dialect The Banat dialect ( subdialectul / graiul bănățean ) is one of the dialects of the Romanian language (Daco-Romanian). Its geographic distribution extends over the Romanian Banat and parts of the Serbian Banat, but also in parts of the Timok Valley of Serbia. The Banat dialect

147-622: Is a member of the northern grouping of Romanian dialects, along with the Moldavian dialect and the group of Transylvanian varieties . Features of the Banat dialect are found in southern dialects of Romanian: Aromanian , Megleno-Romanian , and Istro-Romanian . The Banat dialect has been long classified separately from the Transylvanian varieties, but in early studies such as those by Mozes Gaster these were sometimes grouped together as

168-433: Is a type of toponym that designates a proper name of a body of water . Hydronyms include the proper names of rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, swamps and marshes, seas and oceans. As a subset of toponymy , a distinctive discipline of hydronymy (or hydronomastics ) studies the proper names of all bodies of water, the origins and meanings of those names, and their development and transmission through history. Within

189-636: Is also spoken in the Serbian Banat and in the Timok Valley of Serbia. A transition area towards the Wallachian dialect is found in the northwestern of Oltenia , in the counties of Gorj and Mehedinți . Mixtures with the southern and central Transylvanian varieties are found in northeastern parts of Banat, where such a transition area is in the Hațeg Country and another one extends towards southern Crișana . The Banat dialect differs from

210-718: Is used for the area inhabited by the Romanian-speaking Vlachs . "Tribalia" is also used in Romanian. The region was sometimes known as Podunavia in Medieval times. The Timok Valley roughly corresponds to the Bor and Zaječar districts of Serbia. It includes six municipalities and two cities : The largest city in the region is Zaječar , and therefore functions as its cultural, urban, and economic centre. It consists of four municipalities: Stari grad (old parts of

231-679: The Israel / Jordan area contain the Egyptian word for river ( itrw , transliterated in the Bible as ye'or ). It is also possible for a toponym to become a hydronym: for example, the River Liffey takes its name from the plain on which it stands, called Liphe or Life ; the river originally was called An Ruirthech . An unusual example is the River Cam , which originally

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252-685: The Mekong in southeast Asia . (The Tibetan name is used for three other rivers as well.) Hydronyms from various languages may all share a common etymology . For example, the Danube , Don , Dniester , Dnieper , and Donets rivers all contain the Scythian name for "river" (cf. don , "river, water" in modern Ossetic ). A similar suggestion is that the Yarden , Yarkon , and Yarmouk (and possibly, with distortion, Yabbok and/or Arnon ) rivers in

273-464: The onomastic classification, main types of hydronyms are (in alphabetical order): Often a given body of water will have several entirely different names given to it by different peoples living along its shores. For example, Tibetan : རྫ་ཆུ , Wylie : rDza chu , ZYPY : Za qu and Thai : แม่น้ำโขง [mɛ̂ː náːm kʰǒːŋ] are the Tibetan and Thai names, respectively, for the same river,

294-617: The Bor and Zaječar Districts (which together had 284,112 inhabitants), there were 85,58% Serbs, 8,31% Vlachs and 0,96% Romani . The Serb community traditionally speak the Kosovo–Resava dialect in the north and the Prizren-Timok dialect in the south; however, Standard Serbian is used in formal communication. The Vlachs speak a variety of two dialects ( Banat and Oltenian dialects) of the Romanian language, which awaits standardization into

315-838: The area became a frontier towards the Ottoman Empire . A peasant uprising took place in 1883 in the Timok Valley, in Eastern Serbia, known as the Timok Rebellion . The peasant movement of 1883 resulted from economic, political and social factors. Between 1918 and 1922, two districts of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes existed in the area – Krajina District, with seat in Negotin , and Timok District with seat in Zaječar . In 1922, these two districts were merged into

336-568: The area. Notable Roman sites include Timacum Minus , Trajan's Bridge , Diana Fortress , and others. The Bulgarian ruler Ivan Stratsimir (Vidin principate) and Wallachian Voivode Mircea the Elder controlled the territory of Podunavia until the Ottoman conquest in the 14th century. Several settlements in the region received Habsburg monarchy frontier status after the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718);

357-404: The city: Vlačić, Kraljevica, Karađorđev venac, Šljivarsko brdo, Lubničko brdo, Oskoruša , Pazaršte, Zvezdan, Podliv, Veliki izvor), Kotlujevac (Ključ 1,2,3,4, Živinarnik, Selište, Vlaško brdo, Beli breg), Grljan (south suburban parts and Višnjar) and Salaš (north suburban parts). The largest municipality is Koltlujevac, with a population of over 25,000. Zaječar, the biggest city in the region, has

378-744: The existing name of a body of water rather than rename it in their own language. For example, the Rhine in Germany bears a Celtic name, not a German name. The Mississippi River in the United States bears an Anishinaabe name, not a French or English one. The names of large rivers are even more conservative than the local names of small streams. Therefore, hydronomy may be a tool used to reconstruct past cultural interactions, population movements, religious conversions, or older languages. For example, history professor Kenneth H. Jackson identified

399-518: The newly formed Timok Oblast with seat in Zaječar. Timok Oblast existed until 1929 when it was included into the newly formed Morava Banovina with seat in Niš . At present there are two districts in the area: Bor District with seat in Bor ; and Zaječar District with seat in Zaječar. The region is inhabited by a majority of Serbs and minority of Romanians / Vlachs . Based on the 2002 census and results in

420-556: The others by the following phonetic particularities: Banat dialect: [ɨntɨmˈplare̯a o fost aˈʃa ‖ lã luˈvat d͡ʒʲe lant͡s ‖ jel mo pus ˈkapũ spiˈnare ʃo pleˈkat ku ˈminʲe d͡ʒʲm pəˈrjɛt͡ʃʲem pəˈrʲɛt͡ʃʲe ‖ jam pus ˈmɨnantruŋ kʷorn ˈʃajlaltənˈtralt kʷorn ʃɨ mo trɨnˈt͡ʃʲit ʒos] Standard Romanian: Întâmplarea a fost așa: l-am luat de lanț. El mi-a pus capu-n spinare și-a plecat cu mine din perete în perete. I-am pus mâna într-un corn și cealaltă într-alt corn și m-a trântit jos. English translation: "It happened like this: I took (the bull) by

441-526: Was called the Granta , but when the town of Grantebrycge became Cambridge , the river's name changed to match the toponym. Another unusual example is the River Stort which is named after the town on the ford Bishops Stortford rather than the town being named after the river. Compared to most other toponyms, hydronyms are very conservative linguistically, and people who move to an area often retain

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